Milena Parent

University of Ottawa · School of Human Kinetics

The purpose of this study was to explore the Official Languages Act’s implementation and impact on collaboration between national sport organisations (NSOs) and Quebec provincial/territorial sport organisations (P/TSOs) in the Canadian sport system. Using the policy implementation process model as the theoretical framework, data were gathered throu...

Research question The purpose of this study was to explore volunteers’ intentions and behaviours in the wrap-up mode of a professional recurring small-scale sport event. Research methods Thirteen volunteers completed an online self-administered questionnaire 10 months after the 2019 Osprey Valley Open, a professional small-scale golf tournament he...

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in sport event volunteers’ motivation, satisfaction, commitment, and sense of community from pre-event to post-event. Data were collected using pre-event and post-event online self-administered questionnaires sent to 256 volunteers at the 2019 Osprey Valley Open: a professional golf tournament. One h...

Research purpose This study compared how internal and external stakeholders experience radical organizational change in sport organizations. Research methods A case study of U SPORTS was built through 32 internal and external stakeholder interviews and organizational documents (e.g. strategic plans, annual reports), and analyzed thematically. Res...

The purpose of this paper was to highlight (1) how (if at all) social media is governed as a marketing communication channel and (2) whether there is conceptual congruence between board and executive staff with regards to social media in their organizations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with one board member and one executive staff mem...

Research question Given the plethora of governance principles proposed by academics, government agencies, and sport governing bodies, this study systematically reviewed the current landscape of governance principles in sport. Research methods Following the PRISMA, PIECES, and the University of Warwick protocols, a search of academic and grey liter...

Measuring residents' social value from hosting major sport events has become a popular practitioner and researcher focus. However, researchers have used a plethora of monetary valuation methods to measure social value on an equally diverse set of events. Rather than being applied to major sport events, the use of these methods in sport research has...

Endurance Canada is facing a dire situation. It must turn itself around or face bankruptcy. The problems are piling up for Endurance Canada’s Board of Directors. Over the last 20 years, the Board’s Chair, Bill Fitzpatrick, has seen his sport’s athletes go from winning Olympic medals to not having any medals internationally. Within Endurance Canada,...

Research question: This paper revisits our knowledge of sport organization governance design archetypes. To do so, we focus on Canadian national sport organizations (NSOs) and pose three research questions: (1) what governance design archetypes exist based on the use of more contemporary criteria; (2) how easily can an NSO’s archetype be determined...

Using resource-based theory, the purpose of this study was to explore the role of volunteers as a potential source of competitive advantage in sport. Data were gathered from eight semi-structured interviews with four volunteers and four executives (executive director, president) from different sport organizations and events in the same community. F...

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine if sport event volunteers were inspired by their event experience to volunteer in the future. Design/methodology/approach A postevent questionnaire was administered to 161 professional golf tournament volunteers, in which 93 respondents were identified as first-time volunteers of the event and 68 as...

Research question: This study investigated social outcomes of interest regarding the Youth Olympic Games (YOG) and the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) from the perspective of the young athletes competing at the Buenos Aires 2018 YOG. In particular, the process of how the YOG's planned service environment contributes to young athletes’ learn...

Despite the large body of literature on sport event volunteers, researchers have a poor understanding of the volunteer experience despite studies claiming direct and indirect relationships involving motivation, satisfaction, commitment, and sense of community towards the volunteer experience. In fact, most studies fail to statistically measure expe...

The purpose of this study was to understand how radical organizational change impacts the effectiveness of national-level sport organizations from the perspectives of internal and external stakeholders. A single case study methodology of U SPORTS – the national governing body of university sport in Canada – was employed. Data sources included 32 se...

This presentation is associated with an accepted conference abstract for the 2020 North American Society for Sport Management Conference (virtual). Please download the virtual conference presentation (mp4 file) shown below.

With the advent of the Olympic Movement’s Agenda 2020, the purpose of this paper was to explore the role of test events (TEs) as risk management tools by: 1) evaluating how TEs support the preparation and staging the Olympic (Winter) Games; and 2) assessing the feasibility of reducing their cost and scale without increasing the risks associated wit...

Research on volunteerism is one of the largest areas of inquiry within sport event management. Yet, the volunteer experience, as a phenomenon related to four constructs (satisfaction, motivation, commitment, and sense of community), is poorly understood over the course of the event’s lifecycle due to the strong emphasis on quantitative methodologie...

Research Questions: We explored if and how decision-makers of different types of national sport organizations (NSOs) govern their brand, considering the changing landscape and the role of stakeholders and social media. The three research questions were: (RQ1) Do leaders of NSOs include brand governance in their overall governance?; (RQ2) How import...

More than 30 years has passed since the foundational works of the late Trevor Slack and his colleagues first appeared using design archetypes to explore change dynamics amongst National Sport Organizations. The scale and nature of change that has continued to occur in the operating environment for these organizations over the last three decades has...

This study’s purpose was to understand the Youth Olympic Games (YOG) athlete’s experience pertaining to the learning environment in both their sport and the general atmosphere.

Sport event volunteers have predominantly been examined in able-bodied events using quantitative methods. Studies examining the volunteer experience have focused on its relationship with different constructs, resulting in a siloed body of literature in which a holistic understanding of the volunteer experience remains poor. The purpose of this stud...

Ethical leadership is increasingly studied in the context of soccer clubs, as it is believed to represent an effective answer to soccer’s “dark side.” However, current academic understanding is limited to key internal stakeholders’ perspectives, such as coaches and players. A highly relevant stakeholder group that is still largely neglected is fans...

Recent scandals across the word of sport can be directly related to poor governance. This Research Handbook gathers the state-of-the-art research on sport governance by leading international scholars on various issues across various sports, offering a vital reference point for advancing research. Illustrating different approaches and perspectives...

How did a large network of over 600 actors successfully organize itself to serve a mega project dominated by three levels of government, even as control rested with a non-profit entity, included other sectors, and the governments involved did not normally work well together? The purpose of this paper is to examine how the three levels of government...

Ce rapport offre la première étude du paysage de la gouvernance, de la marque (et gouvernance de la marque) et des médias sociaux des organismes nationaux de sport (ONS) canadiens depuis plus de 30 ans.

This report offers the first landscape understanding of Canadian National Sport Organizations' (NSOs) governance, branding/brand governance, and social media realities in over 30 years.

This paper examines young athletes’ experiences, perceptions, and learning derived from participating in the Youth Olympic Games (YOG). We draw from Lillehammer 2016 YOG Games-time field notes, observations, and interviews with 36 young athletes to demonstrate young athletes learning about important aspects of the Olympic Movement through first-han...

With the numerous changes to the sport system landscape since Slack and his colleagues examined national sport organizations' governance in the 1990s, the purpose of this paper was to begin exploring the impact of these environmental changes on Canadian national sport organizations. To do so, we focused on five Canadian national sport organizations...

Objectives: The objective of this systematic review was to determine what impact governance principles and guidelines have had on sport organisations’ governance practices and performance. Methods: Following the PRISMA, PIECES and Warwick protocols, we conducted a search of academic, grey literature and theses in sport and broader social sciences a...

The purpose of this study was to examine the basic conditions required to implement a para-swimming program at the community level. This was undertaken using a qualitative benchmarking approach based on documents/literature and semi-structured interviews with representatives from 13 countries as well as from the International Paralympic Committee's...

Richard William Duncan Pound, better known as Dick Pound, is the current elder statesman of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). He created what we now know as the ‘business of the Olympics’ by overseeing the creation of the TOP (The Olympic Partners) program and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). This chapter provides an overview of Pound’...

Research question: This paper examined the impact of participation in YOG on Norwegian team members with a particular emphasis on differences between those who continued in elite sport and those that dropped out. Research methods: We used a retrospective survey design to collect quantitative and qualitative data from former Norwegian YOG participan...

The purpose of this study was to examine social media adoption within not-for-profit sport organizations to illuminate the impetus for change, the type of change undertaken, and change resistance. Using a contextualist approach depicting the external and internal forces as well as the change process, semi-structured interviews were conducted with t...

Purpose In a major multi-sport event, the athlete is both a benefactor and producer of organizational activities. Athletes’ centrality makes understanding their satisfaction with the event an important management activity. The purpose of this paper is to examine the lived athletes experience (during the event), so as to provide insight into the imp...

This study’s purpose was to uncover national sport organizations’ (NSOs) perceptions of social media to understand how social media are situated and implemented. Specifically, the study sought to understand the perceived utility of social media, the rationale for the content produced and disseminated, and the factors affecting social-media implemen...

To understand how partners within a large, multi-sectoral network coordinated amongst one another, this paper empirically determined stakeholders’ network capital vis-à-vis centrality by focusing on the relationships within the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games. An embedded case study was built using 6382 pages of documents (e.g., meeting minutes...

The purpose of this paper was to examine Youth Olympic Games organising committees' Twitter communications to determine: 1) what communication is being presented to stakeholders by using this social media platform; 2) whether communication habits vary across multiple organising committees. Examining Twitter feeds for the first four editions, findin...

This paper examines the relationship between knowledge management/transfer processes and (good) governance practices in sports events. The research was undertaken at the Lillehammer 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games, with data collected through interviews and document analysis. Findings include: 1) the significance of horizontal as well as hierarchic...

This paper sought to examine the stakeholder network governance structures of two international and two domestic multisports events focusing on (a) exploring the structural connectedness of these networks and (b) illuminating powerful stakeholders vis-à-vis centrality and the ability to control the network's flow. An exploratory, comparative case s...

The purpose of this study was to examine national sport organizations’ (NSOs’) social networks on Twitter to explore followership between users, thereby illuminating powerful and central actors in a digital environment. Using a stratified, convenience sample, followership between the ego (i.e., NSO) and its alters (i.e., stakeholders) were noted in...

This article examines how Olympic ambush marketing stakeholder power and transfer of sponsorship, as well as ambush marketing knowledge, have influenced institutional processes leading to the institutionalization of antiambush legislation over the years. Using a qualitative case study design and network analysis, findings show the International Oly...

The purpose of this study was to examine sport organizations' social-media activity using an institutional approach, specifically, to investigate the main themes emanating from Canadian national sport organizations' (CNSOs) social-media communication and the similarities and differences in social-media use between the CNSOs. An exploratory qualitat...

En l’espace d’une décennie, une attention considérable des chercheurs du champ de la communication sportive s’est portée sur les médias sociaux, et le contenu généré par leurs utilisateurs (User-Generated Content, UGC). Ces derniers se sont notamment focalisés sur Twitter, une plateforme de microblogging utilisée par de multiples parties prenantes...

The purpose of this research was to examine the governance system used to monitor and manage the legacy accrued as a result of bidding for and subsequently hosting the Olympic Games (OG). More specifically, this study aimed to (a) examine the legacy governance process from the bid phase to post-Games, and (b) to identify the governance controls (e....

The aim of this paper is to provide a context for the contributions which follow in this special issue. Attention is drawn to the range of possible motives for the increase in interest in youth sport evinced by a selection of major stakeholders including international sport federations, domestic federations and event organizers. The paper draws att...

The aim of this paper is to assess the partnership component of a community-based youth sport for development programme, Kids in Shape (KIS), through the application of the partnership management model proposed by Parent and Harvey (2009. "Toward A Management Model For Sport and Physical Activity Community-Based Partnerships," European Sport Manage...

Through a dual-case study approach, the paper delves into the environmental negotiation of two American Community Sport Organizations (CSOs) who offer youth programmes to examine the ability of the CSOs under study to secure resources from their environment and the tactics used to do so. Through review of key organizational documents and in depth s...

This case study explores the issue of team leadership among players who have been selected to play for their national team in an international tournament. After the coaching staff had solidified the roster, a total of 12 (fictional) players were chosen to represent Canada Basketball on the senior women’s development team. With some players having k...

The governance of the Olympic Games is a complex, multi-level and multijurisdictional endeavour. Taking as a starting point the key partners’ governance network in place for the 1988 Calgary Olympic Winter Games, this paper explores the development of the structures and processes, as well as the institutional and procedural dimensions that have sha...

ABSTRACT Research question: We examined the knowledge management and transfer (KM/KT) process within two domestic and two international sports events, and determined whether the similarities and differences between these four KM/KT processes could lend themselves to a single, overall sport event KM/KT process. Research methods: Four case studies w...

This paper critically analyses how event stakeholders perceived the governance of legacy at an edition of the Olympic Games. This discussion is based on case studies of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games and the Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. The cases were built from archival materials and interview data, and analysed through conte...

Scholars have suggested that the theoretical understanding of brand and value co-creation needed to improve in order to increase the effectiveness of managers (Vargo & Lusch, 2004; Prahalad & Ramaswamy, 2004). Recently, Woratschek, Horbel, and Popp (2014) highlighted the same need in sport management. The purpose of this study was to unveil the pra...