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We studied the interaction of LPS with albumin, hemoglobin or high density lipoprotein (HDL) and whether the interaction affected the activity of LPS on neutrophils. These proteins disaggregated LPS, depending upon temperature and LPS:protein ratio. Albumin-treated LPS was absorbed by immobilized anti-albumin antibody and was eluted with Triton X-1...
2D gel image from unprimed monocytes (No LPS). 2D gel from monocytes incubated for 16 h with no addition. Stained with Sypro ruby. Spots (or the positions of missing spots) are located just to the left of the identifying letters.
2D gel image from monocytes primed with LPS. 2D gel from monocytes exposed to LPS (2 ng/ml) for 16 h.
2D gel image from unprimed monocytes treated with AEBSF. 2D gel from monocytes exposed to AEBSF (250 μM) for 16 h in the absence of LPS.
Histograms of 30 differentially expressed protein spots in 2D gels from monocytes treated ± LPS ± AEBSF. The first bar is Time 0, a control from monocytes taken at the start of culture. The second bar is No LPS for 16 h, third bar is LPS for 16 h, fourth bar is AEBSF alone for 16 h, and fifth bar is LPS + AEBSF for 16 h. The sixth bar shows the eff...
2D gel image from monocytes primed with LPS and treated with AEBSF. 2D gel from monocytes exposed to AEBSF (250 μM) for 16 h in the presence of LPS.
Monocytes can be primed in vitro by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for release of cytokines, for enhanced killing of cancer cells, and for enhanced release of microbicidal oxygen radicals like superoxide and peroxide. We investigated the proteins involved in regulating priming, using 2D gel proteomics.
Monocytes from 4 normal donors were cultured for 16...
Molecules absorbed on the surface of particulate wear debris may contribute to inflammatory reactions that lead to aseptic loosening of implants. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin, can attach to many biomaterials and stimulate macrophages to secrete osteoclast-activating cytokines. We tested the adsorption of LPS by polyethylene parti...
Smoking is a major risk factor for the development and progression of chronic periodontitis (CP). Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) derived from these patients contains many proteins that could serve as important diagnostic indicators. A protein chip technology called Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (SELD...
Local anesthetics have anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and inhibit neutrophil functions in vitro, but how these agents act on neutrophils remains unclear. Phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of neutrophils are enhanced by exposure to bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS); this process is termed priming, which for enhanced relea...
Proteins separated by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis can be visualized using various protein staining methods. This is followed by downstream procedures, such as image analysis, gel spot cutting, protein digestion, and mass spectrometry (MS), to characterize protein expression profiles within cells, tissues, organisms, or body fluids. Ch...
We compared trysin-digested protein samples desalted by ZipTip(C18) reverse-phase microcolumns with on-plate washing of peptides deposited either on paraffin-coated plates (PCP), Teflon-based AnchorChip plates, or stainless steel plates, before analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS)....
A globally disseminated strain of M1T1 group A Streptococcus (GAS) has been associated with severe infections in humans including necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome. Recent clinicoepidemiologic data showed a striking inverse relationship between disease severity and the degree to which M1T1 GAS express the streptococcal cysteine proteas...
We performed a proteomic analysis of monocytes primed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro, using two-dimensional gels stained with Coomassie blue. We found 16 proteins of approximately 500 detected that either increased or decreased in abundance as a result of priming by LPS (14 with P </= 0.05). The proteins were identified by comparing the masse...
This paper reports on the initial analysis of protein expression in the mouse cerebellum with the proteomics approach. Proteins from cerebellar tissue homogenates were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and the proteins were stained with colloidal Coomassie Blue to produce a high-resolution map of the cerebellum proteome. Selected pr...
Neutrophils up-regulate beta2 integrins like CD11b/CD18 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Up-regulation of beta2 integrins causes neutrophils to adhere to surfaces, and to release superoxide anion (O2-). When neutrophils are exposed to LPS plus plasma under conditions not favorable for adherence (absence of Mg2+), the cells do not spontaneou...
Muramyl peptides are fragments of peptidoglycan from the cell walls of bacteria. Because of their unique chemistry, the immune system recognizes that muramyl peptides are products of bacteria, and it responds by becoming activated to resist infection. This resistance to infection is nonspecific, and extends to unrelated species of bacteria, fungi,...
The effect of serine protease inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF) was investigated on the prevention of tumor-necrosis-factor-α (TNF-α)-induced blood–brain barrier opening. TNF-α (10,000 IU) was injected intracarotidly to newborn pigs pretreated with 0, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6 and 19.2 mg/kg AEBSF (n=6 in each group). AEBSF dose-depend...
The structures of major muramyl peptides derived from peptidoglycan of the oral pathogen Streptococcus sanguis were determined and the biological activity of the peptides was tested in vitro on human monocytes. The muramyl peptides, produced by muramidase digestion of the purified peptidoglycan, were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liq...
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in solution primes neutrophils for enhanced release of superoxide in response to N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. We show that LPS immobilized on polystyrene or polypropylene acted on neutrophils by a mechanism different from that of LPS in solution. Coating the surface with 1% plasma, either before coating with LPS...
Sphingosine and its analogs, which inhibit protein kinase C (PKC), are known to be potent inducers of apoptosis in tumor cells. However, we were concerned that sphingosine might also interfere with anti-tumor cells of the immune system. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of sphingosine on activation of human monocytes by interleukin-2 (IL-2) for ki...
Ceramide acts as an intracellular second messenger in cellular signal transduction. We examined the effects of two cell-permeable ceramides, C2-ceramide and C6-ceramide, on human monocyte functions. After monocytes were primed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) for 18 hr in suspension culture, they produced a high amount...
Proteases are known to be involved in regulation of macrophage activation and killing. We examined the effect of a serine protease inhibitor, 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF), on lysis of leukemic cells by human macrophages. Monocytes, isolated by Histopaque gradients and centrifugal elutriation, were cultured for 5 days in RPMI-16...
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) is a key regulatory component of host defense systems, and it is involved in physiological regulation including several central nervous system functions like fever and sleep. Nevertheless, little is known about how IL-1 beta is degraded. Based on their protease secreting capabilities, the ability of microglia, monocyt...
To learn more about the effects of smokeless tobacco on the defensive functions of neutrophils, we studied the influence of nicotine on these cells in vitro, looking at their bactericidal activity against oral pathogens, and at their ability to produce microbicidal reactive oxygen species (oxygen radicals). Exposure of human blood neutrophils to ni...
Monocytes freshly isolated from human blood produced large amounts of superoxide when triggered by phorbol ester. After monocytes were cultured for 18-24 hr in endotoxin-free, non-adherent conditions, they produced low amounts of superoxide. Addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)...
When incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of plasma, neutrophils become primed for enhanced release of superoxide in response to triggering by formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP). The effect of LPS on phagocytes is inhibited by a synthetic lipid A precursor, LA-14-PP (lipid IVa) or by LPS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (Rs). We studied the m...
Neutrophils can inactivate lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thereby blocking the ability of LPS to prime fresh neutrophils for enhanced fMLP-triggered release of superoxide. Here we show that inactivation of LPS by neutrophils was primarily due to lactoferrin. A time course for inactivating LPS showed that neutrophils (5 million/ml) took 30 min to inactiv...
Neutrophils can inactivate lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thereby blocking the ability of LPS to prime fresh neutrophils for enhanced fMLP-triggered release of superoxide. Here we show that inactivation of LPS by neutrophils was primarily due to lactoferrin. A time course for inactivating LPS showed that neutrophils (5 million/ml) took 30 min to inactiv...
To learn more about colonization of the oral epithelium by Fusobacterium nucleatum and the role of fibronectin in mediating adhesion of this microorganism, we studied attachment of this bacterium to cultured gingival epithelial cells that were coated with exogenous, purified plasma fibronectin. The three strains of F. nucleatum studied adhered in l...
When neutrophils are incubated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), they become primed for enhanced release of superoxide anion (O2-) in response to stimulation by FMLP. We investigated the human neutrophil-priming activity of LPS from the periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi) and Actinobacillus actino...
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been implicated as a mediator of the systemic manifestations associated with acute pancreatitis. The purpose of this study was to show that TNF-alpha expression in pancreatitis is a primary response and is not the result of endotoxemia.
Severe acute pancreatitis was induced in germ-free rats, which have n...
Carbamoylated proteins have been located by using a site-specific polyclonal antihomocitrulline antibody and a fluorescent secondary antibody in leukocytes from patients with end-stage renal disease who were undergoing maintenance continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. A covalent reaction with urea-derived cyanate and the epsilon-amino group of...
The tuberculostatic drug INH has been implicated in inducing a number of idiosyncratic reactions such as hepatitis and lupus. Monocytes, freshly isolated from blood as a mixed cell. population were cultured in endotoxin-free non-adherent conditions in Teflon bags for 3 days. The cells produced large amounts of O2- (60-80 nmol/million Mo) in respons...
The results concerning LPS priming and inactivation are summarized in table 4. This table clearly shows that priming by and inactivation of LPS are mediated via different pathways, because there is no correlation whatsoever between priming and inactivation. LPS priming nicely correlates with CD14 expression. Monocytes express high levels of CD14, a...
In monocytes, sulfatide, a lipid from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, blocked priming for enhanced release of superoxide (O2-) by the macrophage activating factors lipopolysaccharide, gamma interferon, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and muramyl dipeptide. Sulfatide, in the presence of lipopolysaccharide, also c...
We studied neutrophil responses to LPS using three methodologic refinements: Teflon bags or serum-coated glass tubes that did not directly trigger neutrophils, LPS-free cytochrome c to measure O2- release, and heat-inactivated serum to inhibit inactivation of LPS by neutrophils. Neutrophils incubated in uncoated glass or plastic tubes adhered to th...
When human neutrophils are incubated with LPS, they become primed for enhanced release of O2- in response to stimulation by FMLP. We investigated two aspects of LPS priming: 1) whether priming depends on secretion of TNF-alpha by monocytes present in neutrophil preparations, and 2) whether plasma is required for priming. Using plasma-Percoll gradie...
To investigate the mechanism of cyclosporine (Cs)-induced fibrous gingival enlargement, the indirect effects of Cs on fibroblast collagenolysis via the drug's effect on the synthesis of the fibroblast regulatory monokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) have been studied. Peripheral blood monocytes stimulated with lipopoly...
Endotoxin contamination of protein solutions was reduced by a phase separation technique using the detergent, Triton X-114. Protein solutions containing endotoxin were treated with Triton X-114 on ice. The solution was then warmed to 37°C, whereupon two phases formed. The Triton X-114 phase, containing the endotoxin, was precipitated by centrifugat...
The CD11/CD18 complex of leukocyte adhesion molecules has been shown to bind LPS on the surface of gram negative bacteria and LPS-coated erythrocytes (J. Exp. Med. 164:1876, 1986). LPS elicits several responses in leukocytes including secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta, and priming for enhanced release of oxygen radicals such as superoxide anion....
We studied the effect of a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C, polymyxin B (PMXB), on superoxide anion (O2-) release by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL). PMXB was compared with another inhibitor of protein kinase C, 1-(5-isoquinoline-sulfonyl)-2-methyl piperazine (H-7). Both PMXB and H-7 inhibited phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulat...
We examined the interaction between IFN-γ, LPS, and glucocorticoids on release of oxygen radicals by human monocytes cultured in vitro. After 48 h culture, monocytes released low amounts of superoxide anion (O2̄) when stimulated by PMA or FMLP. Monocytes incubated with either IFN-γ or LPS became 'primed' and released greater amounts of O2̄ in respo...
We examined the interaction between IFN-gamma, LPS, and glucocorticoids on release of oxygen radicals by human monocytes cultured in vitro. After 48 h culture, monocytes released low amounts of superoxide anion (O2-) when stimulated by PMA or FMLP. Monocytes incubated with either IFN-gamma or LPS became "primed" and released greater amounts of O2-...
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pretreatment "primes" neutrophils to release increased amounts of superoxide anion (O2-) when stimulated. We investigated the molecular basis of this enhanced activity. Comparison of kinetic parameters of the respiratory burst NADPH oxidase in unstimulated LPS-primed and control neutrophils disclosed a similar Km for NADPH...
Mycobacterium lepraemurium failed to stimulate a normal respiratory burst when presented to mouse peritoneal or bone marrow macrophages. By comparison, Mycobacterium bovis (strain Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as expected, stimulated macrophages to release a large amount of superoxide anion (O2-). M. lepraemurium did not in...
Macrophages (Kø) elicited by injection of inflammatory agents or obtained from animals infected with intracellular parasites are primed so that they respond to phagocytosis or exposure to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) with a marked increase in the respiratory burst (1). Unstimulated Mø release little if any reactive oxygen metabolites; stimulatio...
Sulfatide from the outer surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis blocked priming in cultured human monocytes. Monocytes were primed in vitro with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon-gamma. Primed monocytes released increased amounts of superoxide anion (O2-) when stimulated with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or with phorbol myristat...
Phagocytic cells can be primed for enhanced stimulated release of superoxide anion (O2-) by exposure to a variety of biologic agents, including gamma-interferon and lipopolysaccharide. We examined the role of calcium ion in this priming, using the calcium ionophore ionomycin. Preincubation with ionomycin, 1 to 10 nM, primed human neutrophils to rel...
Brief exposure of macrophages to the proteolytic enzymes papain, elastase, or trypsin primed them for enhanced production of superoxide anion (O2-) in response to stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Priming by trypsin was achieved at 0 degree C, at which temperature trypsin functions as a protease but is not internalized, supporting the...
Evidence exists that human milk macrophages, which are the most abundant cells in milk, play an important role in the protection of the newborn infant against infection. We investigated the oxidative metabolism of milk macrophages by measuring luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, generation of superoxide anion (O2-) and production of hydrogen perox...
As a model for the study of human atypical mycobacterial disease, the basis for the prolonged mycobacteriosis in mice infected with Mycobacterium intracellulare was studied. Two weeks after i.v. injection of mycobacteria, peritoneal macrophages were found to be activated, as indicated by their capacity to produce large amounts of superoxide anion (...
Human blood leukocytes generated large amounts of superoxide (O2-) following stimulation by certain "cocktails" of soluble agents consisting of poly-L-arginine (PARG), phytohemagglutinin, the chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and polyanethole sulfanote (liquoid). A variety of cytochalasins, which markedly boosted O2- generat...
Mouse macrophages can be primed by exposure in vitro to the bacterial products lipopolysaccharide and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) or in vivo by injection of MDP, so that they produce more of the bactericidal agent superoxide anion (O2-) when stimulated by phagocytosis or by contact with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Because little is known about the...
To examine the role of divalent cations in the generation of superoxide anion (O2-) by the NADPH oxidase system of phagocytic cells, membrane-rich fractions were prepared from human neutrophils and monocytes. O2- generation by the fractions in sucrose was enhanced by addition of Ca2+ or Mg2+. EDTA inhibited most of the O2- generation; Ca2+ or Mg2+...
Human blood leucocytes generate large amounts of superoxide following stimulation by polyarginine, polyanetholesulphonate and mixtures of a variety of soluble agents. Generation of O2-. by the various "cocktails" of soluble ligands is markedly enhanced by cytochalasins A, B, C, D, E and F. The efficiency of cytochalasin A is, however, at least 50-f...
To evaluate whether transglutaminase (TG) might be involved in production of oxygen metabolites, TG activity was measured in resident, in activated, and in elicited murine peritoneal macrophages. These various types of macrophages show a wide diversity in their ability to generate oxygen metabolites. Like other transglutaminases, the macrophage enz...
Phagocytic cells exposed to opsonized particles or to certain soluble agents, including the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), have the unique capacity to respond with a respiratory burst, in which oxygen is consumed and enzymatically converted to superoxide anion (O2−) (1). The process by which binding of the stimulus to the plasmalem...
Macrophages at sites of inflammation are exposed to proteolytic enzymes derived from neutrophils, platelets, clotting factors, complement, and damaged tissues. To investigate the possible effect of proteases on the plasma membrane-mediated oxidative metabolic response of macrophages in inflammatory sites, cultured human monocyte-derived macrophages...
Macrophages activated by infection or elicited by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), when stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate, release greater amounts of superoxide anion (O-2) than do normal resident macrophages. This enhanced production of O-2 and of other oxygen metabolites derived from O-2 is responsible, at least in part, for the enh...
In previous work we showed that macrophages must produce oxygen radicals in order to kill pathogenic organisms (1). Oxygen radical production by mouse peritoneal macrophages could be enhanced at least ten-fold if the macrophages were previously “activated”. (Throughout this paper we use the term “activated” to mean “primed to release optimal amount...
Macrophages harvested from animals recently infected by intracellular parasites such as mycobactería exhibit an increase in size and spreading and other manifestations of a state of activation.1,2 Macrophages elicited by injection of inflammatory agents, e.g., lipopolysaccharide (LPS), exhibit most of these properties. Of most direct importance to...
N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, or muramyl dipeptide (MDP), is a synthetic glycopeptide which has been formulated to correspond to a component found in a water-soluble extract of the cell wall of mycobacteria. It is the minimal structure that is capable of duplicating Freund’s complete adjuvant in the primary antibody response. 1,2 MDP add...
Freshly isolated human blood monocytes displayed a vigorous oxygen radical response, measured as release of superoxide anion (O2-), after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or opsonized zymosan. High O2- release was observed with cells isolated by using a variety of procedures. Monocytes cultured in endotoxin-free medium M199 with or...
The adjuvant muramyl dipeptide (MDP) has been shown to affect a number of macrophage functions in vitro. We studied the effect of subcutaneous injection of MDP into mice. Cultured peritoneal macrophages from treated mice displayed increased spreading, total cell protein, and specific activity of beta-glucosaminidase a constituent of macrophage lyso...
Mouse peritoneal macrophages, when treated with a lipophilic derivative of muramyl dipeptide either in vitro or in vivo by intraperitoneal injection, showed a more than fivefold increase in their ability to generate superoxide anion after stimulation of the macrophages with phorbol myristate acetate. This response was more than twice that observed...
After in vitro exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or muramyl dipeptide (MDP), cultured resident mouse peritoneal macrophages were primed to display enhanced generation of superoxide anion (O2-) in response to stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or opsonized zymosan. Priming with LPS (1 microgram/ml) produced a sevenfold enhancement of...
Current definitions of cell-mediated immunity to infection include the concept that sensitized T lymphocytes respond to contact with micro-organisms by releasing lymphokines, which activate macrophages to enhanced microbial killing, especially of intra-cellular parasites (Mackaness 1970). In vitro demonstrations that macrophages from animals infect...
Actinomyces viscosus produces both a soluble extracellular levansucrase and a cell wall-associated levansucrase. The enzyme from cell walls was solubilized by lysozyme digestion. The soluble extracellular and cell wall-associated forms of the enzyme were compared and appeared to be identical, based on molecular weight estimations, kinetic parameter...
A levansucrase was demonstrated in the growth medium and in association with the cell surface of Actinomyces viscosus. The amount of enzyme produced relative to cell density is not significantly affected by the growth conditions. Sugar alcohols inhibit growth of the cells. The levansucrase hydrolyzes sucrose to produce free glucose and levan; some...
Glutathione S-transferase AA from rat liver was purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by gel filtration and gel electrofocusing. The protein has an isoelectric point near pH 9.9 and a molecular weight of 45,000 and is composed of two apparently identical subunits. The enzyme is most active with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and glutathione as su...
The purification of homogeneous glutathione S transferases B and C from rat liver is described. Kinetic and physical properties of these enzymes are compared with those of homogeneous transferases A and E. The letter designations for the transferases are based on the reverse order of elution from carboxymethylcellulose, the purification step in whi...
Glutathione transferase A was purified from rat liver. The enzyme catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione with compounds bearing an electrophilic site, especially those in which the electrophilic site is on, or α to, an aromatic ring. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 45,000 and is composed of 2 similar subunits. Initial velocity, product inhib...
Glutathione transferase A has been purified from rat liver. The enzyme catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione with compounds
bearing an electrophilic site, especially those in which the electrophilic site is on, or α to, an aromatic ring. The enzyme
has a molecular weight of 45,000 and is composed of two similar subunits.
Initial velocity, produ...
Evidence is presented that ligandin, an intracellular protein involved in the binding of such anions as bilirubin, indocyanine green, and penicillin, is identical to glutathione S-transferase B (EC 2.5.1.18), an enzyme catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione with such electrophiles as 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, iodo...
The purification of homogeneous glutathione S-transferases B and C from rat liver is described. Kinetic and physical properties of these enzymes are compared with those of homogeneous transferases A and E. The letter designations for the transferases are based on the reverse order of elution from carboxymethylcellulose, the purification step in whi...
Glutathione transferases catalyze the conjugation of GSH with a number of compounds bearing a nucleophilic group. The number and specificity of such enzymes from rat liver were surveyed. Three enzymes have been purified to homogeneity; each was active with p-nitrobenzyl chloride as substrate. One was also active with epoxides and p-nitrophenethyl b...
The anthranilate aggregate, which catalyzes the first two reactions of tryptophan biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, consists of two anthranilate synthetase subunits and two phosphoribosyltransferase subunits. The aggregate remains associated under physiological conditions.
Three lines of evidence indicate that regulation in the aggregate involves c...
Eighteen mutants (designated MT(s)), isolated in Escherichia coli K-12, showed increased sensitivity to inhibition of growth by 5-methyltryptophan. All mutants were also much more sensitive to 4-methyltryptophan and 7-azatryptophan but exhibited near normal sensitivity to 5-fluorotryptophan and 6-fluorotryptophan. All of the mutations were linked t...
In the presence of hydroxylamine, anthranilate synthetase catalyzes the formation of γ-glutamylhydroxamate. This activity requires enzyme, glutamine, and hydroxylamine and is stimulated by chorismate and inhibited by tryptophan. Measurement of the absorption at 500 nm of the red-violet γ-glutamylhydroxamate-Fe³⁺ chelate provides a convenient assay...
Neutrophils can inactivate lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thereby blocking the ability of LPS to prime fresh neutrophils for enhanced fMLP-triggered release of su- peroxide. Here we show that inactivation of LPS by neutrophils was primarily due to lactofernn. A time course for inactivating LPS showed that neutrophils (5 million/mi) took 30 mm to inactiv...
