Md Tawheed Hasan

Md Tawheed Hasan
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Md Tawheed verified their affiliation via an institutional email.
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Md Tawheed verified their affiliation via an institutional email.
  • Doctor of Engineering
  • Professor at Sylhet Agricultural University

About

64
Publications
65,003
Reads
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1,332
Citations
Introduction
My prime research interest is the immunonutrition of commercially important fish and shellfish. Identification and characterization of novel prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics and the analysis of their dietary effects on fish growth, cellular and humoral immunity, cytokine genes transcription, microbiome, digestive enzymes, serum and mucus biochemistry, and infectious disease resistance are my main research focus.
Current institution
Sylhet Agricultural University
Current position
  • Professor
Additional affiliations
September 2019 - March 2023
Sylhet Agricultural University
Position
  • Professor (Associate)
July 2015 - August 2016
Chungnam National University
Position
  • PhD Student
April 2014 - August 2019
Sylhet Agricultural University
Position
  • Assistant Professor

Publications

Publications (64)
Article
Probiotics are recognized for enhancing host health, growth, and disease resistance, but determining the optimal dose of commercial probiotics remains a challenge. This study aimed to determine the optimum dietary dose of the commercial multi-strain probiotic “PROBIOZYME™” to improve growth, hematology, and immune response in climbing perch (Anabas...
Article
Full-text available
This study investigated the effects of commercial probiotics on the growth, feed utilization, hematology, innate immunity, and disease resistance of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus). One gram of each locally available branded commercial probiotic, Pro-1, Pro-2, Pro-3, and Pro-4, was incorporated into commercial fish feed to prepare treatment die...
Article
Microalgae play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and antimicrobial properties, yet harvesting them can be energy intensive. To address this, microalgal–bacterial interactions have emerged as a sustainable approach, enhancing growth rates and wastewater treatment efficiency but also significantly improve nutrient cycling,...
Article
The present study constitutes the first attempt to identify low-temperature intestinal probiotics for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and analyze their effects on this species at 20 • C, which is its optimum culture temperature. Initially, 291 intestinal bacteria were isolated, and Rummeliibacillus stabekisii PM227 (PM227), Micro-bacterium...
Article
Full-text available
This study investigated the effects of supplementation of low-temperature probiotics isolated from the intestines of olive flounder on the growth performance, digestibility, and regulation of intestinal microbiota and the expression of genes related to growth, immunity, and apoptosis in olive flounder. Bacteria showing high growth at approximately...
Article
Full-text available
Simple Summary Global concerns have been raised about the negative effects of antibiotic usage on aquaculture. Synthetic antibiotics have biological alternatives, namely, probiotics, which have the potential to improve fish growth, immunity, intestinal microbial population, and disease resistance. Host-associated probiotics are more adaptable and f...
Article
Full-text available
Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is a disease that affects tilapia fish, causing a high rate of sudden death at any stage in their life cycle. Unfortunately, there are currently no effective antiviral drugs or vaccines to prevent or control the progression of this disease. Researchers have discovered that the CRM1 protein plays a critical function in the...
Article
Full-text available
In this study, a 12-week feeding experiment was conducted to characterize the effects of exogenous α-amylase on the growth, feed utilization, digestibility, plasma α-amylase activity, feed degradation rate, and fecal particle size of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Diet was supplemented with 0 (AA0; control), 100 (AA100), 200 (AA200), or 4...
Article
This study was conducted to investigate the combination of nisin Z and NaCl as a natural food preservative to improve the quality of fish products under refrigerated temperatures. Treatments against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus included 1000 IU nisin Z (NZ) in 3% (NZ3), 5% (NZ5), or 7% NaCl solution (NZ7). Both NZ5 and NZ7 showe...
Article
Full-text available
A 6-month feeding trial was conducted to compare the effects of extruded pellet (EP) and moist pellet (MP) feed on the growth performance, non-specific immunity, and intestinal microbiota of olive flounder. A total of 60,000 fish with an average weight of 70.8 ± 6.4 g were divided into two groups and fed with one of two experimental diets. At the e...
Article
A total of 19 bacteriophages were isolated from seawater, wet sand, sea rocks, and suspended solids collected from 10 different sites in Busan, Republic of Korea. Among them, the best-performed novel phage was designated as BPVP-3325 that demonstrated the highest lytic activity in 76% of the total studied strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The com...
Article
Full-text available
Fish represent an excellent source of animal protein as well as a biomedical research model as a result of their evolutionary relatedness and similarity with the human genome. Commercial and ornamental fish culture has achieved popularity, but reproductive dysfunctions act as a limiting factor for quality fry production, interfering with the sustai...
Article
Full-text available
A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with Bacillus sp. isolated from the intestines of red sea bream on the growth performance, immunity, and gut microbiome composition of red sea bream. Three diets (a control diet and two treatments) were formulated without Bacillus sp. PM8313 or β-glucan (control...
Chapter
A diverse range of microorganisms including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have been often recovered from aquatic animals and their environment, have been evaluated as probiotics in shellfish culture. Research has examined the use of single and multiple bacterial cultures alone, and in combination with prebiotics, plants products o...
Article
Full-text available
Intensification of aquaculture has led to frequent occurrence of disease outbreaks. To deal with this issue antibiotics are widely preferred control strategy that can pose risks to the environment and humans, if used irrationally. In pursuit of an alternative, probiotics has emerged recently as one of the viable options for health management in aqu...
Article
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The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, common carp Cyprinus carpio, grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and rohu carp Labeo rohita are farmed commercially worldwide. Production of these important finfishes is rapidly expanding, and intensive cultu...
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The study aims to afford a deeper knowledge on reproductive biology of Mystus bleekeri from Surma River, Bangladesh in a multidisciplinary way. Though, the species is in demand as food and ornamental fish in Bangladesh but still now comprehensive details on reproductive biology of this species is scanty. Total 600 fish samples were derived from com...
Article
In the present study, the probiotic properties of Pediococcus acidilactici FS2 isolated from Korean traditional food, gajami-sikhae (fermented flounder), and the effect of its oral administration on the reduction in blood cholesterol in mice were investigated. Analysis of probiotics properties, such as acid and bile resistance, antibiotic resistanc...
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Full-text available
Some biological and reproductive aspects of the Mystus bleekeri from Dekhar Haor were investigated. From the commercial catches, a total of 600 sample collections were performed on a monthly basis from July 2017 to June 2018. Total length (TL, cm), body weight (W, g) and individual’s sex were identified between 216 male (36%) and 384 female (64%) f...
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Experiments were conducted to identify different ratios of Bacillus sp. SJ-10 and Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11322 mixtures at a concentration of 1 × 108 CFU/g diet; the effects on growth and cellular and humoral immune responses and the characteristics of disease protection in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Flounder were divided into s...
Article
The purpose of this study was to characterize the bacteria isolated from rockfish intestines and to investigate the effects of feed supplementation in rockfish aquaculture. Bacillus sp. KRF-7 isolated from the intestine of rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) was demonstrated to be safe based on in vitro tests confirming the absence of hemolysis, cytotox...
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Herbal extracts have been proven to improve immunity, growth rate and appetite, as well as being antihepatotoxic they are important alternatives to synthetic antibiotics and chemotherapeutics. In this study, Papaveraceae extracts (PE), as alkaloids (quaternary benzophenanthridine and protopine) source were incorporated into the diet of striped catf...
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Feeding experiment was conducted for 62-days with commercial probiotic “Navio plus” to identify and quantify its effects on growth and feed utilization parameters of Asian stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis). Ten (10) H. fossilis fingerlings (3.63±0.02 g) were stocked in each aquarium and 12 aquaria were divided into four groups (3 aquaria/g...
Article
Meeting consumer concerns and preferences for fresh and safely processed fisheries products free of chemical and synthetic preservatives is a challenge for the aqua-food industry. As such, natural preservatives from plant and animal origin including chitosan, essential oils (EOs), plant extracts and lactic acid bacteria have attracted considerable...
Article
Several antiviral peptides (AVPs) from aquatic organisms have been effective in interfering with the actions of infectious viruses, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 and 2. AVPs are able to block viral attachment or entry into host cells, inhibit internal fusion or replication events by suppressing viral gene transcr...
Article
Using synthetic antibiotics/chemicals for infectious bacterial pathogens and parasitic disease control causes beneficial microbial killing, produces multi-drug resistant pathogens, and residual antibiotic impacts in humans are the major threats to aquaculture sustainability. Applications of herbal products to combat microbial and parasitic diseases...
Article
Full-text available
A new strain of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 responsible for COVID-19 pandemic was first detected in the city of Wuhan in Hubei province, China in late December 2019. To date, more than one million deaths and nearly 57 million confirmed cases have been recorded across 220 countries due to COVID-19, which is the greatest threat to global public health in...
Article
The effects of Bacillus sp. supplementation of different types of cells, such as spores and vegetative cells, on fish growth performance, intestinal microbial diversity alteration and immunity in juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) were investigated. The fish were divided into three groups and provided with either a basal diet (control...
Article
Full-text available
This research was conducted to determine the effects of different stocking densities on the growth, survival, and water quality parameters of Puntius sophore larvae. There were three stocking densities groups marked as T1, T2 and T3, each having three replications. The larvae of experimental fish were reared in metallic trays at a stocking density...
Article
Heat-killed (HK) Bacillus sp. SJ-10 (B), HK Lactobacillus plantarum (P), and their combination were dietary supplemented to olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to quantify the effects on growth, innate immunity, and disease resistance. Four test diets were supplied: a control feed free of HK probiotics, 1 × 10⁸ CFUs g–1 single treatments of eac...
Article
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary differences on intestinal microbial population alteration and its relationship to immune-related gene expression in juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Initially, flounder were divided into three groups and supplemented with fishmeal diet (FM), fishmeal replaced by plant...
Article
A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of two dietary probiotics; Bacillus subtilis KCTC 2217 or Bacillus licheniformis KCCM 11775 with two prebiotics; mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) or fructooligosaccharide (FOS) in Japanese eel. Fish averaging 12.8 ± 0.47 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into five treatments with tr...
Article
Aquaculture and fisheries have provided protein sources for human consumption for a long time, but diseases have induced declines in product benefits and raised concerns, resulting in great losses to these industries in many countries. The overuse of antibiotics for the treatment of diseases has increased the chemical concentrations in culture syst...
Article
Full-text available
Singleplex and duplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays were developed for detecting Vibrio anguillarum, a major bacterial pathogen of fish, and Vibrio alginolyticus, a pathogen of fish and humans, separately and simultaneously from contaminated seawater by targeting the groEL gene of V. anguillarum, which encodes a molecular cha...
Article
Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics are considered natural functional food ingredients and an alternative feeding strategy for immunomodulation and antibiotic eradication. Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is commercially cultured in China, Japan, and Korea. Antibiotics used in flounder aquaculture produce antibiotic-resistant pathogens an...
Article
Full-text available
Maternally derived thyroid hormones (THs) deposited in yolk promote fish embryogenesis and survival, and understanding early regulatory mechanisms could lead to improved seedstock production. We have tested the hypothesis that some thyroid actions may be mediated by insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐1), another promoter of embryo development. Diffe...
Article
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intestinal microbial manipulation by dietary probiotic supplementation on digestive enzyme activity, immune-related gene transcription, intestinal structure alteration , and viability against pathogenic challenge in olive flounder. Similar-sized flounders (14.92 ± 0.21 g) were divided into thr...
Article
In the present study, the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum was encapsulated with 0.1%, 0.25%, or 0.5% 400-kDa poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA 400) produced by Bacillus sp. SJ-10. The viability of the encapsulated cells was assessed under various stress conditions that are common to the processing and ingestion of probiotics, such as freeze-drying, exp...
Article
Full-text available
The first complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Ailia coila from Bangladesh was determined by the bioinformatic assembly of the next generation sequencing (NGS) reads. The constructed circular mitogenome for A. coila was 16,565 bp in length which harbored the canonical 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs. Two non-coding regions, control...
Article
Investigations were carried out to evaluate and quantify the effects of dietary supplementation with heat-killed (HK) Bacillus sp. SJ-10 (BSJ-10) probiotic (1 × 10 ⁸ CFU g ⁻¹ ) on the growth and immunity of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Flounder (averagely 9.64 g) were divided into two groups, and fed control and HK BSJ-10 (HKBSJ-10)-ino...
Article
Full-text available
The study was conducted to know the crab fattening in pen system and to evaluate the changes of proximate composition of mud crab due to fattening. After fattening, proximate composition was analyzed to assess the changes of nutritional value. The average survival rates of male and female crab were 64.722 ± 1.204% and 65.889 ± 0.701% respectively....
Article
Full-text available
The purpose of this study was to evaluate Bacillus sp. SJ-10, isolated from traditional Korean seafood, as a probiotic. Strain SJ-10 was demonstrated to be safe, on the basis of in vitro tests confirming the absence of cytotoxicity, hemolysis, and genes with toxigenic potential, and was susceptible to antibiotics. It met the probiotic prerequisites...
Article
Full-text available
Bacillus sp. SJ-10 (KCCM 90078, JCM 15709) is a halotolerant bacterium isolated from a traditional Korean food, i.e., salt-fermented fish (jeotgal). The bacterium can survive and engage in metabolism at high salt concentrations. Here, we reported complete genome sequence of Bacillus sp. SJ-10, which has a single circular chromosome of 4,041,649 bas...
Article
Full-text available
Population growth (length-weight relationship), and reproductive potential (e.g. fecundity, and sex-ratio) of five important fish species ('mola': Amblypharyngodon mola, 'puti': Puntius sophore, 'tengra': Mystus vittatus, 'shing': Heteropneustes fossilis and 'taki': Channa punctatus) collected from two important fresh water bodies (namely Hilna bee...
Article
Bacillus sp. SJ-10 (BSJ-10) was identified from traditional Korean fermented fish, the previously recognized prebiotic β-glucooligosaccharides (BGO), and their combination as a synbiotic were prepared to evaluate their individual and synergistic effects in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Four diets (one control and three treatments) were f...
Article
To identify and quantify the effects of a combination of dietary 1×108 CFU/gLactococcus lactis subsp. lactis I2 (LI2) and 0.1% β-glucooligosaccharides (BGO) on the growth and immunity of olive flounder (Paralichthysolivaceus), a feeding experiment was conducted.Flounder (14 ± 0.5 g) were divided into two groups and fed control and synbiotic feeds f...
Article
Glucooligosaccharides (BGO), produced from barley β-glucan, were used as a feed supplement (0.1%) for juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to identify and quantify its oral administration effects on innate immunomodulation and infectious disease protection. Juvenile flounders (14 ± 0.5 g) were divided into two groups fed either 0.1% BGO...
Article
Full-text available
Water bodies often receive agrochemicals indiscriminately, but we know little about the effects of agrochemicals on the flora and fauna of the water bodies. In this study we assess the direct effects of pesticides and fertilizer on the fish production and biodiversity of two important beels; Hilna beel and Kumari beel of Rajshahi district, Banglade...
Article
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A study was conducted to investigate the status of the water and sediment quality in the Chalan Beel—a major fresh water fish reservoir of the country for a period of one year from July 2007 to June 2008. The mean values of water quality parameters (depth: 214.73±152.22 cm, temperature 27.68±4.26°C, transparency 123±82 cm, pH 9.7±0.47, total alkali...
Article
Full-text available
The levels of the physicochemical characteristics of water and their correlation matrix of two important wetland beels namely Hilna beel and Kumari beel in the north western part of Bangladesh were determined once a month between July 2009 to June 2010 by using standard methods. A one way ANOVA, followed by DMRT analysis were used to analyze the ef...
Article
Full-text available
Authors' contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors MAS, MARH and MTH designed, wrote the protocol and executed the study. Authors MAS, MTH and MAG participated in data collection. Authors MTH, MAG and SKD managed the analysis of the study. Authors MAS and SKM wrote the first draft. All authors read and ap...
Article
Full-text available
The investigation was conducted on the socio-economic condition of fishermen in Jelepara under Pahartoli of Chittagong district. Randomly selected 50 were interviewed among 200 fishermen. From the survey it was found that 94% fishermen were male and 6% were female. A large portion was Hindus (88%) and rest was Muslims (12%). About 84% were found ma...
Article
Full-text available
The present study was carried out in Bhaluka upazilla, the northern middle part of Bangladesh to observe the culture technique of fish culture using of supplementary feeds and socio-economic condition of the fish farm owners. Data were collected from 39 fish farms in Bhaluka upazilla during the period from September 2010 to August 2011. Most of the...
Article
Full-text available
In order to investigate the present status of aqua-medicines used in various aquaculture activities in Bogra district, Bangladesh a survey was conducted with fish farmers and representative of pharmaceutical companies from December, 2011-to May, 2012 (180 days). The study showed that fish farmers were found to be used a wide range of aqua-medicines...
Article
Full-text available
The study was conducted to detect the land use changes using Remote Sensing (RS) images and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) tools for aquaculture planning in Trishal Upazila, northeast region of Bangladesh. Landsat TM image of 1999 and Google image of 2012 were used in the study. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Cluster imag...
Article
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The research work was conducted to ascertain the recent status of moulting and growth performance of prawn by surveying four prawn farms with a brief questionnaire in Bagerhat region located in the east-southern part of Bangladesh. The data was collected in different times, firstly from April to May, secondly from June to July and finally from Augu...
Article
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The study was aimed to outline the anti biogram profiling of oxytetracycline against usual ecological bacterial flora of culture ponds of L. rohita. After applying pelleted feeds treated with oxytetracycline (OTC) at 2gm/kg the physicochemical parameters of water like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, ammonia and nitrate were recorded...
Article
Full-text available
A comprehensive chemical analysis study was conducted to assess the sediment properties of two important fresh water bodies: beels (Hilna beel and Beel Kumari beel) of Rajshahi division, Bangladesh from July 2007 to June 2008. Average pH, organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, available sulphur, zinc, and potassium of the botto...
Article
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Investigation was conducted to assess the influence of antibiotic on bacterial flora of H. molitrix where other physicochemical parameters of culture ponds were suitable for microbes and fish. The experiments were performed from April to October, 2012 in the ponds of Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Oxytetracycl...
Article
Full-text available
A study on parasitic infestations of Heteropneustes fossilis and their influence on length and weight of the host was conducted during July 2012 to June 2013. The host fish samples were collected from Sylhet region of various waterbodies like haor, beel, ponds etc. Sex, total length, standard length, head length and weight of hosts were recorded. S...
Article
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The study was conducted at the Agro-3, Fish hatchery and Culture farm situated at Boilor under Trishal upazila under Mymensingh district of Bangladesh during April to May 2012. The collected samples were analyzed at the Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. A 28 days feeding...
Article
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An experiment was conducted to determine the changes of nutritive value of different commercial fish feeds stored at room temperature (25-30°C) and low temperature (5-8°C) for a period of two months by taking biweekly sample. Three most popular fish feeds named Mega fish feed, Quality fish feed and Saudi Bangla fish feed used in the Mymensingh regi...

Questions

Questions (6)
Question
Dear Probiotics Scientists,
I have found many articles, where microvilli length (MVL) was increased after dietary supplementation with probiotics. All of these reports mentioned " increased MVL indicates better nutrient utilizations and absorption". However, I have not found any "molecule name/s" that are produced by probiotics, help to increase MVL.
Can anyone provide me one or two articles, where I can find my desired molecule name/s which are associated/responsible for MVL increment.
Thanks in advance
Dr. M.T Hasan
Question
Dear Scientists
I want to use Bacillus spore as a probiotic in fish feed. In most of the probiotic experiment, probiotic (Bacteria) is supplied from commercially available bacterial spore (Bacillus or LAB). However, I want to make spore in my laboratory as use as a probiotic supplement.  If any scientist or microbiologist having working experience on preparation of Bacillus spore in laboratory condition, please provide me important guidelines (media preparation, working protocol) regarding Bacillus spore preparation.
Thank you in advance.
Tawheed
Question
Dear Sir/ Madam,
I am doing research on feed additives (prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic) for fish and need a clear very concept about pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) expression. From internet and some researcher working on cell culture said “if the relative expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines is higher than control means inflammation is in the body which is bad for immunity” and they thought feed additives will be used for decreasing the relative abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). However, my research result showed opposite of their thinking and the following 1st three articles showed significant higher expression and 4th one showed significantly lower expression is good for fish immunity.
1. “B.T. Standen, M.D. Rawling, S.J. Davies, M. Castex, A. Foey, G. Gioacchini, O. Carnevali, D.L. Merrifield, Probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici modulates both localised intestinal-and peripheral-immunity in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Fish. Shellfish Immunol. 35 (2013) 1097–1104”
2. “A. Abid, S.J. Davies, P. Waines, M. Emery, M. Castex, G. Gioacchini, O. Carnevali, R. Bickerdike, J. Romero, D.L. Merrifield, Dietary synbiotic application modulates Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) intestinal microbial communities and intestinal immunity, Fish Shellfish Immunol. 35 (2013) 1948–1956”
3. “A. Panigrahi, V. Kiron, S. Satoh, I. Hirono, T. Kobayashi, H. Sugita, J. Puangkaew, T. Aoki, Immune modulation and expression of cytokine genes in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss upon probiotic feeding, Develop. Comp. Immunol. 31 (2007) 372–382”
4. C. Qin, Y. Zhang, W. Liu , L. Xu, Y. Yang, Z. Zhou, Effects of chito-oligosaccharides supplementation on growth performance, intestinal cytokine expression, autochthonous gut bacteria and disease resistance in hybrid tilapia Oreochromis niloticus♀× Oreochromis aureus♂, Fish shellfish immunol. 40 (2014) 267-274.
If anyone can provide, clear concept about pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and its relation to immunity will be very much helpful for me. If you have any good document please send that to me.
Thanks in advance..........
Question
To determine lysozyme activity, 50μl of serum was added to 1 ml lyophilized Micrococcus lysodeikticus at a concentration of 0.2 mg ml−1 (w/v) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 6.3, 0.1M). The optical density (OD) was recorded at 530 nm after 1 and 20 min at 22 °C. Here PBS (pH 6.3, 0.1M) was used as a blank.
Here OD value of serum sample in 1st minute is 0.842 and after 20th minutes is 0.757.
In my calculation, lysozyme activity of serum is  85 unit/ml.
Anyone can suggest, my working protocol and calculation for lysozyme activity is right or wrong?
If wrong please advise me with the right procedure.
Thanks
Question
For reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), I isolate RNA then make cDNA by that RNA and conventional PCR is done to know the gene expression by specific primer. To know expression of 3 genes, i got no band for 1 gene, 1 band can be seen but not as bright as my control and other band brightness is like my control gene. These two band both (Dim and bright) indicate that gene expression?
If any documents regarding this please send me. Thanks in advance.
Question
I want to  count 108 CFU/ml  by knowing OD (Optical density) value of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis I2 or Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus iniae. If anyone can inform me the OD value of 108 CFU/ml of these two bacteria with a reference will be very helpful for me. Thank you in advance.

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