Metin Kozak

• PhD
• Professor (Full) at Dokuz Eylül University

Citation metrics are frequently used to assess research and rank journals and researchers. Nevertheless, this is still a process with asymmetric information. Tourism research has matured within a small community and through a multidisciplinary scientific paradigm. This paper aims to understand the determinants of tourism research citation patterns....

Citation metrics are frequently used to assess research and rank journals and researchers. Nevertheless, this is still a process with asymmetric information. Tourism and hospitality research have matured within a small community and through a multidisciplinary scientific paradigm. This paper aims to understand the determinants of tourism and hospit...

Objective: This study seeks to empirically investigate how the changing eating habits affect health habits within three countries with entirely different cultures and diets to understand to what extent the pandemic may be responsible for these changes. Design: Specifically, a questionnaire was conducted in China, Portugal, and Turkey in early 2021....

Assuming an international perspective, Chinese Tourist Outbound Behaviour presents an insightful exploration of the evolution of China’s tourism market, explores Chinese tourists’ behaviour, and considers how the country’s tourism landscape will expand in the future. Featuring 17 chapters compiled and written by industry experts representing 11 co...

Despite the contagion effect of deviant behavior in tourism settings, tourist-to-tourist effects have been largely ignored, including the joint impacts between other tourists and tourists' companions. This study proposes that tourists who see deviant other-tourist behavior have significantly stronger deviant behavioral intentions. A questionnaire s...

Purpose Given the increasing number of tourists exposed to commercially available cannabis, it is important to understand visitors' perceived constraints to cannabis consumption while travelling. This study aims to compare cannabis tourists' perceived constraints between first-time and repeat tourists to gain comprehensive understanding. Design/me...

Purpose COVID-19 is currently the most serious crisis facing the world, and scholars in the medical and social sciences are working to save lives and mitigate the societal effects of the pandemic. This global public health emergency requires interdisciplinary work to provide comprehensive insight into a rapidly changing situation. However, attempts...

In light of COVID-19's effects on individuals' social, economic, political, and psychological values, this paper aims to investigate the pandemic's role in possible changes to people's food consumption and meal habits in three countries, namely China, Portugal, and Turkey. The sample includes individuals from the three countries, exploratory factor...

Although tourism is an industry-driven discipline, its philosophical roots are inseparable in education. The nature of tourism, expectations of each stakeholder – industry, tourists, academia, students, educators, society – and managerial attitudes of universities in general and tourism schools in particular, make it controversial to design a flawl...

Tourism academics are organized like a very small community that interacts within this small group so that its scientific advances are not imported by other disciplines, the so-called tribes defined by Tribe [Tribe, J. (2006). The truth about tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(2), 360–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2005.11.001]. The dis...

Over the recent years, there has been a steady increase in the number of customers in luxury market. Such a substantial rise has gained much attention from both academics and industry experts seeking to better understand the meanings and factors involved in luxury consumption. Therefore, this special section aims to enrich and update the existing b...

This study aims to accomplish three objectives: (a) to reveal the reasons why women academics prefer tourism academia; (b) to examine the experiences and perceptions of gender (in)equality of women academics; (c) to determine the cultural, social and family‐based variables affecting the careers of women academics. The study is based on three steps...

Yield management introduces new indicators to improve the profitability of a business. In the case of tourism, Dwyer et al. (2009) introduce yield management to measure the impact of tourism at a destination, with the yield management indicators: average stay and average spending. These indicators are considered critical to an understanding of the...

Local food is a motivation that drives international tourists to visit a certain destination and to enrich their experiential quality. Although considerable effort has been exerted in investigating the relationship between the importance of local food and satisfaction and future intentions, no study has explored gastronomical experience by using fu...

Iran, home to 22 World Heritage Sites in 2017, is blessed with an abundance of breathtaking scenery and a multitude of historic environments for tourists to enjoy. This exploratory chapter investigates tourists’ perceptions about the nature of heritage tourism in Iran, using the five most important cultural attractions as a starting point. A total...

Big data plays a catalytic role in the determination of consumers’ preferences while achieving meaningful results together by obtaining the right data. Artificial intelligence systems, particularly those powered by machine technology, can achieve significant results through the rapid elimination of large data sets. This leads to determining structu...

This paper adopts a mixed method approach to examine antecedents and consequents of luxury tourism. Specifically, a structural model was proposed to depict what motivates tourists to make a luxury-driven tourism trip and what they expect from it. The antecedents and consequences of attitudes was then depicted through content analysis of 431 narrati...

The general objective of this study was to explore meanings and perceptions that might be involved in the image formation of Iran as a heritage destination by tourists that could help develop a brand in the future. A combined textual and pictorial analysis was applied aiming to achieve this goal in order to produce useful and important informati...

This exploratory study, based on 316 questionnaires completed by mainland Chinese tourists in Hong Kong, investigates whether certain conditions are sufficient to motivate tourists’ decisions to buy luxury products. The results of fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis reveal that a combination of four conditions (emotional attachment, fashion...

Lake-destination areas are highly favoured places for tourists due to their aquatic environment as well as areas’ rich surrounding regions. Existing literature on marketing lake-destination marketing lacks insights to identify the main image attributes driving visitors and understanding the lake tourism concept. The present study examines textual a...

Previous literature has focused on luxury tourism or luxury shopping, revealing that luxury-driven attitudes comprised unveiled reasons such as materialism, a desire for social status and the need to conform with others. Different outlets play different roles in the enactment of shopping attitudes, but even this has been scarcely researched within...

Understanding the spending patterns of tourists and their major determinants is crucial to give practitioners the right directions to develop effective marketing strategies and also for researchers to define how to structure an expenditure model. This study attempts to search for the determinants of spending by European tourists travelling to Portu...

Purpose The literature review reveals that lake tourism and lake-destination areas (LDA) have been particularly absent from destination image (DI) studies over 45 years of research. In fact, there is a lack of research concerning the characteristics of lake tourism, particularly related to the attributes involved in the formation of lake-DI. Theref...

This study explores the main image attributes that potentially influence lake­‐destination areas, and simultaneously, contribute to conceptualizing lake tourism as recent research area. Lake tourism is a growing academic sub‐field of tourism studies with an emerging body of literature. However, little attention has been given to lake‐destinations'...

This study explores the main image attributes that potentially influence lake-­‐destination areas, and simultaneously, contribute to conceptualizing lake tourism as recent research area. Lake tourism is a growing academic sub‐field of tourism studies with an emerging body of literature. However, little attention has been given to lake‐destinations'...

This study explores the main image attributes that potentially influence lake-destination areas, and simultaneously, contribute to conceptualizing lake tourism as recent research area. Lake tourism is a growing academic sub-field of tourism studies with an emerging body of literature. However, little attention has been given to lake-destinations’ p...

This article aims to explore and analyze lake image attributes extracted from a content analysis of an online directory for lake enthusiasts. CATPAC, a text-mining software program based on artificial neural networks, was adopted. The resulting output was used to identify the words that were most frequently mentioned to portray image attributes rel...

This study aims to demonstrate that mixed-methods are suitable when assessing the image of a tourism destination. Depict the image attributes that influence a lake destination area and conceptualize lake tourism are the goals of this study. Lake tourism is a growing academic field of tourism studies. However, little attention has been given to tour...

Comunicação no âmbito do Mestrado em Turismo e Desenvolvimento de Destinos e Produtos, 13 nov. @2015 , Ciclo de Aulas Abertas, Universidade Évora, Escola de Ciências Sociais/Departamento de Sociologia

This research aims to depict an image which is feasible for lake tourism destinations. The attributes were tested by means of different qualitative analysis among stakeholders in the Alentejo Alqueva Lake, Portugal. The generation of these items in an emerging destination will contribute to strengthen the concept, characteristics, and dimensions la...

Lake tourism is a growing academic sub-field of tourism studies with an emerging body of literature. However, little research attention has been given to lake-destinations’ projected or perceived tourism images. Specifically, there has been a scarcity of literature investigating the variables involved in the formation of a lake-destination image. T...

There is no doubt that destination image (DI) is an important sub-field of tourism destination marketing. Several meta-analysis studies have appeared since the emergence of this construct in the 1970s, resulting in almost 300 articles related with this topic. The mainstream of DI research was clearly identified by Chon (1990) and updated by Gallarz...

Purpose – This paper aims to provide an original body of work that presents and discusses the theory that destination leadership is about proactively shaping the future development of destinations and territories. This is the second part of the special issue of Tourism Review on destination leadership. Design/methodology/approach – This editorial...

This paper aims to explore and analyse lake image attributes extracted from a content analysis of an online directory for lake enthusiasts. CATPAC, a text-mining software program based on artificial neural networks, was adopted. The resulting output was used to identify the words that were most frequently mentioned to portray image attributes relat...

Purpose – This special issue of Tourism Review provides an original body of work that complements existing research on tourist destinations, and offers an opportunity for tourism research to contribute to broader leadership theorizing. Design/methodology/approach – This editorial introduction embeds the included papers into general reflections abo...

As past research has considered the major stages of the consumer behavior model separately, it is hardly possible to evaluate the most effective factor over final decision making. Thus, this study has a special significance, as it evaluates every stage, makes a comparison between stages, and puts forward the relationship between them. The discussio...

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the concept of push and pull satisfaction and relates it with a uni-dimensional measure of satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach – A factor structure is derived, comprising push and pull satisfaction factors which are related to the level of overall satisfaction. The empirical study was performed in Lisbon,...

Globalization offers brands the new opportunities to expand their markets beyond the national borders. It also causes fiery competition among brands in the market. Coffee store markets are one of the examples which have grown in recent years and have potential demands. The Interbrand's Best Global Brands 2006 report announces that Starbucks is rank...

This article explores the potential existence of a gender effect regarding selected managerial practices within the hotel industry in Turkey. Two types of gender effect are examined: (a) a gender bias, which reflects how each gender views the world without comparison to the views of their gender opposites; and (b) a gender difference, which reflect...

Sanayi sonrası toplumsal değişimden etkilenen havalimanları, içinde bulundukları ülke veya kentin yerel özelliklerinden öte küresel tüketim kültürünün özelliklerini taşımaktadır. Buna paralel olarak bu alanlar gerçekle ilgisi kalmamış olan göstergeler zinciri içinde, simülakr (simüle edilmiş gerçek) evreninin bir parçası olan hiper gerçek alanlar o...

Airports, influenced by postindustrial social change, carry the mark of global culture of consumption-based characteristics instead of the local culture their home countries or cities. Correspondingly, these places are hyper real as a part of simulakr (simulated reality) universe in a chain of signs that has no relation with reality. The main purpo...

A number of well-known tourism destinations around the world are based on lakes as the main attraction. Although is still difficult to determine the economic significance of lakes, lake tourism has been recognized as a relevant subfield of tourism studies. Based on a PhD investigation related to lake tourism, this paper seeks to reveal and discuss...

This study examines the influence of prestige motivations on return intentions to a domestic destination, throughout a order probit model. A representative sample of Portuguese tourists in Algarve was used. Results indicate that tourists who desire snobbism are unlikely to return to the center of Algarve, while others who are travelling by bandwago...

This study aims to investigate customer deviance directed against employees working in the hotel industry. First, the literature about the dark side of customers is reviewed. Second, the source of deviant behavior is discussed. Third, the methodology is explained. Finally, the research findings are presented. The assessment of findings is based on...

A number of well-known tourism destinations around the world are based on lakes as the main attraction. Although is still difficult to determine the economic significance of lakes, lake tourism has been recognized as a relevant subfield of tourism studies. Based on a PhD investigation related to lake tourism, this paper seeks to reveal and discuss...

Globalization offers brands the new opportunities to expand their markets beyond the national borders. It also causes fiery competition among brands in the market. Coffee store markets are one of the examples which have grown in recent years and have potential demands. The Interbrand’s Best Global Brands 2006 report announces that Starbucks is rank...

Purpose The purpose of this study is to learn about data structures in relation to decisions about family travel being influenced by sellers (i.e. agents), spouses/partners, spouse, kids and friends/relatives (i.e. influencing units). Concern is with units affecting decisions about duration, budget, destinations, restaurants, daily tours and accomm...

This study aimed to investigate the extent to which the other family members (spouse and/or child/ren) in a family influence the vacationers' overall vacation satisfaction and future behavioural intentions. As part of the study, a conceptual framework was proposed where overall vacation satisfaction mediates the relationships between spouses' and c...

Tourist destinations tend to follow similar development patterns. Eventually, all destinations enter the market maturity stage leading to a decline in visitors. To prevent visitor decline, tourism managers and policy makers try to reposition their destinations appealing to more tourist segments. A multi-segment strategy is expensive and may create...

Bir taraftan uzmanlaşma süreci ile parçalı hale gelen, bir taraftan da küresel rekabet alanına açılan akademik alan ve bilimsel üretim, üniversitenin kendini bu rekabet alanı içinde konumlandırmasını ve bu üniversitede bilgi üreten akademisyenin söz konusu rekabeti içselleştirmeye başlamasını gerektirmiştir. Bu içselleştirme ve rekabetin doğası ger...

This chapter aims to demonstrate that different cultures influence tourist decision making. Multi-structural models are used to assess to what extend the cultural traits may influence decision-making styles of tourists. Cultural traits and decision-making styles were conceptualized as multidimensional constructs. The empirical study is supported th...

This paper developed and tested an integrative model to examine the relationship between tourism decisions and their cultural background. The model was tested using surveyed data from 400 tourists travelling to Lisbon, a cultural city and the capital of Portugal. The results of a structural equation analysis revealed that culture affect tourist dec...

Destination image has a significant theoretical and practical contribution in tourism. Since the last four decades conceptual and empirical studies concerning this topic have been conducted. However, there is still a lack of theoretical framework due to the complex and multiple construct of destination image. This paper presents work in progress to...

This paper explores the connection between three perceived Fundamental Moral Orientations (FMOs) and three perceived outcome preferences for men and women working in the Turkish hotel industry. Specifically, the study aims to investigate the relationships between the perceived FMOs of selfishness, self-fullness, and selflessness, and the perceived...

This paper, an investigation of gender diversity in the Turkish hospitality industry, focuses on two primary objectives: (a) exploring the potential relationships between gender and several demographic factors, and (b) examining the possible existence of a gender effect regarding employees’ perceptions of recruitment and earning potential decisions...

In early 2008, the Bangkok-based Mekong Tourism Office (MTO) led a noteworthy regional tourism brand development exercise, the objective of which was to create a more recognizable identity for the Greater Mekong Subregion's (GMS) burgeoning hospitality and tourism industry. This paper provides a synopsis of the stakeholder-inclusive approach taken...

Image is a key factor in a destination development process. Image studies are considered to be the foundation of a strategic vision for the future, mainly for new emerging destinations which are in the very beginning of their development process. This theoretical work is part of a PhD research which, at the end, will develop a model of image format...

Grounded in part the previous literature on household decision making and in part in the literature on tourism decision making, this paper tries to add to the literature by surveying Turkish academics with respect to spousal purchase decisions. In particular, the study assesses the decision tactics used for several consumer goods including vacation...

This paper analyzed tourism resources in Turkish cities. As part of research methodology, a content analysis of official tourism web sites of Turkish cities was conducted. Further, tourism officials in Turkish cities were surveyed to identify their descriptions of the cities they promote. Research results indicate that although Turkey is well-known...

Over the past few decades, studies on competitiveness have generally focused on examining the exportation success of goods-producing or manufacturing firms rather than the service industry, including tourism. This study develops a practical method for measuring the direct competitive position of one country compared to other similar countries in th...

This study has three specific questions: (1) To what extent do decision strategies used by students when making their choice of school correlate with their level of satisfaction with the chosen school?, (2) To what extent do such strategies correlate with their future behaviour (e.g., word-of-mouth recommendation or switching to a different school)...

The objective of this article is to describe segments of Portuguese holidaymakers traveling to Latin American destinations. A latent class logit model is used to identify segments of Portuguese tourists whose choices differ according to a mix of destination attributes, information gathered, previous experience, and individual socioeconomic characte...

Purpose The purpose of this editorial is to introduce the reader to six articles related to consumer behavior in tourism destinations. Design/methodology/approach The paper introduces the papers in this special issue. Findings Tourists are part of the tourism production process. They engage with supply networks and interact with destinations. Or...

Given the importance of event organisations within a specific tourism destination, the main objective of this paper is to introduce the 2005 Universiade Summer Games held in Izmir, Turkey, as a case study, which will be assessed from various perspectives in the context of event and network management. Primary data collection was based on a face to...

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the information search behavior of visitors according to various socio‐demographic and travel‐related variables regarded as a criterion for market segmentation. Design/methodology/approach The data were based on a survey carried out with the cooperation of the Ministry of Tourism and Culture and...

Recent history is replete with scandalous acts and charitable acts within the business community. Unfortunately, scandalous acts seem to occur with greater frequency than charitable acts – at least as reported in the broadcast and print media. An interesting corollary to the incidence of scandalous and charitable acts is the apparent differential i...

Although the issue of tourist spending estimation has long been of considerable interest to many researchers, there has been no consensus yet about its definition as the dependent variable. This study attempts to estimate determinants of tourist spending by utilizing a self-generated survey data and the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. The dist...

Turizm endustrisinin daha etik bir platforma tasinmasi gerektigi belirtilmektedir. Gelecekte bu sektorde aktif bir sekilde gorev alacak gunumuzun turizm bolumu ogrencilerinin calisma yasamlarinda karsilasabilecekleri durumlara iliskin etik degerlendirmelerini belirlemeye amaclayan bu arastirma, ogrencilerin karsilasabilecekleri durumlari dort senar...

Although there has been a long tradition of ranking departments on the basis of research productivity, this phenomenon is relatively new in tourism research. This paper develops a conceptualized ranking scheme of academic programs which was tested through following a five-step ranking approach and using both objective and subjective measures. The s...

This paper presents findings of a completed research project on the competitive position of Turkey vis-à-vis five countries in the Mediterranean basin: Spain, Italy, Greece, France and Cyprus. These partner countries are self-selected by foreign tourists and service providers (hoteliers, travel agents or tour guides) as the direct competitor to Tur...

The primary objective of this paper is twofold: (i) to investigate the impact of perceived risk on the tendency to travel internationally; and (ii) to explore if there is any difference in the perception of risky places among three clusters segmented based on the Hofstede's uncertainty avoidance index. The sample population of the study consists of...

The principal purpose of this study was to analyze the determinants of tourists’ length of stay at a destination. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey conducted in the summer of 2005. Exceptionally different from other similar studies, this study employed survival analysis to analyze the data. The findings indicate that, out of 39 var...

Consumer services research contains few empirical studies of harassment involving tourists. Previous studies are largely in general typological terms. Relatively little is known about the effects of harassment on tourist behavior and on the host economy. The findings of this case study from Marmaris, Turkey suggest that a fundamental driver of hara...

The measurement of job satisfaction has become an important issue in tourism because this industry requires a great interaction between the contact personnel (frontline employees) and the individual customer and because quality perceptions are evaluated mostly on the basis of the performance of subjective (intangible) criteria. Thus, the extent to...

This study aims to identify employees' perceptions of the extent to which TQM programs are implemented into their hospital organisations; and to explore whether or not they perceive any problems with a successful implementation of TQM programs. According to the research findings, it appears that TQM perceptions are associated in the minds of hospit...

The purpose of this paper was to consider the repeaters' perceptions of changes in respect of the overall quality of sample destinations by examining in two categories such as positive (or better) and negative (or worse). Data were collected by administering a qualitative survey among British tourists visiting Bodrum, located in south-west part of...

Studies have been carried out on satisfaction and international pleasure travel. Some have related satisfaction and past visits to a particular destination with intentions to recommend it, to revisit it, and to visit other destinations in its area. This study arose from reconsideration of research on satisfaction and stated intentions of travelers...

Consumer complaints are an important factor for service providers; effective handling of consumer complaints can be a key to acquiring loyal customers. However, despite the abundance of studies on customer complaints regarding goods and service products of hotels and restaurants, there is a lack of research on customer complaints regarding tourism...