Milan Janic

University of Maribor | UM · Faculty of Logistics

Maritime transport is defined as “any movement of goods and/or passengers using seagoing vessels on voyages which are undertaken wholly or partly at sea”. The freight/cargo component of the system carries out the above-mentioned goods/freight/cargo shipments as one of the most important worldwide. The main components of the maritime transport syste...

Air transport system consists of airports, airlines, and ATC (Air Traffic Control) each characterized demand and capacity/supply component. The airport demand embraces users—air passengers, freight/cargo shipments, mail, and airline aircraft. The airport supply/capacity includes that of airside and landside area. The airline demand consists of user...

Road transport system consists of the supply and demand component. The supply component embraces: infrastructure including roads and highways with the specific constructions such as bridges and tunnels, car parking areas, bus stops, and bus stations/terminals; traffic and transport supporting facilities and equipment; road vehicles—passenger cars,...

Rail transport system generally consists of the conventional rail and HSR (High-Speed Rail). The main components of the rail passenger transport system are generally supply and demand. The supply component consists of the sub-components such as: infrastructure network embracing rail lines, stops/stations along them, begin/end stations/terminals, an...

Intermodal and multimodal door-to-door journeys refer to the usage of various transport modes (air, rail, bus, road or maritime) by the traveler to complete a single journey. The main difference between these two approaches is that multimodal transport is executed under a single transport contract (a single ticket) between the passenger, on the one...

Airports have been frequently affected by different internal and external disruptive events, which generally deteriorated their planned/regular performances. Their resilience is defined as the ability to withstand and maintain a certain level of functionality of performances compared to their reference regular/planned level during the impact of dis...

Public transportation is a shared transportation service and includes urban public transit and intercity public transportation. The main transportation modes in urban public transit are buses, trams, trolleybuses, trains, and the metro. Ferries also appear in some cities in the world as an urban transportation mode. Airlines, buses, intercity rail,...

Different external and internal disruptive vents have frequently impacted the planned or regular/nominal performances of transport services. The most frequent external events have been extreme weather, natural disasters, epidemics/pandemics, terrorist threats/attacks, and regional wars. The most frequent internal disruptive events have been failure...

Urban road networks in many countries are harshly congested, resulting in increased travel times, increased number of stops, unexpected delays, greater travel costs, inconvenience to drivers and passengers, increased air pollution and noise level, and increased number of traffic accidents. Increasing traffic network capacities by building more road...

Airports have been relatively frequently impacted by various internal and external disruptive events. These have generally affected their operations and consequently their regular/nominal performances. The level of nonaffected performances has indicated the resilience or robustness of airports to the impacts of disruptive events. Thanks to the unde...

This paper presents an evaluation of Scenarios for constrained and unconstrained airport growth. These Scenarios are characterized by profits and costs relevant for particular actors/stakeholders who are directly and indirectly involved. The profits are those of the air transport industry (airports, airlines, and ATC (Air Traffic Control)) and the...

A transport system is planned and operated to provide safe, efficient, effective, social and environmentally friendly services to its users – passengers and freight/cargo shippers. These service attributes have also become increasingly important for supporting the future development of contemporary society. At the same time, the system and its mode...

This paper deals with analyzing and modelling performances of a long-haul air route network operating as the queuing network. The network consists of the routes/tracks with flight levels serving aircraft/flights as the service channels. The main network performances are the ultimate and practical capacity of service channels, the aircraft/flight de...

This paper develops a theoretical framework containing the methodology for assessing resilience of the ATC (Air Traffic Control) sectors affected by the impact of a given disruptive event. The resilience is considered as ability of these sectors to retain a certain level of the regular/nominal performance during the impact and fully recover relativ...

This paper deals with estimation of direct energy consumption and related emissions of GHG exclusively, including CO2, by the High Speed Rail (HSR), Trans Rapid Maglev (TRM), and Hyperloop (HL) passenger transport systems. This includes developing the corresponding analytical models based on the mechanical energy and applying them according to the...

This paper deals with modelling the performance of an air transport network operated by existing subsonic and the prospective supersonic commercial aircraft. Analytical models of indicators of the infrastructural, technical/technological, operational, economic, environmental, and social performance of the network relevant for the main actors/stakeh...

This paper examines the use of big data and data analytics in international transport networks from the perspective of historical big data, focusing on shipping logs from the British, Dutch, Spanish and French fleets in between 1662 and 1855. Based on a large-scale database containing mainly meteorological data collected in the CLIWOC project (2003...

This paper deals with the multi-criteria evaluation of the intermodal (rail/road) freight corridors as competing transport alternatives. For such a purpose, the methodology has been developed consisting of two main components; i) the analytical models for estimating the indicators and measures of the corridors’ physical/spatial or infrastructural,...

This paper presents modeling the resilience of an airline cargo transport network affected by a given (large scale) disruptive event. The airports represent the nodes and the air routes and flights between them the links of the network. Modeling implies synthesizing a methodology consisting of two sets of the analytical models: (a) a generic (exist...

This paper presents a multidimensional examination of the infrastructural, technical/technological, operational, economic, environmental, social, and policy performance of the future advanced Evacuated Tube Transport (ETT) system operated by TransRapid Maglev (TRM) (the ETT-TRM system). The examination implies analyzing, modeling, and estimating se...

The road-based transport mode and its systems serving to the airport landside accessibility consist of the demand and supply component.

Similarly as at their urban and suburban counterparts, planning, design, and implementation of the airport landside access modes and their systems have been carried for the medium- to long-range time horizon respecting the systems’ components such as infrastructure, supporting facilities and equipment, vehicles, and scenarios of their operations un...

The rail-based landside access mode connecting airports with their catchment areas includes the systems such as the streetcar/tramway and LRT (Light Rail Transit), subway/metro, regional/intercity conventional rail, HSR (High-Speed Rail), TRM (TransRapid Maglev), still conceptual most recent HL (Hyperloop), and PRT (Personal Rapid Transit) system.

During the past two decades a considerable academic and professional literature has been devoted to analysing, modelling, and planning development of airports. Some main efforts have been focused on the analysis and forecasting of the airport passenger demand due to many reasons. For example, in the narrower sense, estimation of the current and pro...

In general, the accessibility has been defined as a measure of easiness of reaching goods, services, activities, and intended destinations, which together are called the opportunities. This means that the accessibility as a measure implies existence of spatial separation of particular activities carried out daily by people. In general, the accessib...

This book covers the analysis, modelling, planning, and design of airport landside access modes and their systems. It elaborates on the issues and related problems of airport landside accessibility in an innovative, comprehensive and systematic way. In addition to the general concept of accessibility, the book addresses the analysis and modelling o...

This paper deals multidimensional examination of performances of a trunk line/route of liner container-shipping network serving an intercontinental supply chain by the conventional (Panamax Max) and mega (ULC - Ultra Large Container) ships. The trunk line/route of the network includes the supplier and the customer seaport of freight shipments conso...

This paper presents the multicriteria evaluation of the High Speed Rail (HSR), TransRapid Maglev (TRM) and Hyperloop (HL) passenger transport system assumed to operate as the mutually exclusive alternatives along the given line/corridor. For such a purpose the methodology is synthesized consisting of the analytical models of indicators of performan...

This article deals with an analysis, modeling, and assessing performances of supply chains served by long-distance intercontinental intermodal rail/road- and sea-shipping freight transport corridor(s). For such a purpose, the supply chains are defined and the methodology for assessing their performances under given conditions is developed. The meth...

This paper deals with modelling the dynamic resilience of rail passenger transport networks affected by large-scale disruptive events whose impacts deteriorate the networks’ planned infrastructural, operational, economic, and social-economic performances represented by the selected indicators. The indicators of infrastructural performances refer to...

Introduction: Hyperloop (HL) is presented as an efficient alternative of HSR (High Speed Rail) and APT (Air Passenger Transport) systems for long-distance passenger transport. This paper explores the performances of HL and compares these performances to HSR and APT. Methods: The following performances of the HL system are analytically modeled an...

This paper deals with an assessment of the potential of conventional (oil-kerosene) Jet-A1/8 and alternative synthetic & biomass-derived SPK (Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene) and LH2 (Liquid Hydrogen) fuels for "greening" commercial air transportation through reducing its fuel consumption and related direct emissions of GHG (Green House Gases) in the...

The paper deals with analysing and modelling some effects of three solutions for matching the airport runway system (landing) capacity to corresponding demand. These are: i) charging congestion applied to the NY LaGuardia airport (New York, USA); ii) deployment of the innovative operational procedures supported by the new technologies developing in...

This paper deals with an analysis of performances of the HL (Hyperloop) transport system considered as an advanced transport alternative to the existing APT (Air Passenger Transport) and HSR (High Speed Rail) systems. The considered performances are operational, financial, social and environmental. The operational performance include capacity and q...

The transport sector consists of different modes of transport, each serving a growing demand for transporting people and goods. This (growing) demand on the one hand, needs expanding the systems’ capacity, and on the other hand, increasing the corresponding economic efficiency, effectiveness, and environmental and social friendliness. This implies...

This chapter deals with traffic and transportation analysis techniques. The chapter shows how to use space-time diagrams in order to represent the movements of an object (car, vessel, aircraft, crews, or passengers) through space and time. The chapter covers transportation networks basics, and especially algorithms for discovering optimal paths in...

Urban road networks in many countries are harshly congested, resulting in increased travel times, increased number of stops, unexpected delays, greater travel costs, inconvenience to drivers and passengers, increased air pollution and noise level, and increased number of traffic accidents. Increasing traffic network capacities by building more road...

Transportation systems are among the most important energy consumers. At the same time, transportation is one of the biggest polluter in the modern world. Transportation has a great damaging effect on the natural environment. On a daily basis, transportation makes happen atmospheric and noise pollution. The social-economic development during the 20...

Passengers and goods travel over the land, under the land, over the oceans, and over the sky. Thanks to the development of technology and transportation systems, the world has become a “global village,” and mankind has achieved economic and cultural development. Developed transportation systems have facilitated the development of political, economi...

Vital decisions concerning the design and improvement of transportation infrastructure should be made with the help of various transportation planning techniques. The prediction of travel demand constitutes an essential ingredient in transportation planning. The main goal of transportation demand analysts is to develop user-friendly, accurate, and...

Public transportation is a shared transportation service, and includes urban public transit and intercity public transportation. The main transportation modes in urban public transit are buses, trams, trolleybuses, trains, and metro. Ferries also appear in some cities in the world as an urban transportation mode. Airlines, buses, intercity rail, an...

All decisions related to planning, design, and improvement of transportation infrastructure have economic implications. Transport economics includes the issues such as transport location, movement of people and freight/goods, transport demand, transport planning and forecasting, direct and indirect cost of transport, pricing of transport services,...

Capacity is considered as the maximum capability of a given transportation mode or its particular component to serve a certain volume of demand, during a specified period of time, under given conditions. In this chapter, we describe the capacity and level of service of different transportation modes. The capacity of a given modal component depends...

Thousands of drivers and passengers that move from one place to another form various traffic flows. Flows of cars on streets and highways, flows of bicycles on streets, flows of peoples in metro stations and shopping malls, flows of pedestrians on pedestrian crossings, and flows of aircraft on airport's taxiways vary over the time of day, day of th...

In order to produce high-quality products, accepted by the market, and to make profits, companies must synchronize production, dispatching, and transportation processes at different locations. Airfreight, motor carriers, ocean transportation, railroad, multi-modal transport operators, and couriers are the main transportation operators that appear,...

In order to produce high-quality products, accepted by the market, and to make profits, companies must synchronize production, dispatching, and transportation processes at different locations. Airfreight, motor carriers, ocean transportation, railroad, multi-modal transport operators, and couriers are the main transportation operators that appear,...

All decisions related to planning, design, and improvement of transportation infrastructure have economic implications. Transport economics includes the issues such as transport location, movement of people and freight/goods, transport demand, transport planning and forecasting, direct and indirect cost of transport, pricing of transport services,...

Transportation systems are among the most important energy consumers. At the same time, transportation is one of the biggest polluter in the modern world. Transportation has a great damaging effect on the natural environment. On a daily basis, transportation makes happen atmospheric and noise pollution. The social-economic development during the 20...

Passengers and goods travel over the land, under the land, over the oceans, and over the sky. Thanks to the development of technology and transportation systems, the world has become a “global village,” and mankind has achieved economic and cultural development. Developed transportation systems have facilitated the development of political, economi...

Capacity is considered as the maximum capability of a given transportation mode or its particular component to serve a certain volume of demand, during a specified period of time, under given conditions. In this chapter, we describe the capacity and level of service of different transportation modes. The capacity of a given modal component depends...

Transportation Engineering: Theory, Practice and Modeling is a guide for integrating multi-modal transportation networks and assessing their potential cost and impact on society and the environment. Clear and rigorous in its coverage, the authors begin with an exposition of theory related to traffic engineering and control, transportation planning,...

This paper deals with a multidimensional examination of the infrastructural, technical/technological, operational, economic, social, and environmental performances of high-speed rail (HSR) systems, including their overview, analysis of some real-life cases, and limited (analytical) modeling. The infrastructural performances reflect design and geome...

The air transport system consists of airports, airlines, and ATC (Air Traffic Control). Airports represent the system infrastructure occupying a certain area of land. This can be roughly divided into: i) the airside area containing runways, taxiways, and the apron-gate complex; and ii) the landside area including passenger and cargo terminals, and...

This paper applies multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods to the evaluation of solutions and alternatives for matching airport system airside (runway) capacity to demand. For such a purpose, ‘building a new runway’ is considered as the solution and candidate airports of the system as alternatives for implementing the solution. The alternativ...

This paper presents a freight transport optimization model that simultaneously incorporates multimodal infrastructure, hub-based service network structures, and the various design objectives of multiple actors. The model has been calibrated and validated using real-life data from the case study of hinterland container transport of the Netherlands,...

This paper deals with developing a methodology for estimating the resilience, friability, and costs of an air transport network affected by a large-scale disruptive event. The network consists of airports and airspace/air routes between them where airlines operate their flights. Resilience is considered as the ability of the network to neutralize t...

This paper deals with modeling the possible effects of different advanced procedures, existing, innovative, and new air traffic control (ATC) separation rules, and service disciplines on the ultimate landing capacity of a single runway. The first implies a combination and/or exclusive use of conventional and steeper final approach and landing proce...

Global commercial air transportation has grown over the past two decades at a rather stable annual rate of 4.5–5% in the passenger and 6% in the cargo segment. Such developments have contributed to globalization of the economy and overall social welfare while at the same time increased impacts on the environment and society in terms of fuel consump...

The transport system can be considered as a physical entity for the mobility of persons and physical movements of freight/goods shipments between their (ultimate) origins and destinations. The entity consists of infrastructure, transport means/vehicles, supporting facilities and equipment, workforce, and organizational forms of their use. Energy/fu...

This chapter describes BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) System as an advanced mature public transport system operating in many urban and suburban areas around the world, high-speed tilting passenger trains operating along medium- to long-distancepassenger corridors/markets in many countries worldwide, and an advanced subsonic commercial aircraft—Boeing B787...

This chapter describes five concepts of future advanced transport systems: (i) PRT (Personal Rapid Transit) systems; (ii) UFT (Underground Freight Transport) systems; (iii) ETT (Evacuated Tube Transport) system; (iv) advanced ATC (Air Traffic Control) technologies and procedures for increasing airport runway capacity; and (v) advanced STA (Superson...

This chapter describes selected HS (High Speed) passenger transport systems and their multicriteria ranking based on their infrastructural, technical/technological, operational, economic, environmental, and social/policy performances. These include the constantly growing APT (Air Passenger Transport) and an HSR (High Speed Rail), as well as forthco...

An important current and prospective medium- to long-term objective of transport systems worldwide is to continuously improve sustainability. On the one hand, this implies handling growing passenger and freight transport demand efficiently, effectively, and safely, and on the other mitigating their direct and indirect impacts on the environment and...

This chapter describes advanced freight collection/distribution networks, road mega trucks, LIFTs (Long Intermodal Freight Train(s)) as components of the advanced freight/goods system in Europe, and large commercial freight aircraft. Advanced freight collection/distribution networks can be operated by a single or few different (integrated) transpor...

This chapter deals with the performances of advanced passenger cars, large advanced container ships, and LH2 (Liquid Hydrogen)-fuelled commercial air transportation.

Many large airports are faced with limited options when seeking to provide suffi cient airside and landside capacity to appropriately accommodate growing demand. In the airside area, a common problem appears to be the shortage of runway capacity. Sometimes, this causes severe aircraft/flight congestion and delays, which spread and affect large port...

This book provides a systematic analysis, modeling and evaluation of the performance of advanced transport systems. It offers an innovative approach by presenting a multidimensional examination of the performance of advanced transport systems and transport modes, useful for both theoretical and practical purposes. Advanced transport systems for the...

This paper deals with estimating possible effects in terms of mitigating the social and environmental impacts which could be achieved by operating the rail freight train instead of the road truck services in the given Trans-European transport corridor during the specified period of time. In general, these impacts embrace noise, congestion, traffic...

This paper develops a methodology for analysing and estimating savings in externalities that could be achieved by substituting road truck with rail freight services in a Trans-European freight transport corridor. The externalities affected include energy consumption, emissions of greenhouse gases, noise, congestion, and traffic incidents/accidents....

This article develops a generic metric for measuring the complexity of a given terminal airspace (TMA). The metric includes static and dynamic complexity, both consisting of the complexity component for arriving and departing traffic. The main objective of the developed metric is as follows: evaluation of particular alternative solutions for airspa...

This paper investigates the potential of Light Rail Rapid Transit (LRRT) to mitigate the environmental and social burden of ground access systems of an airport. This implies, on the one hand, LRRT's capability in mitigating externalities in terms of noise, air pollution/climate change, traffic incidents/accidents and congestion of airport ground ac...

Global air traffic has increased from 0.5 trillion RPK (Revenue Passenger Kilometres) in 1971 to about 4.25 trillion RPKs in 2006. Some long-term forecasts by international air transport organisations (IATA, ICAO, ACI), and in particular by the two main manufacturers of commercial aircraft Boeing and Airbus, predict rather stable RPK growth at an a...

The parties involved in the air transport system such as airport operators, airlines, and ATC (Air Traffic Control), the systems’ regulatory bodies at both national and international level, planners and researchers (academic and consultants) have made great efforts to provide sufficient airport runway capacity to adequately serve the continually gr...

Greening, i.e. ensuring the sustainable medium to long term development of airports, implies its consideration as a system of interrelated components, operations, and processes, the main strategies and tactics for making airports greener (more sustainable), and elaboration of particular effects (benefits) and impacts (costs) from their medium to lo...

Many airports worldwide, particularly large airports, are increasingly being faced with requirements relating to approval of plans for expansion of airside and landside infrastructure to accommodate the perceived traffic growth efficiently, effectively, and safely. This implies that each such expansion, in order to get approval, must be at least en...

At many large airports, traffic growth has caused an increase of airside and landside congestion and airline and air passenger delays, noise, local emissions of greenhouse gases, and waste. Consequently, transforming such airports into true multimodal transport nodes is considered one of the long term alternatives for mitigating some of these impac...

Could airports really become greener? This book has tried to answer on this question by describing the processes of greening airports through the use of advanced technologies and operations. This includes concepts, strategies, and tactics for greening the entire air transport system, of which airports are an important component, together with airli...

Over the past two decades, greening (ensuring the sustainable development of the air transport system) has been considered as an important part of the agenda by almost all the system’s involved parties. These include: (1) aviation organisations for international cooperation; (2) international aviation organisations; (3) air transport system operato...

This paper deals with assessing some social and environmental effects of transforming a large airport into a real multimodal transport node. Such transformation implies connecting this given airport to the High-Speed Rail (HSR) transport network, which enables the substitution of certain Air Passenger Transport (APT) mainly short-haul flights with...

Airports are components of the air transport system together with the ATC (Air Traffic Control), and airlines. Many existing airports have been confronted with increasing requirements for providing the sufficient airside and landside capacity to accommodate generally growing but increasingly volatile and uncertain air transport demand, efficiently,...

The greener or more sustainable development of the air transport system implies its continuous growth, contributing to a range of social-economic effects (benefits) while simultaneously mitigating or even diminishing its negative impacts-costs on the environment and society in both relative and absolute terms. The former mainly includes the system’...

Continuous long-term growth of air transportation has created congestion and aircraft-flight delays at many large airports. In general, the most common long-term measure for managing and mitigating the congestion and delays at these airports has included building new airside and land-side infrastructure capacity. Particularly in Europe, an addition...

This paper deals with developing an indicator system for monitoring, analyzing, and assessing sustainability of airports. The sustainability implies simultaneous increasing of the overall socialeconomic benefits and increasing at a slower rate, stagnating, and/or diminishing of the negative impacts of these airports during the specified medium- to...

This Chapter has presented the potential of some innovative procedures for increasing the airport runway landing capacity. These have included: i) the ATC tine-based separation rules between landing aircraft on a single runway and ii) the SEAP (Steeper Approach Procedure) to the closely-spaced parallel runways. The methodology consisting of the ded...

Access to capacity is often considered to be uncertain, causing airlines to build buffer times into their flight schedules in anticipation of potential delays. Similarly, air navigation service providers use capacity buffers to overcome potential safety standard violations. However, the use of excessive buffers is detrimental to cost efficiency in...

This paper investigates the potential of LH2 (Liquid Hydrogen) as an alternative fuel for achieving more sustainable long-term development of large airports in terms of mitigating their air pollution. For such purpose, a methodology for quantifying the potential of LH2 is developed. It consists of two models: the first model enables the estimation...

Continuous growth of air transport demand has caused congestion at many large airports. The most common short- and long-term delay-mitigating measures applied to these airports have been demand management measures for slot control and eventually congestion charging in the short term and building new runways and thus increasing capacity in the long...

This paper examines the relationship between the freight transport costs and the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in given intermodal and truckonly freight networks. When the trade-off, which is represented as the relationship, is changed, the freight mode share and route choice are also modified. To show the ever changing trade-off and mode and rout...

The EU-US ‘Open Skies’ agreement has liberalised the North Atlantic air transport market between the EU and USA. The agreement has effectively licensed the airlines already operating in the market to increase flight frequencies on existing routes, open new ones and also diversify airfares. In addition, the market has been opened to new entrants, pa...

This paper develops an analytical model for the assessment of the cost performance of a given logistics network operating under regular and irregular (disruptive) conditions. In addition, the paper aims to carry out a sensitivity analysis of this cost with respect to changes of the most influencing factors. In particular, this is expected to invest...

This paper deals with modeling the operations of an airport affected by a large-scale disruptive event, which in this case is considered to be the persistent heavy snowfall. Under such circumstances, the processes taking place at the affected airport are analyzed as two interrelated queuing systems. The first system represents the snowfall and its...

This paper develops generic metrics for measuring the expected complexity of a given terminal airspace. The metrics include static (infrastructure) and dynamic (traffic on the given infrastructure) complexity, both consisting of the complexity component for arriving and departing traffic. The main objective of the developed metric is as follows: es...