Menelaos Apostolou

Menelaos Apostolou
University of Nicosia · Department of Social Sciences

BA, MSc, PhD

About

185
Publications
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2,835
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Additional affiliations
September 2009 - present
University of Nicosia
Position
  • Professor (Assistant)

Publications

Publications (185)
Article
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The increasing occurrence of singlehood raises the question of whether people enjoy greater emotional wellbeing alone or in an intimate relationship. Guided by an evolutionary theoretical framework of human emotions, the current research aimed to address whether individuals are emotionally better off single than in an intimate relationship, taking...
Article
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Not having an intimate partner constitutes a common state in contemporary post-industrial societies. The current research aimed to address the question of whether single people score higher than mated people in various dimensions of quality of life. For this purpose, we employed quantitative research methods, measuring different aspects of quality...
Article
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The present study aimed to examine the associations between the desire for independence, perceived level of achievement, and relationship status. Specifically, we conducted the study with a sample of 667 Greek-speaking participants (389 women, 275 men, and three participants who did not indicate their sex) who were either single or in an intimate r...
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Introduction Mate-seekers employ several strategies to become more attractive as mates. In the present study, we examined the use of 10 strategies for becoming more desirable as a mate in the Lithuanian cultural context. Methods Using a sample of 295 Lithuanian-speaking participants, we explored the frequency and types of strategies employed to en...
Article
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Friendship constitutes an important aspect of human interaction. However, not all friendships are equally desirable, and the current study aimed to identify the strategies that people use to strengthen desirable friendships. More specifically, Study 1 employed open-ended questionnaires on a sample of 218 Greek-speaking participants and identified 5...
Article
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A lack of options can make it challenging for individuals to find a desirable intimate partner. Conversely, an abundance of choices might lead to mate choice overload, making it difficult to determine the most suitable match. Additionally, having numerous alternatives after entering a relationship could undermine its stability by decreasing satisfa...
Article
People make friends for a variety of reasons. The current study aimed to explore these reasons and the role of the Dark Triad in predicting them, using self-report questionnaires in a sample drawn from 12 countries. We found that the most important reasons for making friends were having people around with desirable traits such as compatibility, who...
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Intimate relationships are not characterized only by advantages as they have also a darker side. Accordingly, the current research aimed to identify the disadvantages of being in an intimate relationship in the Greek cultural context. More specifically, Study 1 employed qualitative research methods with a sample of 202 Greek-speaking participants,...
Article
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The Dark Triad is an important aspect of human personality, and there is evidence that it associated with infidelity. The current research aimed to examine the association between Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism traits and different aspects of infidelity in the Greek cultural context. In particular, using a sample of 509 Greek-speakin...
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Purpose Attracting and maintaining a romantic partner requires considerable effort. In the current study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that fear of singlehood is a primary factor driving individuals to allocate scarce resources in the mating domain. Methods We conducted a close-ended survey with a sample of 990 Greek and Turkish-speaking partic...
Article
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Many individuals are single because they encounter difficulties in attracting an intimate partner. Various factors, such as flirting capacity and self-esteem, could potentially predict singlehood. However, these factors are interconnected and have indirect associations with singlehood. The current study has attempted to identify these associations...
Article
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Parents want daughters-and sons-in-law who are similar to their children, and children want spouses who are similar to themselves. In turn, the question arises: Do parents agree among themselves on how much similarity they desire in their prospective in-laws concerning their children? Moreover, do parents and children agree on the level of similari...
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Not having an intimate partner is a common state in contemporary post-industrial societies. One reason that individuals report for being single is their fear of relationship commitment. The objective of the current research was to investigate the factors that are associated with the fear of relationship commitment and how this fear is associated wi...
Article
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People tend to mate with individuals who are similar to them, and the current research aims to examine the different pathways that lead to assortative mating. More specifically, based on a sample of 550 Greek-speaking individuals who were in intimate relationships, we found that participants’ own perceived scores in desirable traits were associated...
Article
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Forming long-term intimate relationships is a human universal, with most people across different times and cultures doing so. Such relationships should be associated with important benefits otherwise individuals would not engage in them, with the current research aiming to identify what people consider as beneficial in a long-term intimate relation...
Article
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Most people strive toward establishing long-term romantic relationships, and the majority eventually succeed in doing so, which raises the question of how people meet prospective mates. In the current research, we used in-depth interviews and open-ended questionnaires in a sample of 218 Greek-speaking participants, and we identified 44 acts that pe...
Article
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The current research aimed to study the strategies that people employ in order to become more desirable as mates in different cultural settings. More specifically, using a closed‐ended questionnaire on a sample of 7181 participants from 14 different countries, we identified 10 different strategies that people employ to become more appealing as mate...
Article
People living in contemporary post-industrial societies frequently find themselves being single without wanting so, and the current research aimed to understand the reasons why. In particular, we aimed to examine the effects of 17 probable predictors of involuntary singlehood on a sample of 1432 Greek-speaking participants. For women, we found that...
Article
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Romantic jealousy can lead to several negative outcomes, such as tensions between intimate partners, domestic violence, and even homicide. On the other hand, it has been hypothesized that this mechanism has a protective effect against infidelity. In the current research, we aimed to examine five predictions derived from this hypothesis. Specificall...
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Antimicrobial resistance is one of the largest threats to public health worldwide. As the inappropriate use of antibiotics is one of the leading causes of antibiotic resistance, it is important to have an understanding of the public’s knowledge, attitudes and behaviours towards antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance. The present study investigate...
Article
Not all friendships last a lifetime, and frequently, people choose to end them. The current research employed mixed-methods in order to identify the different strategies that people use in order to end an undesirable friendship, and the degree that the adoption of these strategies is predicted by personality. More specifically, Study 1 employed qua...
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This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes and behaviours towards antibiotics among the general public living in the Republic of Cyprus (RoC) and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) by using an online questionnaire. Differences were examined using independent samples t-tests, chi-square tests, Mann–Whitney U tests and Spearman’s rh...
Article
Singlehood has advantages but also disadvantages that the current research aimed to examine. More specifically, Study 1 employed qualitative research methods on a sample of 238 Greek-speaking participants, and identified 78 possible disadvantages of being single. Studies 2 and 3 employed quantitative research methods on a sample of 1115 (N Study 1...
Article
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Singlehood that is, not having an intimate partner, constitutes a common state in contemporary post-industrial societies. The current research aimed to identify some of the factors that make people more likely to be involuntarily single, meaning that they want to be in an intimate relationship but they face difficulties in attracting a partner. Mor...
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Male homosexual orientation remains a Darwinian paradox, as there is no consensus on its evolutionary (ultimate) determinants. One intriguing feature of homosexual men is their higher male birth rank compared to heterosexual men. This can be explained by two non-exclusive mechanisms: an antagonistic effect (AE), implying that more fertile women hav...
Article
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Adult individuals frequently face difficulties in attracting and keeping mates, which is an important driver of singlehood. In the current research, we investigated the mating performance (i.e., how well people do in attracting and retaining intimate partners) and singlehood status in 14 different countries, namely Austria, Brazil, China, Greece, H...
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Not having an intimate partner is a common state in contemporary post-industrial societies. A substantial proportion of singles are voluntarily so that is, they prefer not to be in an intimate relationship. The current study aimed to examine whether past relationship experiences predicted voluntary singlehood. More specifically, using a sample of 6...
Article
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Intimate relationships are not always easy to keep. Accordingly, the current research has attempted to identify the strategies that people employ in order to improve their relationships with their partners. In particular, by using open-ended questionnaires in a sample of 219 Greek-speaking participants, we have identified 81 acts that people were l...
Article
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Intimate relationships are not easy to keep as the high rates of divorce and singlehood testify. The current research aimed to examine the behavioral acts which are likely to have a negative effect on people's willingness to continue an intimate relationship. More specifically, by using qualitative research methods on a sample of 269 Greek-speaking...
Article
Although most people look for and eventually find long-term mates, many opt out from the mating market, preferring to be single instead. The current research aimed to identify some of the factors which are likely to be associated with increased likelihood to be voluntarily single. More specifically, we examined the effects of sociosexuality, Dark T...
Article
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Many people do not have an intimate partner, one reason being that they prefer to be single. The current research aimed to address the question what makes single life appealing, that is, to identify the possible advantages of being single. More specifically, Study 1 employed open-ended questionnaires on a sample of 269 Greek-speaking participants,...
Article
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Infidelity is relatively common, with culprits not always been able to keep it secret from their partners. Accordingly, the current research aimed to study people's reactions to their partners' infidelity. More specifically, using qualitative research methods on a sample of 226 Greek‐speaking participants, Study 1 identified 94 possible reactions t...
Article
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Objective Extra-pair mating has potentially severe costs, which favor the evolution of mechanisms that would enable people to reduce them by detecting their partners’ infidelity. Such a mechanism is romantic jealousy, and the current research attempted to examine the interplay between romantic jealousy, personality and the probability of detecting...
Article
Flirting is essential for attracting mates yet, many people do poorly in it. Accordingly, the current research aimed to address the question what are dealbreakers in flirting. More specifically, by using open-ended questionnaires in a sample of 212 Greek-speaking participants, Study 1 identified 69 acts and traits that people find off-putting in fl...
Article
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Infidelity does not always go undetected, and the current research aimed to study the tactics that culprits use to persuade their partners to forgive them. More specifically, by using a combination of qualitative research methods, we identified 41 acts of persuasion. Using quantitative research methods in a sample of 657 Greek-speaking participants...
Article
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Friendship constitutes a human universal, with people across different times and places forming friendly relationships. Yet, people are selective in whom they befriend. The current research aimed to identify friendship preferences, that is, the traits that people find desirable or undesirable in a friend. More specifically, Study 1 employed open-en...
Article
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Many people are involuntarily single; that is, they are not in an intimate relationship, although they want to be so. The current research attempted to examine whether having traits that people prefer in a partner, and one’s level of self-esteem, predicted singlehood status. Using an online sample of 986 Greek-speaking participants, we found that s...
Article
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Same-sex attraction is associated with a direct reproductive cost, i.e., a reduced number of biological children. The current study aimed to assess this cost for different forms of sexual attraction (i.e., only attracted to opposite sex, mostly attracted to opposite sex, equally attracted to both sexes, mostly attracted to same-sex, only attracted...
Article
People employ different strategies in order to detect their partners' infidelities. In turn, culprits employ infidelity-hiding strategies in order to avoid detection, and the current research aimed to identify these strategies, and to examine whether they were predicted by the Dark Triad personality traits. More specifically, Study 1 employed quali...
Article
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Forming long-term intimate relationships constitutes an important aspect of human nature. Within the context of an evolutionary theoretical framework, the current research has attempted to investigate what motivates people to keep an intimate relationship. Using a combination of qualitative research methods in a sample of 131 Greek-speaking partici...
Article
Not having an intimate partner constitutes a common state in contemporary societies, and the current study aimed to examine the relationship between personality, marital status and the length of singlehood. More specifically, we hypothesized that extraversion would be a significant predictor of singlehood. Consistent with this hypothesis, using a s...
Article
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People frequently adopt extra-pair mating strategies, which could be potentially harmful for their legitimate partners. In order to protect themselves from the costs of cheating, people need first to detect infidelity, and for this purpose, they employ specific infidelity-detection strategies. By using a combination of qualitative research methods,...
Article
The social stigma attached to same-sex attraction, along with the limited availability of same-sex outlets, are likely to cause difficulties to homosexual people in attracting intimate partners. Based on this reasoning, the current study aimed to test the hypothesis that homosexual people would be more likely to be involuntarily single, and would e...
Article
Intimate relationships vary in how long they last, and the current study attempted to identify partners' traits which are associated with longer relationship length and better perceived relationship prospects. In particular, Study 1 employed open-ended questionnaires and in-depth interviews in a sample of 207 Greek-speaking participants , and ident...
Article
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An important aspect of human mating is to appeal to prospective mates. Accordingly, the current research attempted to identify the strategies that people use in order to become more attractive as prospective intimate partners. More specifically, using open-ended questionnaires in a sample of 326 Greek-speaking participants, we identified 87 acts th...
Article
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People make friendships, some of which last a lifetime, whereas others are short-lived. Within the context of an evolutionary theoretical framework, this study aims to identify the reasons that lead people to terminate a friendship. More specifically, in Study 1, by using a combination of qualitative research methods in a sample of 133 Greek-speaki...
Article
A considerable proportion of the population is involuntarily single; that is, they want to be in an intimate relationship but they face difficulties in doing so. The current paper attempted to assess some possible predictors of this phenomenon. More specifically, in a sample of 1228 Greek-speaking women and men, we found that participants who score...
Chapter
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This chapter addresses how the genetic relatedness between parents and their children results in the two parties having converging as well as diverging interests. In the domain of mating, these interests, along with other factors such as the trade-offs inherent in mating, give rise to an opportunity cost of free mate choice: Parents have much to lo...
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The current research aimed to examine the reasons people are single, that is, not in an intimate relationship, across eight different countries-Brazil, China, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, India, Japan, and the UK. We asked a large cross-cultural sample of single participants (N = 6,822) to rate 92 different possible reasons for being single. Th...
Article
People adopt a variety of strategies in order to achieve specific mating goals. The current research nominated nine different mating strategies, and attempted to estimate their occurrence. Evidence from an online sample of 6273 Greek-speaking participants, indicated that a mixed strategy was in the highest occurrence, followed by a long-term and a...
Article
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Within the context of an evolutionary theoretical framework, the current research attempted to study the reasons that cause difficulties in starting an intimate relationship in the Greek cultural context. In particular, using qualitative research methods (interviews and open-ended questionnaires), Study 1 (N = 205) identified 58 reasons that make i...
Chapter
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The relationships of parents and children are dictated by their genetic interests, which are not however completely overlapping. In particular, children share 50% of their alleles with their parents, which means that their genetic interests partially converge and partially diverge. The present chapter discusses divergence of interests and the relat...
Article
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Objectives Infidelity is a widespread phenomenon, with perpetrators being frequently caught by their partners. Yet, not all instances of revealed infidelity lead to the termination of the relationship, and the current research aimed to study the reasons which lead individuals to forgive their partners. Methods: Study 1 employed a combination of qua...
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The Online PDF version of the original article contained mistakes.
Article
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Keeping an intimate relationship is challenging, and there are many factors causing strain. In the current research, we employed a sample of 1,403 participants from China and Greece who were in an intimate relationship, and we classified 78 difficulties in keeping an intimate relationship in 13 factors. Among the most common ones were clinginess, l...
Article
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Friendship constitutes an important facet of human behavior, and the current research investigated the reasons that motivate people to make friends. First, a combination of qualitative research methods were used to identify 41 perceived reasons why people make friends. Using a sample of 1,316 Greek-speaking participants, these reasons were classifi...
Article
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Keeping an intimate relationship is challenging, and many people face difficulties in doing so. In the current research, we have attempted to identify these difficulties, within the context of an evolutionary theoretical framework. More specifically, by using a combination of qualitative research methods in a sample of 163 Greek-speaking participan...
Article
Friendship constitutes an important aspect of human experience. Yet, it is not always easy to make friends, and the current research aims to understand the reasons which constrain people from doing so. More specifically, using qualitative research methods, we identified 40 reasons which prevented people from making friends. Using quantitative resea...
Article
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The current research examines the impact of the coronavirus disease outbreak on emotional welfare and the moderating impact of relationship status in the Greek cultural context. We found that participants were more likely to experience severe and extremely severe instances of depression, anxiety and stress after than before the outbreak. We also fo...
Article
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A relatively large number of people in Western societies are single; that is, they are not involved in any romantic relationship. In this study, we have attempted to investigate the reasons for singlehood by asking singles themselves. A final sample of 648 American singles (307 of them women) rated 92 possible reasons for singlehood. These reasons...
Article
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Studies have established that having older brothers is associated with an increased incidence of male homosexuality. This so-called fraternal birth order effect has been found in different times and cultural settings. The current study attempted to examine whether this effect was present in the Greek cultural context and whether it could also predi...
Article
Flirting is an essential aspect of human interaction and key for the formation of intimate relationships. In the current research, we aimed to identify the traits that turn it more effective. In particular, in Study 1 we used open-ended questionnaires in a sample of 487 Greek-speaking participants, and identified 47 traits that make flirting effect...
Chapter
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The current chapter aims to assess the importance of cross-cultural research for the field of evolutionary psychology. The disciple of evolutionary psychology is based on the premise that human behavior is generated by a collection of brain modules or adaptations that have evolved to produce fitness-increasing outcomes in the ancestral environment....
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Purpose As long as migration is recognized as a public health concern, policies exist to address migrants’ health, and provide comprehensive information on how public and private health care system operates, health rights and what their health care plan does or does not cover. Thereby, responding to patients’ expectations significantly affects over...
Article
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A considerable proportion of people living in Western societies are single, i.e., they do not have an intimate partner. Recent research has indicated that about half of these instances are involuntary-people want to be in a relationship, but face difficulties in attracting partners. Within the context of an evolutionary theoretical framework, the c...
Article
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Objectives Infidelity, actual or suspected, can trigger strong emotional reactions, such as jealousy, which could lead to the dissolution of the relationship. These reactions were predicted to vary with the severity of the infidelity, with the sex of the participant, with previous experience with unfaithful partners, and with the length of the rela...
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A considerable proportion of people in postindustrial societies experience difficulties in intimate relationships and spend considerable time being single. In the current research, we attempted to examine mating performance, and occurrence and length of singlehood in a Greek ( N = 884) and a Chinese ( N = 2,041) sample. We found that, in both sampl...
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The present study attempted to understand people’s desires for aggressive and humiliating sexual play, both in terms of interests and fantasy. An evolutionary framework has been developed which generated five hypotheses to be tested. Evidence from a qualitative study of 102 participants identified 13 aggressive and sexual acts which were commonly p...
Article
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Several people today experience poor mating performance, that is, they face difficulties in starting and/or keeping an intimate relationship. On the basis of an evolutionary theoretical framework, it was hypothesized that poor mating performance would be predicted by poor flirting skills, poor mate signal-detection ability, and high shyness. By emp...
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Heterosexual men, as opposed to heterosexual women, desire mates who experience same-sex attractions and are willing to have same-sex sexual contacts. Yet not all men share such desires, and the current study aims to examine whether the male preferences for same-sex attraction and contact are predicted by desires for sexual variety and having sex w...
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There is accumulating evidence that heterosexual men exhibit tolerance to their partners’ same-sex infidelity. The current study examined such tolerance in the Chinese (N = 949) and the British (N = 305) cultural contexts. Consistent with the predictions derived from an evolutionary framework, across different cultural settings, men exhibited highe...
Article
Infidelity is a widespread phenomenon across different cultures. Yet, not all people are unfaithful to their partners, and the current study aims to identify the reasons that motivate individuals to hold back from cheating. For this purpose, we developed an evolutionary theoretical framework which could enable a better understanding of the ultimate...
Article
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In Western societies, a substantial proportion of the adult population does not have an intimate partner. The current paper puts forward an evolutionary theoretical framework, where people stay single for three main reasons, namely the mismatch between ancestral and modern conditions has resulted in several individuals lacking the adaptations neces...
Article
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A substantial proportion of people living in Western societies do not have an intimate partner. The current research attempts to estimate the occurrence of people who are involuntary single—they want to be in an intimate relationship but they find it difficult to do so—in the Greek cultural context. Evidence from two independent studies (N = 1682)...
Article
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A considerable proportion of the population in post-industrial societies experiences substantial difficulties in the domain of mating. The current research attempted to estimate the prevalence rate of poor mating performance and to identify some of its predictors. Two independent studies, which employed a total of 1,358 Greek-speaking men and women...
Article
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A considerable proportion of the population experiences varying degrees of same-sex attraction. It has been proposed that men exhibit high tolerance to their partner's same-sex infidelity, which allows such predispositions to exist in a relative high frequency in the population. On this basis, the hypothesis was tested that heterosexual men and wom...
Article
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About one in five individuals is not attracted exclusively to members of the opposite sex. The presence of same-sex attraction in such a high frequency constitutes a major evolutionary puzzle. One solution that has been proposed is weak negative selection pressures exercised on deviations from exclusive heterosexual attraction in ancestral human so...
Article
The current study aims to investigate whether heterosexual men prefer women who experience same-sex attractions as partners across different cultural settings. Data from a sample of 949 Chinese heterosexual participants and a sample of 305 British heterosexual participants was used to investigate this hypothesis. Across the two samples, we found th...
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The aims and objectives of this article are to present the first survey ever conducted in Cyprus of the views and perceptions that Cypriots have of old age. In particular, the researchers, Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot social workers, wanted to explore the issue of ageism within the two Cypriot communities, the Greek-Cypriot (Greek-speaking) an...
Article
Recent studies indicated that a considerable proportion of adult individuals experience poor mating performance: They face considerable difficulties in attracting and retaining mates. Using an evolutionary theoretical framework, we hypothesized that poor mating performance would be associated with more negative and fewer positive emotions as well a...
Article
It has been recently argued that heterosexual men, as opposed to heterosexual women, find same-sex attraction and contact desirable in a partner. The current paper employs an online sample of 775 heterosexual participants in order to examine this sex difference and asses its evolutionary implications. Results showed that just over half of heterosex...
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This article presents the first survey ever conducted in Cyprus in relation to stress in social service organizations as a result of budgetary cuts due to the financial recession the country entered in 2010. Social service professionals were asked whether and how they experienced the current economic crisis in their work. The aim of the study was t...
Article
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Infidelity is a widespread phenomenon, but the reasons that could lead people to cheat have not been adequately investigated. The current study puts forward an evolutionary theoretical framework in which infidelity is a strategy that, under certain circumstances, can increase the reproductive successes of the individuals who adopt it. Study 1 used...
Article
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The notion that female sexuality is fluid, meaning that women can experience attractions for either men or women depending on the circumstances, has been widely accepted by the academic community. Accordingly, scholars have attempted to develop evolutionary models that could explain why selection forces have favored sexual fluidity in women. The pr...
Article
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In the current research, we aimed to identify the reasons that could drive people to get a divorce. In Study 1, we employed qualitative research methods, and we identified 62 reasons that could potentially drive people to get a divorce. Using quantitative research methods, in Study 2 we classified these reasons into 7 broader factors. We found that...
Article
About one in five women are not attracted exclusively to members of the opposite sex. This high prevalence of same-sex attractions constitutes an evolutionary puzzle as they appear to impair reproductive success. It has recently been proposed that, one reason behind such high prevalence is a male preference for same-sex attraction in women. The mal...
Article
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Parents and their children are genetically related but not genetically identical, a fact that leads to conflict between the two. One such domain of conflict is mate choice, where in-law and mate preferences diverge. The current research examined this divergence in preferences in the Chinese culture and how it varied across cultural contexts. More s...
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People, predominantly men, spend considerable resources in engaging in hunting animals for sport. Such activity is puzzling, as men take risk and sacrifice valuable resources in killing animals, the meat of which they do not need for their subsistence. Toward solving this puzzle, an evolutionary framework was proposed, where the division of labor i...
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Across different cultures and across different times, parents exercise considerable influence over their children’s mate choices. When exercising such influence, parents are interested in finding daughters- and sons-in-law who are similar to them and to their children. In this paper, the preference for similarity was examined in China. On the basis...
Article
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Children require considerable resources such as time and money to be raised. Still, despite the heavy costs involved, most people do decide to have children, a fact that raises the question of what motivates them to do so. Moreover, after having one or more children, people decide not to have additional ones, even though they might still be fertile...
Article
There are reasons to believe that the mechanisms involved in mating, evolved in a context where marriages were arranged and male-male competition was strong. Thus, they may not work well in a post-industrial context, where mating is not regulated and where male-male competition is weak. As a consequence of the mismatch between ancestral and modern...