Michael Turner

• MB BS, FFSEM
• Managing Director at International Concussion and Head Injury Research Foundation

Background Cumulative effects of traumatic brain injury is of increasing concern, especially with respect to its role in the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Objective Compare regional brain volume and connectivity between athletes with a h...

Objective To systematically review the scientific literature regarding factors to consider when providing advice or guidance to athletes about retirement from contact or collision sport following sport-related concussion (SRC), and to define contraindications to children/adolescent athletes entering or continuing with contact or collision sports af...

For over two decades, the Concussion in Sport Group has held meetings and developed five international statements on concussion in sport. This 6th statement summarises the processes and outcomes of the 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Amsterdam on 27–30 October 2022 and should be read in conjunction with the (1) methodolo...

Objectives To systematically review the scientific literature regarding the assessment of sport-related concussion (SRC) in the subacute phase (3–30 days) and provide recommendations for developing a Sport Concussion Office Assessment Tool (SCOAT6). Data sources MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science se...

Mild traumatic brain injury is widely regarded as a misnomer: it is globally a major cause of disability and is hypothesized as a potential causal factor in subsequent neurodegeneration. Commonly arising in sport, mounting evidence of varying degrees of cognitive impairment in retired athletes exposed to repeated concussions motivates close examina...

Introduction and aims Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Large registry studies have demonstrated a dose–response relationship between TBI and neurodegenerative disease ; however, disentangling the direct effects of TBI from ageing and/or a progressive neurodegenerative process is problematic. This st...

This article presents a brief history and literature review of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in professional athletes that played contact sports. The hypothesis that CTE results from concussion or sub-concussive blows is based largely on several case series investigations with considerable bias. Evidence of CTE in its clinical presentation...

While the acute effects of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) are well understood, the certainty in the medical literature regarding the long-term outcomes of sports-related concussion is limited. Long-term deficits that may result from single, repeated concussions, and possibly subconcussive impacts, include cognitive dysfunction, de...

Aim: Through a partnership with the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Department of Defense (DoD), the development of Sport-Related Concussion (SRC) Common Data Elements (CDEs) was initiated. The aim of this collaboration was to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of cli...

Background: Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a clinical diagnosis made after a sport-related head trauma. Inconsistency exists regarding appropriate methods for assessing SRC, which focus largely on symptom-scores, neurocognitive functioning and postural stability. Design: Systematic literature review. Data sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO,...

Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the literature regarding assessment and treatment modalities in patients with persistent symptoms following sport-related concussion (SRC). Data sources: We searched Medline, Embase, SPORTSDiscus, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane library and ProQuest Dissertation & Theses Global electronic databases. Study...

Objective: Systematic review of possible long-term effects of sports-related concussion in retired athletes. Data sources: Ten electronic databases. Study selection: Original research; incidence, risk factors or causation related to long-term mental health or neurological problems; individuals who have suffered a concussion; retired athletes a...

The 2017 Concussion in Sport Group (CISG) consensus statement is designed to build on the principles outlined in the previous statements1–4 and to develop further conceptual understanding of sport-related concussion (SRC) using an expert consensus-based approach. This document is developed for physicians and healthcare providers who are involved in...

When I was a baby doctor who only shaved once a week, I used to give a talk entitled Child Protection. The audience invariably thought that this was going to be a gentle guide to helmets and mouthguards and were distinctly uncomfortable when my starting sentence was 'As you know, youth sport is a magnet for paedophiles'. The fact that this was in 1...

In sports medicine, clinicians must be able to recognize and manage a spectrum of brain injury. The US Center for Disease Control estimates that 1.6-3.8 million sports-related concussions are hospitalized each year in the United States. Other studies suggest that the number of unreported concussions may be 10-fold higher. Concussion is a brain inju...

This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note...

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DefinitionOccurrenceDifferential DiagnosesDiagnostic ThinkingCase HistorySideline or First-aid ManagementClinical ExaminationSupplemental ExaminationsSpecific Diagnoses-Common InjuriesOther Specific DiagnosesGoals and PrinciplesReturn to SportPreventing Reinjury

Whether we agree or disagree with boxing as a sport, it remains a popular participation sport worldwide. The safety of participants, both in the short- and long-term creates strong opinions on both sides of the debate and calls to ban the sport continue. Published systematic reviews have thoroughly reviewed the scientific evidence for the health ef...

The paper reports on a symposium on sports helmets and presents a synthesis of information and opinion from a range of presenters and disciplines. A review of the literature shows that helmets play an important role in head injury prevention and control. Helmets have been shown to be very efficacious and effective in a range of sports and in preven...

Not long ago, strawberries and raspberries had a limited summer season, which was eagerly anticipated and never seemed to last long enough. Salads were exclusively a feature of summer lunches (lettuces did not stay fresh in storage) and winter saw a seemingly endless supply of root vegetables (which did store well and most people hated with a passi...

IntroductionWho Is Affected by Injury?Where Does Injury Occur?When Does Injury Occur?What Is the Outcome?What Are the Risk Factors?What Are the Inciting Events?Injury PreventionFurther ResearchReferences

At a lunchtime ceremony in Buckingham Palace on the 15th October 2008, Professor Roald Bahr was presented with The Prince Philip Medal by His Royal Highness, The Duke of Edinburgh, K.G., K.T. The medal was awarded to Professor Bahr by the Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine (ISEM), an organisation founded in 1958 and of which HRH. The Duke of...

To determine the direct and indirect cost of injuries in professional jockeys as a result of race riding. Cohort study. Professional horse racing. Professional jockeys in the UK registered with the Jockey Club. Payouts under the Professional Riders Insurance Scheme (PRIS) for injuries sustained by professional jockeys, which were recorded by the Jo...

It has been previously shown that professional jump and flat racing jockeys suffer a high incidence of injury as a consequence of their profession. This paper specifically examines career-ending injuries to professional jockeys in Great Britain. To investigate career-ending injuries in professional jockeys. Method: Analysis of prospectively collect...

To provide a breakdown of injury incidence from amateur jump racing (also known as point to point racing) in Great Britain and Ireland during 1993-2006 and to compare the injury epidemiology with professional horse racing in Great Britain, Ireland and France. Retrospective review. Great Britain and Ireland. Amateur jockeys. Injury rates. Injury dat...

It has been previously shown that professional jockeys suffer high rates of fatal and non-fatal injuries in the pursuit of their occupation. Little is known, however, about differences in injury rates between countries. To determine the rate of fatal and non-fatal injuries in flat and jump jockeys in France and to compare the injury rates with thos...

Single and repeat concussions have a high prevalence in sport. However, there is limited research into longterm risks associated with single and repeat concussions. To determine the effects of single and repeat historical concussions on the neuropsychological functioning and neurological reports of licensed jockeys. Six hundred and ninety eight lic...

There have been suggestions that urine samples positive for benzoylecognine, the diagnostic metabolite of cocaine, may be the result of consumption Mate de Coca, a commercially available tea made from coca (Erythroxylon coca) leaves. The Jockey Club in Great Britain commissioned research into this subject as several jockeys have tested positive for...

This chapter reviews the current evidence for the epidemiology of pediatric equestrian injuries. The relevant literature was searched through the use of MEDLINE (1966-2004) and SPORT DISCUS (1975-2004) searches, hand searches of journals and reference lists and discussions with experts and sporting organizations worldwide. Keywords and Mesh heading...

The case is reported of a retired professional jockey with progressive memory loss. The concern is that he may be suffering from chronic traumatic encephalopathy or the "punch drunk syndrome".

All sports authorities need to be aware of the problem of child abuse and have guidelines to ensure that such problems are minimised.

Athletes who test positive for social drugs should be managed differently from those who test positive for performance enhancing drugs

Professional horse racing is an exciting and demanding sport with high injury rates. Surprisingly few epidemiological studies have been published and no prospective studies have been reported. This paper reviews the literature and provides a detailed breakdown of injuries in Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland for 1992-2000. The introduction...

Rupture of the circumflex artery and nerve, without fracture or dislocation, is a rare traumatic event. Such a case is reported in a champion flat jockey who sustained blunt trauma to the shoulder after a fall during a race; the literature is also reviewed. At urgent surgical exploration, the axillary artery and nerve were repaired. The patient sub...