Michael S Kent

• MAS, DVM
• Managing Director at University of California, Davis

OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical characteristics, treatments, complications, and outcomes in dogs with nasal planum squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) undergoing local treatment. METHODS A retrospective, multi-institutional study was performed. Medical records were searched to identify dogs diagnosed with nasal planum SCC. Variables were recorded fro...

Objectives The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of vasodilator administration on CT angiography (CTA) prostatic artery diameter and peak opacification in dogs with prostatic carcinoma prior to prostatic artery embolization (PAE). Materials and methods A prospective clinical trial was performed. Ten dogs with naturally occurrin...

Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIUC) is the most common type of bladder malignancy in dogs, but the treatments used in the clinic are relatively ineffective for most of them. Dogs represent a naturally- occurring model for human MIUC and the advances in veterinary oncology could benefit human oncology as well. The field of epigenetics presen...

Background Natural killer (NK) cells are key effectors in anti-tumor responses with great potential to extend the promise of immunotherapy. Dogs develop spontaneous cancers with striking similarities to humans and can serve as a crucial link to optimize immunotherapy treatments and identify biomarkers of response. Our objective was to investigate c...

Background Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic cells capable of recognizing heterogeneous cancer targets without prior sensitization, making them promising prospects for use in cellular immunotherapy. Companion dogs develop spontaneous cancers in the context of an intact immune system, representing a valid cancer immunotherapy model. Previously...

OBJECTIVE To report the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes in a cohort of dogs with histologically confirmed retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) and to identify potential variables of prognostic significance. ANIMALS 46 client-owned dogs from 10 clinics with histopathologic diagnosis of a sarcoma originating from the retroperitoneal spac...

The field of cancer immunology has seen a meteoric rise in interest and application due to the discovery of immunotherapies that target immune cells, often leading to dramatic anti-tumor effects. However, successful cellular immunotherapy for solid tumors remains a challenge, and the application of immunotherapy to dogs with naturally occurring can...

NK cells are a key focus in immuno-oncology, based on their ability to eliminate malignant cells without prior sensitization. Dogs are valuable models for translational immunotherapy studies, especially for NK cells, where critical species differences exist between mice and humans. Given that the mechanism for recognition of “self” by canine NK cel...

Background Dogs are an outbred species that develop spontaneous cancers with striking similarities to humans and can serve as a crucial link to optimize immunotherapy treatments. We have completed canine immunotherapy trials using overlapping but distinct methods to stimulate natural killer (NK) cells in dogs with solid tumors. Our objective was to...

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in long-lived human populations have led to identification of variants associated with Alzheimer’s disease and cardiovascular disease, the latter being the most common cause of mortality in people worldwide. In contrast, naturally occurring cancer represents the leading cause of death in pet dogs, and specific...

OBJECTIVE To describe radiotherapy outcomes for canine infiltrative lipomas and provide detailed radiotherapy planning data. ANIMALS 24 dogs from 2000 to 2020. METHODS In this retrospective study, dogs received 1 to 3 surgeries prior to conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for gross (18) or microscopic (8) infiltrative lipomas. Dogs received...

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic cells with a crucial role in anti-tumor responses, making them a promising candidate for adoptive immunotherapy (IT). CD5 depletion was previously used to isolate CD5 dim-expressing NK cells as a source of expanded NK cells for IT, but this technique can limit the yield of the final NK product. Here, w...

Client-owned cats who underwent a post-mortem examination (n = 3,108) at a veterinary medical teaching hospital between 1989 and 2019 were studied to determine longevity and factors affecting mortality. Demographic factors, environmental factors, age, and causes of death were assessed. Sexes included 5.66% intact females, 39.86% spayed females, 6.9...

Background Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic immune cells capable of recognizing heterogeneous cancer targets without prior sensitization, making them promising prospects for use in cellular immunotherapy. Previously, CD5 depletion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) has been used in dogs to isolate and expand a CD5dim-expressing NK...

Background Natural killer (NK) cell immunotherapy is a promising modality for cancer immunotherapy, but questions of optimal donor characteristics for in vivo persistence, engraftment, and effector function remain. Splenic NK cells have been poorly characterized in humans and dogs. Although they are not readily available as a source for adoptive im...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to evaluate dogs with suspected prostatic neoplasia, however, published studies describing MRI characteristics of canine prostatic neoplasia are currently lacking. The aims of the current retrospective case series study were to describe MRI findings of the pelvic region in dogs with a histopathologic o...

The microbiome has clearly been established as a cutting-edge field in tumor immunology and immunotherapy. Growing evidence supports the role of the microbiome in immune surveillance, self-tolerance, and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti PD-L1 and CTLA-4 blockade (1–6). Moreover, recent studies including those using fecal microb...

In dogs with non-resectable hepatic neoplasia, treatment options are limited. The objectives of this study were to describe the use of a novel drug-eluting embolic microsphere containing paclitaxel for use during transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), to compare results of liver-specific owner questionnaires and tumor volume pre- and post-TACE, an...

Purpose: Although recombinant human interleukin-15 (rhIL-15) has generated much excitement as an immunotherapeutic agent for cancer, activity in human clinical trials has been modest to date, in part due to the risks of toxicity with significant dose escalation. Since pulmonary metastases are a major site of distant failure in human and dog cancer...

Natural killer (NK) cells can recognize heterogeneous cancer cell targets without prior sensitization, making them promising prospects for use in immunotherapy. We have completed first-in-dog feasibility clinical trials in dogs with cancer using both autologous and allogeneic NK cells expanded from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Previo...

Urothelial carcinoma (UC), the most common urologic cancer in dogs, is often diagnosed late because the clinical signs are shared by other non-malignant lower urinary tract disorders (LUTD). The urine-based BRAFV595E test for UC is highly effective only in certain breeds; hence additional non-invasive biomarkers of UC are needed. Here, urine from d...

Investigation of canine T cell immunophenotypes in canine melanomas as prognostic biomarkers for disease progression or predictive biomarkers for targeted immunotherapeutics remains in preliminary stages. We aimed to examine T cell phenotypes and function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and baseline tumor samples by flow cytometry, and...

Metastatic osteosarcoma has a bleak prognosis in both humans and dogs, and there have been minimal therapeutic advances in recent decades to improve outcomes. Naturally occurring osteosarcoma in dogs is shown to be a highly suitable model for human osteosarcoma, and limited data suggest the similarities between species extend into immune responses...

Objective: To describe the procedure of prostatic artery embolization (PAE) in dogs with prostatic carcinoma and to evaluate the short-term outcome for treated dogs. Animals: 20 client-owned dogs with prostatic carcinomas between May 2014 and July 2017. Procedures: In this prospective cohort study, dogs with carcinoma of the prostate underwent...

Case description: 3 dogs with retroperitoneal masses (2 renal and 1 located near the diaphragm) were treated by percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA). Clinical findings: Dogs between 11 and 13 years of age weighing between 13.7 and 43.8 kg had either a renal mass (n = 2) or a mass located in the caudodorsal aspect of the retroperitoneal space ne...

A 10‐year‐old female spayed mixed breed dog was evaluated for diarrhea and vomiting. Diagnostic imaging demonstrated the presence of an intracardiac mass. A modified Seldinger technique was used to access the right jugular vein, and an endomyocardial biopsy forceps was introduced through a sheath to obtain several biopsies. Histopathology and immun...

In article number 2000120, Jeremy J. Dahl, William T. N. Culp, Ramasamy Paulmurugan and co‐workers demonstrate a promising outcome from ultrasound assisted targeted delivery of therapeutic microRNAs loaded nanoparticles to spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma in canines. This study lays the foundation for the safety and efficacy of this approach an...

Spatially localized microbubble cavitation by ultrasound offers an effective means of altering the permeability of natural barriers (i.e., blood vessels and cell membranes) in favor of nanomaterial accumulation in target sites. In this study, a clinically relevant, minimally invasive ultrasound guided therapeutic approach is investigated for the ta...

Published radiotherapy results for suspected heart‐based tumours in dogs are limited. In this retrospective longitudinal study (3/2014‐2019), eight dogs with either clinical signs attributable to a heart‐base mass (6), or asymptomatic with a progressively larger mass on echocardiogram (2), received conventional fractionated radiotherapy (CFRT) or s...

An 8-year-old 28-kg male castrated rough collie was evaluated for persistent chylothorax secondary to right atrial mass. Cardiac ultrasound and computed tomography revealed a right atrial intra- and extraluminal mass with partial obstruction of the cranial vena cava and secondary chylothorax. Vascular stent placement was elected to alleviate crania...

Interruption of the programmed death 1 (PD-1) / programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway is an established and effective therapeutic strategy in human oncology and holds promise for veterinary oncology. We report the generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for canine PD-1 and PD-L1. Antibodies were initially assessed for...

Rationale and Objectives To establish a proof-of-principle for combined assessment of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion using single-energy computed tomography (CT) and image processing/analysis (denoted as single-energy CT ventilation/perfusion imaging). Materials and Methods Breath-hold CT scans were acquired at end-expiration and end-inspirat...

We have previously reported radiation-induced sensitization of canine osteosarcoma (OSA) to natural killer (NK) therapy, including results from a first-in-dog clinical trial. Here, we report correlative analyses of blood and tissue specimens for signals of immune activation in trial subjects. Among 10 dogs treated with palliative radiotherapy (RT)...

Background Lower urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is an important but rarely described disease of cats. Objectives To report the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes in a cohort of cats with lower urinary tract TCC and to test identified variables for prognostic relevance. Animals One‐hundred eighteen client‐owned cat...

Objective: To evaluate the use of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) for the assessment of prostatic tumors in dogs and to compare results for TRUS with results for other imaging modalities. Animals: 10 client-owned male dogs. Procedures: Client-owned dogs identified with prostatic carcinoma were enrolled. Fluoroscopy, transabdominal ultrasono...

Background : We have previously reported radiation-induced sensitization of canine osteosarcoma (OSA) to natural killer (NK) therapy, including results from a first-in-dog clinical trial. Here, we report correlative analyses of blood and tissue specimens for signals of immune activation in trial subjects. Methods : Among 10 dogs treated with pallia...

Localized radiation therapy can be an effective treatment for cancer but is associated with localized and systemic side effects. Several studies have noted changes in complete blood count (CBC) parameters including decreases in the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and increases in the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR). These changes could reflect im...

Imaging is critical for the diagnosis and staging of veterinary oncology patients. Although cytology or biopsy is generally required for diagnosis, imaging characteristics inform the likelihood of a cancer diagnosis, can result in a prioritized list of differentials that guide further staging tests, and assist in the planning of surgery, radiation,...

Published studies on the use of stereotactic radiotherapy for dogs with pituitary tumors are limited. This retrospective observational study describes results of stereotactic radiotherapy for 45 dogs with imaging‐diagnosed pituitary tumors. All dogs were treated at a single hospital during the period of December 2009–2015. The stereotactic radiothe...

Exact target volume definition is an essential prerequisite for modern radiotherapy treatment planning. Contouring the gross tumor volume of brain tumors on computed tomography (CT) images coregistered with magnetic resonance images is standard practice in human medicine. In this retrospective study, including only cases with an imaging diagnosis o...

While dogs are increasingly being utilized as large-animal models of disease, important features of age-related immunosenescence in the dog have yet to be evaluated due to the lack of defined naïve vs. memory T lymphocyte phenotypes. We therefore performed multi-color flow cytometry on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from young and aged beagles,...

Golden retriever dogs have been reported to have an increased prevalence of cancer compared to other breeds. There is also controversy over the effect spay or neuter status might have on longevity and the risk for developing cancer. The electronic medical records system at an academic center was searched for all dogs who had a necropsy exam from 19...

Background: We have previously shown that radiotherapy (RT) augments natural killer (NK) functions in pre-clinical models of human and mouse cancers, including sarcomas. Since dogs are an excellent outbred model for immunotherapy studies, we sought to assess RT plus local autologous NK transfer in canine sarcomas. Methods: Dog NK cells (CD5dim,...

Background Early signs of canine transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) are frequently assumed to be caused by other lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD) such as urinary tract infections, resulting in late diagnosis of TCC which could be fatal. The development of a non-invasive clinical test for TCC could dramatically reduce mortality. To determine wheth...

Despite recent major clinical breakthroughs in human cancer immunotherapy including the use of checkpoint inhibitors and engineered T cells, important challenges remain, including determining the sub-populations of patients who will respond and who will experience at times significant toxicities. Although advances in cancer immunotherapy depend on...

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if the Sun Nuclear PerFRACTION electronic portal imager device dosimetry software would be able to detect setup errors in a clinical setting and would be able to correctly identify the direction in which the setup error was introduced. Methods and materials A 7-field intensity modulated radiation...

Radiation therapy of the head and neck can result in mucositis and other acute affects in the oral cavity. This prospective pilot study evaluated a novel, intraoral, beam-blocking device for use during imaging and therapeutic procedures. The beam-blocking device was made from a metal alloy inserted into a coated frozen dessert mold (Popsicle® Mold,...

Early symptoms of canine transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) are frequently assumed to be caused by other lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD) such as urinary tract infections, resulting in late diagnosis of TCC and decreased rates of survival. To determine whether miRNA can be used as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers in this setting, we assessed mi...

Purpose: Radiotherapy (RT) that selectively avoids irradiating highly functional lung regions may reduce pulmonary toxicity, which is substantial in lung cancer RT. Single-energy computed tomography (CT) pulmonary perfusion imaging has several advantages (e.g., higher resolution) over other modalities and has great potential for widespread clinic...

Background: Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) is an emerging technique for treating tumors in animals. Objectives: To assess the outcome of dogs with suspected intracranial trigeminal nerve peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNST) treated with SRT. Animals: Eight dogs with presumptive PNST. Methods: This was a retrospective study of dogs identifi...

Background: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) are highly conformal, high-dose radiation treatment techniques used to treat people and dogs with brain tumors. Objectives: To evaluate the response to SRS- and SRT-treated tumors using volume and perfusion variables and to measure the survival times of affected dogs...

Purpose: Previous studies demonstrate that intratumoral CpG immunotherapy in combination with radiotherapy acts as an in-situ vaccine inducing anti-tumor immune responses capable of eradicating systemic disease. Unfortunately, most patients fail to respond. We hypothesized that immunotherapy can paradoxically up-regulate immunosuppressive pathways...

An asymptomatic 14-year old, male black swan ( Cygnus atratus ) housed at a zoological institution was presented for routine preshipment examination. Hematologic findings indicated that the bird had a severe lymphocytic leukocytosis, consistent with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Radiographs showed the presence of multiple soft tissue masses within...

Experimental toxicological studies in laboratory animals and epidemiological human studies have reported a possible association between water fluoridation and osteosarcoma (OSA). To further explore this possibility, a case-control study of individual dogs evaluated by the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital was conducted using ecologic da...

Table S1. Dose to organs at risk (OARs).

Table S2. Radiation planning data: Dose to planning target volume (PTV).

Thymoma is a relatively common tumor in rabbits. Treatment with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy alone or in combination has been reported with varying outcomes. Stereotactic volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy delivered in a hypofractionated manner allows high doses of radiation to be delivered to the target volume while allowing spa...

Immunotherapy can paradoxically up-regulate immunosuppressive pathways, a phenomenon we term “rebound immunosuppression”. One such pathway is the immunosuppressive enzyme indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Here, we postulated that IDO blockade will improve immunotherapy efficacy by preventing rebound immune-suppression. It has been previously shown...

Precise and accurate patient positioning is necessary when doing stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to ensure adequate dosing to the tumor and sparing of normal tissues. This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to assess feasibility of a commercially available modified frameless SRS positioning system for use in veterinary radiotherapy patients wi...

Pulmonary perfusion imaging has provided significant insights into pulmonary diseases, and can be useful in radiotherapy. The purpose of this study was to prospectively establish proof-of-principle in a canine model for single-energy CT-based perfusion imaging, which has the potential for widespread clinical implementation. Single-energy CT perfusi...

To assess if the TrueBeam HD120 collimator is delivering small IMRT fields accurately and consistently throughout the course of treatment using the SunNuclear PerFraction software. 7-field IMRT plans for 8 canine patients who passed IMRT QA using SunNuclear Mapcheck DQA were selected for this study. The animals were setup using CBCT image guidance....

Setup variability affects the appropriate delivery of radiation and informs the setup margin required to treat radiation patients. Twenty-four veterinary patients with head and neck cancers were enrolled in this prospective, cross-sectional study to determine the accuracy of an indexed board immobilization device for positioning. Couch position val...

Objective: To evaluate clinical characteristics, outcome, and prognostic variables in a cohort of dogs surviving > 1 year after an initial diagnosis of osteosarcoma. Design: Retrospective case series. Animals: 90 client-owned dogs. Procedures: Medical records for an 11-year period from 1997 through 2008 were reviewed, and patients with appen...

The safe handling and care of patients exposed to either radioactive or chemotherapeutic agents is essential. These patients present a particular challenge in that they may need extensive and intensive nursing care and have the potential to endanger the very people providing that care if proper precautions are not taken. Limiting contamination of a...

Purpose: Rotational errors in patient setup are well characterized with cone beam CT imaging. One typical approach makes 3D and 4D corrections only, and continues with treatment. Due to the difficulty of computing the effect of rotations on delivered dose, many centers utilize class solutions based on treatment site to determine if roll and pitch c...

Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics, treatments, outcomes, and factors associated with survival time in a cohort of dogs with lingual neoplasia that underwent surgical excision. Design: Retrospective case series. Animals-97 client-owned dogs. Procedures: Medical records of dogs with a lingual tumor examined between 1995 and 200...

Practical relevance: To safely and effectively treat cats with cancer it is important to understand the drugs being used and some species-specific concerns in relation to chemotherapy. Clinical challenges: While many of the same principles in treating cats with chemotherapy and targeted agents hold true as for other species, including dogs, cats...

A 9-year-old male castrated Scottish terrier was referred to the Radiation Oncology Service at the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for palliative radiation therapy of an incompletely excised, recurrent subcutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) located over the right scapula, and surgical removal of a perianal MCT. Three weeks aft...

A 13-year-old, mixed breed dog presented with a 1-month history of seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed a 2.2 × 1.0 × 0.9 cm ovoid and elongate cystic mass within the white matter of the left frontal lobe extending caudally from the cribriform plate to the rostral left lateral ventricle. Three fractions of stereotactic radioth...

Objective: To optimize the use of CT-guided modeling for the calculation of body surface area (BSA) in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Animals-12 domestic rabbits. Procedures: Adult rabbits (body weight, 1 to > 4 kg) that were client-owned animals undergoing CT for disease diagnosis or deceased laboratory animals donated from other res...

Objectives: A follow-up, retrospective study to determine whether the proportion of discrepancies between clinical and pathological diagnoses made during 2009, 1999 and 1989 and the proportion of dogs necropsied have changed. Methods: Medical records of 148 hospitalised dogs that died or were euthanased in a veterinary medical teaching hospital...

Objective: To determine expression of microRNA (miRNA) in urinary bladder samples obtained from dogs with grossly normal urinary bladders, inflammatory bladder disease, or transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and in cells of established canine TCC cell lines. Sample: Samples of grossly normal bladders (n = 4) and bladders from dogs with inflammator...

To compare associations between vaccine types and other injectable drugs with development of injection-site sarcomas in cats. Case-control study. 181 cats with soft tissue sarcomas (cases), 96 cats with tumors at non-vaccine regions (control group I), and 159 cats with basal cell tumors (control group II). Subjects were prospectively obtained from...

The current genetic and recombination maps of the cat have fewer than 3,000 markers and a resolution limit greater than 1 Mb. To complement the first-generation domestic cat maps, support higher resolution mapping studies, and aid genome assembly in specific areas as well as in the whole genome, a 15,000(Rad) radiation hybrid (RH) panel for the dom...

Theranostic agents are critical for improving the diagnosis and treatment of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). The peptidomimetic LLP2A is a novel peptide receptor radiotherapy candidate for treating NHL that expresses the activated α4β1 integrin. Tumor-bearing dogs are an excellent model of human NHL with similar clinical characteristics, behavior, and...

Percent injected dose of LLP2A or LLP2A-PEG in blood of normal and HLM dogs at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 360 minutes post injections. (XLSX)

Whole body activity (mR/hr) of LLP2A and LLP2A-PEG at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 360 minutes and 24 hours post injection in HLM dogs. (XLSX)

Organ ratios and percent injected dose in study animals at 2, 4 and 6 hours. (XLSX)

Specific activity, injected activity, and injected mass of injected compound of normal dogs N1-N3, and NHL dogs L1-L5. (DOCX)

An overall median survival time (MST) and prognostic factors in rabbits with thymomas treated with megavoltage radiation therapy (RT) were determined in this multi-institutional retrospective case analysis. Medical records for 19 rabbits with suspected or confirmed thymomas treated with RT were evaluated for data including signalment, haematologica...

Oral fibrosarcoma (FSA) is a common oral tumour in dogs, and historically reported survival times after surgical excision range from 7.0 to 12.2 months with local recurrence rates of 32-57%. The purpose of this retrospective study was to report outcome in a cohort of dogs with oral FSA treated with surgical excision with or without adjuvant radiati...

Canine dermal haemangiosarcoma (HSA) is believed to have a better prognosis compared to HSA in other organs, but outcome has only been reported in a small number of dogs. The purpose of this study was to assess outcome and prognostic factors in a larger cohort of dogs with dermal HSA. Clinical data was collected retrospectively for 94 dogs and hist...

An adult, male double yellow-headed Amazon parrot (Amazona ochrocephala oratrix) was diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia based on results of a complete blood cell count and cytologic examination of a bone marrow aspirate. Treatment with oral chlorambucil was attempted, but no response was evident after 40 days. The bird was euthanatized, an...

Canine and human lymphoma share similar characteristics in disease development and response to therapy. Translational research can be furthered using tools such as canine cell lines to model therapeutic compounds and strategies. We developed 5 B-cell lymphoma cell lines from dogs with confirmed large B-cell lymphoma. These cell lines were CD3, CD18...

Lymphoma is an important disease in dogs and people, with similar biological characteristics. We tested the binding affinity of a peptidomimetic LLP2A, previously shown to bind the alpha4-beta1 integrin on human lymphoma cell lines, to lymphocytes of dogs with spontaneously occurring lymphoma. Fine needle aspirates of lymph nodes from 32 dogs with...

Epidemiologic studies of feline vaccine-associated sarcoma (FVAS) require accurate sarcoma case definitions free from unverified assumptions for valid causal inference. This study developed methodologic approaches to improve reliable differentiation of vaccine versus nonvaccine-associated sarcomas on histologic characteristics using time windows of...

The p53 pathway is critical for tumor suppression, as the majority of human cancer has a faulty p53. Here, we identified RNPC1, a p53 target and a RNA-binding protein, as a critical regulator of p53 translation. We showed that ectopic expression of RNPC1 inhibited, whereas knockdown of RNPC1 increased, p53 translation under normal and stress condit...

Increases in liver enzymes occur in up to 86% of dogs receiving CCNU and can result in treatment delay or early discontinuation of treatment. Denamarin contains S-adenosylmethionine and silybin, both of which have been investigated as treatments for various liver diseases. Dogs on CCNU receiving Denamarin have lower alanine aminotransferase (ALT) a...

There is a need to develop novel targeted imaging and therapeutic agents that can aid in early diagnosis, detection of metastasis and treatment of melanoma. Alpha-3 integrin is overexpressed in 82% of metastatic melanomas in humans and may be a potential target for peptide ligands carrying therapeutic agents. Five melanoma cell lines were generated...