Mehana Blaich Vaughan

University of Hawaii System

Indigenous stewardship of lands and waters has been suppressed around the world for centuries by colonization, but it has nonetheless persisted. Specific places that are cared for through such stewardship are known as Indigenous and community conserved areas (ICCAs). Some ICCAs are formally recognized in bureaucratic government systems, whereas oth...

In April of 2018, the island of Kauaʻi broke national 24-hour rainfall records, experiencing several days of intense rain and flooding that destroyed property, threatened lives, and reshaped the land. However, out of the turmoil came stories of survival, resilience, community, and strength. We interviewed over 80 individuals and found that concepts...

Indigenous ecologies have persisted through major social and ecological changes including settler colonialism. Adaptations have been a necessary part of this resilience, however little attention has been given to the consequences of these adaptations for Indigenous Peoples and ecologies. Without exploring these consequences, we are left with an inc...

The IPBES Scoping document for the values assessment highlights the need to assess the types of values of nature that have (or have not) been incorporated into decision-making, the types of valuation approaches incorporated into decision-making, the challenges that have hindered the incorporation of diverse conceptualizations of values of nature in...

Indigenous resource management (IRM) is dynamic and ever evolving, in part because it is based on co-evolutionary relationships between Indigenous cultures and the biodiversity around them. Forms of conservation imposed on Indigenous people and places by settler-colonialism tend to idealise pre-human and human-excluded environments, leading to conf...

The knowledge systems and practices of Indigenous Peoples and local communities play critical roles in safeguarding the biological and cultural diversity of our planet. Globalization, government policies, capitalism, colonialism, and other rapid social-ecological changes threaten the relationships between Indigenous Peoples and local communities an...

Fisheries are often conceptualized through a biophysical lens resulting in management approaches that fail to account for stakeholder conflicts and sociopolitical inequities. Using a fisher engagement approach, this case study examines the sociopolitical dimensions of fisher-shark interactions in pursuit of more complete problem definitions and eff...

Indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) around the world are increasingly asserting ‘Indigenous agency’ to engage with government institutions and other partners to collaboratively steward ancestral Places. Case studies in Hawai‘i suggest that ‘community-driven collaborative management’ is a viable and robust pathway for IPLCs to lead in t...

Declining natural resources have contributed to a cultural renaissance across the Pacific that seeks to revive customary ridge-to-reef management approaches to protect freshwater and restore abundant coral reef fisheries.We applied a linked land–sea modeling framework based on remote sensing and empirical data, which couples groundwater nutrient ex...

Declining natural resources have contributed to a cultural renaissance across the Pacific that seeks to revive customary ridge‐to‐reef management approaches to protect freshwater and restore abundant coral reef fisheries. We applied a linked land–sea modeling framework based on remote sensing and empirical data, which couples groundwater nutrient e...

Place-based communities are struggling to maintain their connections to land and water, including the social and cultural practices that are rooted in a particular landscape. In this paper, we consider possibilities for recentering environmental governance around reciprocal relations, or the mutual caretaking between people and place. We draw from...

Indigenous and place-based communities worldwide have self-organized to develop effective local-level institutions to conserve biocultural diversity. How communities maintain and adapt these institutions over time offers lessons for fostering more balanced human–environment relationships—an increasingly critical need as centralized governance syste...

Through research, restoration of agro-ecological sites, and a renaissance of cultural awareness in Hawaiʻi, there has been a growing recognition of the ingenuity of the Hawaiian biocultural resource management system. The contemporary term for this system, “the ahupuaʻa system”, does not accurately convey the nuances of system function, and it inhi...

Across the Pacific Islands, declining natural resources have contributed to a cultural renaissance of customary ridge-to-reef management approaches. These indigenous and community conserved areas (ICCA) are initiated by local communities to protect natural resources through customary laws. To support these efforts, managers require scientific tools...

Rights-based management approaches are being increasingly applied to global fisheries as an alternative to deficiencies associated with centralized or top-down management. In fisheries, these approaches may include a diversity of methods such as catch shares, territorial user rights for fishing, individual transferable quotas, fisheries concessions...

Indigenous knowledge is a multilayered knowledge system that can inform contemporary management in both natural observations and cultural value. Centuries old observations preserved within song, chant, and story has been globally recognized as a resource to integrate with conservation efforts for endangered species. In the case of the endemic land...

Indigenous environmental education programs offer learning, while also serving as vehicles for cultural resurgence and perpetuation. Like any educational program these initiatives require evaluation to improve their quality, assess progress and meet obligations to funders. However, evaluation tools must be tailored to such programs, which tend to b...

Co-management has shown great promise in achieving social and ecological goals worldwide. Despite its potential, significant challenges are faced during governance transformations shifting from traditional approaches to fisheries management to co-management systems. Several factors make Hawai‘i an excellent opportunity to study the barriers associa...

Where Hawai'i's land and sea once supported a population close to contemporary times, today 90 percent of food consumed in Hawai'i is imported and delivered on container ships. Once plentiful in the bays and coral reefs surrounding these islands, fish is now frequently shipped in and store bought. Yet, local families in parts of Hawai'i have mainta...

ABSTRACTMuch research has demonstrated the effectiveness of customary indigenous management at conserving natural resources. However, little is known about integrating customary management with state-level institutions. We present a model case study of collaborative rulemaking based upon customary norms for interacting with resources. We explore th...

This case study provides in depth analysis of an early phase of natural resources co-management, rule making. Co-management involves shared management responsibility between resource users or community groups and governmental agencies, and is recommended as a key management approach for nearshore marine resources. This article explores collaborativ...

In this chapter, the author reflects on her efforts at ʻāina-based research in the field of environmental studies. She first talks about lei which, throughout Hawaiʻi, symbolize certain places and offer a way to see and know a landscape. The author then recounts the lessons of her tūtū, Amelia Ana Kaʻōpua Bailey, in gathering and fashioning lei. Sh...

This research note is part of the thematic section, Giving Back Through Collaboration in Practice, in the special issue titled “Giving Back in Field Research,” published as Volume 10, Issue 2 in the Journal of Research Practice.

Throughout the Pacific, "subsistence" fishing feeds not only individual fishers and their families but a much broader network of people through the noncommercial distribution, or sharing, of fish. This study evaluated the current importance of this sharing, through tracking subsistence fish catch and distributions (mahele) in one small Hawai'i fish...

Despite globally increasing interest in restoring local-level management of natural resources, few studies examine differences between residents' and tourists' place connections and implications for community-based natural resource management. This article reports findings from a survey (n = 264) in Haena, Kauai, Hawaii, where resource management i...

IntroductionGeneral Information on CT, LT, ARF and ReagentsAssay 1 : The Gsα, AssayAssay 2: The Agmatine AssayAssay 3: Auto-ADP-ribosylation AssayAssay 4: NAD Glycohydrolase AssayComments and Considerations

IntroductionMolecular Aspects of Cholera Toxin ActionPractical Aspects of Cholera Toxin UseSummary

Brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (BIG1) and BIG2 were purified as components of a∼670 kDa protein complex. BIG1 and BIG2 partially colocalize with the Golgi 58 kDa protein and γ-adaptin, a component of the AP-1 complex. The distribution of BIG1 in the TGN is distinct from that of GBF-1, a brefeldin A (BFA)-resistant GEF th...

Cholera (CT) and heat labile E. coli (LT) enterotoxins are members of the AB5 family of bacterial toxins that contain one catalytically active A subunit associated with a complex of five B subunits. The B subunits of CT and LT bind the receptor, ganglioside GM1, at the cell surface as a required first step in entry of the holotoxin into target cell...

Activation of ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), approximately 20-kDa GTPases that are inactive in the GDP-bound form, depends on guanine nucleotide-exchange proteins (GEPs) to accelerate GTP binding. A novel ARF GEP, designated cytohesin-4, was cloned from a human brain cDNA library. Deduced amino acid sequence of the 47-kDa protein contains the sam...

More than 100 years after the recognition that Vibrio cholerae causes the deadly diarrhea characteristic of cholera (Koch 1884), the devastating effects of this disease continue to be felt throughout the world (Mathan 1998). Efforts to prevent the disease rely heavily on measures intended to improve basic hygiene and to ensure sanitary water and fo...

On or before Apr 6, 2016 this sequence version replaced gi:7188349, gi:7188350, gi:7188351, gi:7188352, gi:7188353, gi:7188354, gi:7188355, gi:7188356, gi:7188357, gi:7188358, gi:7188359, gi:7188360, gi:7188361, gi:7188348.

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins recognized as critical components in intracellular vesicular transport and phospholipase D activation. Both guanine nucleotide-exchange proteins and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) for ARFs have been cloned recently. A zinc finger motif near the amino ter...

The alpha subunits of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) hydrolyze GTP at a rate significantly higher than do most members of the Ras family of approximatelly 20-kDa GTP-binding proteins, which depend on a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for acceleration of GTP hydrolysis. It has been demonstrated that an inserted d...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins and are active in the GTP-bound state and inactive with GDP bound. ARF-GTP has a critical role in vesicular transport in several cellular compartments. Conversion of ARF-GDP to ARF-GTP is promoted by a guanine nucleotide-exchange protein (GEP). We earlier reported the is...

Initiation of vesicular trafficking, within the cell and between ultra- and extracellular compartments, is regulated in part by ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs). Recently, the interaction of ARF with the heterotrimeric G-protein By subunits was shown to play a role in endosome fusion, consistent with cross-talk between two major regulatory proteins....

ADP-ribosylation factors or ARFs, 20-kDa guanine nucleotidebinding proteins, play a major role in vesicular trafficking in eukaryotic cells. They are required for vesicle formation from Golgi and other membranes. Their effects on vesicle formation appear to result from activation of a specific phospholipase D. ARFs are active with GTP bound, and in...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that activate cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase in vitro and participate in intracellular vesicular membrane trafficking. ARFs are activated when bound GDP is replaced by GTP and inactivated by hydrolysis of bound GTP to yield ARF-GDP. Usually, ARFs are...

Two major forms of phospholipase D (PLD) activity, solubilized from rat brain membranes with Triton X-100, were separated by HPLC on a heparin-5PW column with buffer containing octyl glucoside. One form was completely dependent on sodium oleate for activity. The other, which was dramatically activated by the addition of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are highly conserved approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that enhance the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin, and are believed to participate in vesicular transport in both exocytic and endocytic pathways. Based on size, phylogenetic analysis, amino acid sequence, and gene structure...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are ubiquitous approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that enhance the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and are involved in intracellular vesicular transport. Based on size, phylogenetic analysis, amino acid identity, and gene structure, mammalian ARFs fall into three classes (class...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, which, like other members of the ras superfamily, are activated by exchanging bound GDP for GTP and inactivated through hydrolysis of the gamma-phosphate of bound GTP to form GDP in a highly regulated cycle. ARF 6, a class III ARF, was expressed in Escheri...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that participate in vesicular transport in the Golgi and other intracellular compartments and stimulate cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. ARFs are active in the GTP-bound form; hydrolysis of bound GTP to GDP, possibly with the assistance of a G...

It has been proposed that the amino-terminal domain of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) is critical for its stimulation of cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. In this study, recombinant ARF1 (rARF1), r delta 13ARF1 (recombinant ARF1 lacking the first 13 amino acids) and rPKA14ARF1 (recombinant ARF1 in which the first 14 amino acids were rep...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) comprise a family of ~20 kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that were discovered as one of several cofactors required in cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Gsa, the guanine nucleotide-binding protein responsible for stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, and was subsequently found to enhance all cholera toxin...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins initially identified by their ability to enhance in vitro cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation and subsequently shown to participate in vesicular transport in the Golgi and other cellular compartments. By cDNA and genomic cloning, at least six mammalian...

The 5'-flanking region of the human ADP-ribosylation factor 3 gene contains the features of a housekeeping gene. It lacks a TATA or CAAT box, has several GC boxes within a highly GC-rich region, and utilizes multiple transcription initiation sites. The cis-acting elements involved in regulating expression of the gene were identified by transient tr...

Clones referred to as ARD 1 were isolated from human and rat cDNA libraries. ARD 1 genes encode a putative 64-kDa protein that contains an 18-kDa ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) domain at the carboxyl terminus and is much larger than the other monomeric approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding ARF proteins thus far identified. ARD 1 mRNAs of 3...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), a family of approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that activate cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase in vitro, have been implicated in intracellular protein trafficking and are thought to cycle between cytosolic and membrane compartments. Although isolated predominantly as soluble proteins, ARFs a...

Cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) exert their effects on cells through ADP-ribosylation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. Both toxins consist of one A subunit, which is an ADP-ribosyltransferase, and five B (or binding) subunits. Their enzymatic activities are latent; activation requires reduction and proteolysis...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are a family of approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that stimulate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activities of cholera toxin in vitro and function in protein trafficking in vivo. The six cloned mammalian ARFs can be grouped into three classes based on size and sequence identity. ARF 2 is a class I A...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are a family of approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that stimulate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activities of cholera toxin in vitro and function in protein trafficking in vivo. The six cloned mammalian ARFs can be grouped into three classes based on size and sequence identity. ARF 2 is a class I A...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that stimulate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin in vitro. ARFs are highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells and appear to be involved in vesicular protein transport. The two yeast ARFs are > 60% identical to mammalian...

ADP-ribosylation factors are 20-kDa GTP-binding proteins initially identified as factors required for cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of G9, the stimulatory GTP-binding protein of the adenylyl cyclase system (Kahn and Gilman, 1984; Bobak et al., 1990). The GTP-dependent ARFs enhance activity of the toxin with all of its substrates, and are...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are involved in protein trafficking and enhance cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Expression of six ARF genes was examined in mammalian tissues; only ARF 4 mRNA was detected in rat testis in forms considerably shorter than those in other tissues....

Six mammalian ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) identified by cDNA cloning were expressed as recombinant proteins (rARFs) that stimulated cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Microsequencing of soluble ARFs I and II (sARFs I and II), purified from bovine brain, established that they are ARFs 1 and 3, respectively. Rabbit antibodies (IgG) ag...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are highly conserved approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that were first identified based on their ability to stimulate the cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Gs alpha and thus activate adenylyl cyclase. Proteins with ARF activity have been characterized from different mammalian tissues...

The guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o alpha) has been implicated in the regulation of Ca2+ channels in neural tissues. Covalent modification of G(o alpha) by pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of a cysteine (position 351) four amino acids from the carboxyl terminus decouples G(o alpha) from receptor. To define the structural requiremen...

The guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o-alpha) has been implicated in the regulation of Ca2+ channels in neural tissues. Covalent modification of G(o-alpha) by pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of a cysteine (position 351) four amino acids from the carboxyl terminus decouples G(o-alpha) from receptor. To define the structural requiremen...

Mammalian ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that stimulate cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, were grouped into three classes based on deduced amino acid sequence. Human ARF 1, a class I ARF, is identical with its bovine counterpart, has a distinctive pattern of tissue and developm...

Giardia lamblia is a protozoan intestinal parasite that has characteristics of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. To determine whether genes for guanine nucleotide-binding proteins are present in Giardia, genomic DNA and cDNA libraries were screened by polymerase chain reaction and by hybridization with mixed oligonucleotide probes complementary to s...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are a family of approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins initially identified by their ability to enhance cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase activity in the presence of GTP. ARFs have been purified from both membrane and cytosolic fractions. ARF purified from bovine brain cytosol requires phospholip...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are ~20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that stimulate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin in vitro. Five different human ARFs have been identified by cDNA cloning. Northern analysis using ARF 3-specific oligonucleotides identified two mRNAs of 3.7 and 1.2 kilobases (kb). We report here the c...

The cholera toxin A subunit (CT-A) is an ADP-ribosyltransferase; its principal cellular substrates are the α subunits of Gs, the stimulatory G protein of adenylyl cyclase. The activity of CT-A is enhanced by soluble and membrane proteins termed the ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), a family of ~20 kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (Bobak et al...

Cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins are responsible, in part, for the symptomatology of cholera and traveller's diarrhoea, respectively. Effects of the toxins result from ADP-ribosylation of regulatory guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins; the ADP-ribosylated G protein is stabilized in an activated state, resulting in pro...

Cholera toxin exerts its effects on cells in large part through the ADP-ribosylation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. Toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation is enhanced by approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins termed ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), which are allosteric activators of the toxin catalytic unit. Rabbit antiserum ag...

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that serve as GTP-dependent allosteric activators of cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Four species of mammalian ARF, termed ARF 1-4, have been identified by cloning. Hybridization of a bovine ARF 2 cDNA under low stringency with mammalian poly...

Goα, (gene symbol GNA01), a member of the signal-transducing guanine nucleotide-binding (G) protein family, has been implicated in ion channel regulation. Some tissues contain multiple Goα mRNAs of different sizes that differ in the 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). Using sequence-specific 48-base oligonucleotides, two complementary to the different...