Max Parkin

University of Oxford | OX · Nuffield Department of Population Health

Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 36 cancers and for all cancers combined for the year 2018 are now available in the GLOBOCAN 2018 database, compiled and disseminated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This paper reviews the sources and methods used in compiling the cancer statistics in 185 countries. T...

Background: Cancer is a major cause of premature illness and death in France. To quantify how cancer prevention could reduce the burden, we present estimates of the contribution of lifestyle and environmental risk factors to cancer incidence in France in 2015, comparing these with other high-income countries. Method: Prevalences of, and relative...

Background and context: Cancer control requires knowledge of cancer incidence. Information on anatomic extent of disease (stage) at presentation significantly enhances incidence and mortality data in understanding the cancer burden. The most frequently used staging classification of cancer disease extent is the tumor, node, metastases (TNM). Popula...

The global burden of cancer is expected to increase from 14.1 million newly diagnosed cases and 8.2 million cancer deaths in 2012 to 22 million cases and 13 million deaths in 2030. This increase, based on projected population aging and growth, will disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where large numbers of young adul...

Objective To describe the approach underpinning a national project to estimate the numbers and proportions of cancers occurring in Australia in 2010 that are attributable to modifiable causal factors. Methods We estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) (or prevented fraction) of cancers associated with exposure to causal (or preventive...

Objective: To estimate the numbers and proportions of cancers occurring in Australia in 2010 attributable to modifiable causal factors. Methods: We estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancers associated with exposure to 13 causal factors using standard formulae incorporating exposure prevalence and relative risk data. We also...

Cancer incidence rates are presented for the Nairobi Cancer Registry, a population-based cancer registry (PBCR) covering the population of the capital city of Kenya (3.2 million inhabitants in 2009). Case finding was by active methods, with standard and checks for accuracy and validity. During the period 2004-2008 a total of 8982 cases were registe...

This study was aimed to describe incidence, trends, and survival of oral and pharyngeal cancers in Khon Kaen, the province situated in the northeast of Thai-land. Data on oral and pharyngeal cancer cases diagnosed during 1985 - 2001 were retrieved from the population-based cancer registry of Khon Kaen. The final status of the patients was verified...

The Kampala cancer registry was established in 1954 as a population-based cancer registry, and registration of cases is done by active methods. The registry contributed data on survival for 15 cancer sites or types registered in 1993-1997. For Kaposi sarcoma, only a random sample of the total incident cases was provided for survival study. Follow-u...

The Zimbabwe national cancer registry was established in 1985 as a population-based cancer registry covering Harare city. Cancer is not a notifiable disease, and registration of cases is done by active methods. The registry contributed data on randomly drawn sub-samples of Harare resident cases among 17 common cancer sites or types registered durin...

Up-to-date statistics on cancer occurrence and outcome are essential for the planning and evaluation of programmes for cancer control. Since the relevant information for 2008 is not generally available as yet, we used statistical models to estimate incidence and mortality data for 25 cancers in 40 European countries (grouped and individually) in 20...

Based on GLOBOCAN 2002 data, lung, stomach, and liver cancers are the top three cancer killers in both sexes worldwide; cervical cancer is the third most common cause of deaths from cancer among women globally and the top cancer killer among women in developing countries. In this evaluation the burden of lung, stomach, liver, and cervical cancers a...

To investigate herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) seropositivity and associated risk factors in Vietnamese women. Cross-sectional study with personal interviews and gynecological examinations among population-based samples of ever married women, aged 15 to 69 years, living in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) and Hanoi in 1997. Type-specific IgG antibodies...

There are no population-based data available for cancer in Tehran, a city that includes almost 10% of the Iranian population. This is the first report of cancer incidence in Tehran from a population-based cancer registry for the period of 1998-2001. The cancer registry collects data on all new cases of cancer diagnosed in the resident population of...

Others have argued that as many as a third of women treated for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) would have developed cervical cancer in the absence of screening and treatment. Under various assumptions and using past data on CIN grade 3 (CIN3) registrations in England and Scotland, we estimate what cervical cancer rates would ha...

As cancer is to a large extent avoidable and treatable, a cancer control program should be able to reduce mortality and morbidity and improve the quality of life of cancer patients and their families. However, the extent to which the goals of a cancer control program can be achieved will depend on the resource constraints a country faces. Such popu...

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma is the commonest cancer in The Gambia. The Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (GHIS) was established in 1986 to evaluate the protective effectiveness of infant hepatitis B immunization in the prevention of chronic liver disease, particularly, hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis later in adult life. This program...

Objective: To evaluate the current cancer burden and the dominant risk factors of cancer in Eastern Asia, and to provide the preventive strategies for cancer control. Methods: The measures such as incidence, mortality and prevalence of cancer were selected to examine the cancer burden by using global cancer databases and the data of cancer incidenc...

A few years ago, a new method of survival analysis, denoted 'period' analysis, was introduced to provide more up-to-date survival estimates of cancer patients. We evaluated the period survival method using the large database of the Automated Childhood Cancer Information System (ACCIS). Our evaluation is based on data from 35 191 children diagnosed...

In recent decades, following the introduction of effective chemotherapy, the prognosis of children with leukaemia and lymphoma has dramatically improved, but data reflecting further possible improvement achieved in the 1990s are scarce. Using the Automated Childhood Cancer Information (ACCIS) database, we carried out a period analysis of 10-year su...

In collaboration with 62 population-based cancer registries contributing to the Automated Childhood Cancer Information System (ACCIS), we built a database to study incidence and survival of children and adolescents with cancer in Europe. We describe the methods and evaluate the quality and internal comparability of the database, by geographical reg...

Data on 1690 childhood and adolescent cases of thyroid cancer registered in 61 European cancer registries were extracted from the database of the Automated Childhood Cancer Information System (ACCIS) and included in analyses of incidence and survival. In 1988-1997, the age-standardised incidence rates (ASR) for children aged 0-14 years varied in Eu...

Using comprehensive available data on women breast cancer in China, to describe the mortality trends from late 1970s, estimate and project the profile in 2000 and 2005, and to aim to provide a reference for clinic, basic research and prevention and control strategy making for breast cancer in China. Using Joinpoint model, the mortality trends were...

We evaluated empirically the performance of various methods of calculating age-adjusted survival estimates when age-specific data are sparse. We have illustrated that a recently proposed alternative method of age adjustment involving the use of balanced age groups or age truncation may be useful for enhancing calculability and reliability of adjust...

In Thailand, there have been no 'organized' programmes of screening for cervical cancer. For the most part, screening has been unsystematic or provided to women 'on demand'. In 2002, the Department of Medical Services of the Ministry of Public Health proposed the screening of the entire population of women in Thailand at 5-yearly intervals from the...

The risk of developing carcinoma of the cervix in women infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) was estimated in a nested case-control analysis of 33 cancers (invasive and in situ ) and 113 controls, matched by age and sex, from an ongoing cohort study of lifestyle and cancer in a rural population of Northeast Thailand. Oncogenic HPV types were pr...

According to the 2002 estimates of cancer incidence for the Sub-Saharan Africa region, about half a million (530,000) new cases of cancer occurred annually, 251,000 in males and 279,000 in females. Table 20.3 shows the leading cancer types by region (including the northern Africa region) and by sex. Figure 20.2 shows the major cancer types in Sub-S...

The risk of developing carcinoma of the cervix in women infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) was estimated in a nested case-control analysis of 33 cancers (invasive and in situ) and 113 controls, matched by age and sex, from an ongoing cohort study of lifestyle and cancer in a rural population of Northeast Thailand. Oncogenic HPV types were pre...

Little is known about the excess mortality from forms of tobacco use other than cigarette smoking that are widely prevalent in India, such as bidi smoking and the various forms of smokeless tobacco use. We report on absolute and relative risks of mortality among various kinds of ever tobacco users vs never-users in the city of Mumbai, India. Using...

The value of screening by Clinical Examination of the Breast (CBE) as a means of reducing mortality from breast cancer (BC) is not established. The issue is relevant, as CBE may be a suitable option for countries in economic transition, where incidence rates are on the increase but limited resources do not permit screening by mammography. Our aims...

A high proportion of breast cancer cases in the Philippines and in developing countries in general present at advanced stages and have a rapid unfavorable outcome. Many of these cases could have a good prognosis if detected earlier. This was an intervention study to assess the feasibility and efficacy of screening by Clinical Breast Examination (CB...

The objective of this study was to determine how many population-based cancer registries exist in China, what methods are being used, and the statistical data that are available from them, and to identify future needs with respect to technical support. A two-stage survey was conducted in 2002 at provincial and cancer registry level. Based on the qu...

Cohort studies are the preferred design in observational epidemiology, but few involving the general population have been performed in Asia, and most concern affluent urban populations. The Khon Kaen study has recruited about 25,000 subjects, aged mainly 35-64, from villages in the relatively underdeveloped north-east of Thailand. All subjects unde...

Epidemiological data on the occurrence of cancer in sub-Saharan Africa are sparse, and population-based cancer survival data are even more difficult to obtain due to various logistic difficulties. The population-based Cancer Registry of Kampala, Uganda, has followed up the vital status of all registered cancer patients with one of the 14 most commo...

The principal approach to the prevention of cancer of the cervix uteri has been through screening programmes, using the cervical smear (Pap test) to detect precursor lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of Pap smears depend on the skill of the observer in recognizing and classifying a variety of cellular abnormalities. We have studied the repro...

Despite there being sufficient evidence for the effectiveness of screening by cytology in preventing cancer of the cervix uteri, screening policies vary widely among European countries, and incidence is increasing in younger women. This study analyzes trends in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix uteri in 13 European countries to evaluate e...

Analysing time trends in mortality from cancers of the cervix and corpus uteri using routine data sources (such as the World Health Organisation mortality database) involves two major problems: deaths certified as "uterus, unspecified site", and the presence of a combined category comprising unspecified and corpus uteri cancer deaths. To avoid misl...

Cancer is rare before age 20 years. We aimed to use the European database of childhood and adolescent cancer cases, within the Automated Childhood Cancer Information System project, to estimate patterns and trends of incidence and survival within Europe. Comparable, high-quality data from 63 European population-based cancer registries consisted of...

For incident cancers of the cervix uteri (601 cases) registered in the population-based cancer registry of Khon Kaen province, Northeast Thailand, in 1985-1990 loss-adjusted survival probabilities were estimated by a logistic regression model with four prognostic factors (age at diagnosis, stage of disease, place of residence and treatment), and co...

There are no national-level data on cancer mortality in China since two surveys in 1973-1975 and 1990-1992 (a 10% sample), but ongoing surveillance systems, based on nonrandom selected populations, give an indication as to the trends for major cancers. Based on a log-linear regression model with Poisson errors, the annual rates of change for 10 can...

Liver cancer is the most common cancer in Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand, because of the high incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (CHCA). Opisthorchis viverrini (OV), a liver fluke, is endemic in the area, and has been evaluated as a cause of CHCA by International Agency for Research on Cancer. Residents of 20 districts in the province were invited to a...

In a case-control study in Uganda, we examined associations between different cancer sites or types in relation to antibodies against human papillomaviruses (HPV)-16, -18 and -45. For each cancer site or type, the control group comprised all other cancers excluding those known, or thought to be associated with HPV infection (cancers of the uterine...

Lung cancer, the most common cause of cancer death in the European Union (EU), continues to have an enormous impact on the health experience of the men and women living in the constituent countries. Information on the course of the lung cancer epidemic is essential in order to formulate an effective cancer control policy. This paper examines recent...

To investigate the effectiveness of screening for liver cancer in reducing mortality from the disease in a high-risk population in China. A randomised controlled trial was carried out among men aged 30-69 who were chronic carriers of hepatitis-B virus (HBsAg positive) during the period 1989-1995 in Qidong county, Jiangsu Province, China. 5581 HBsAg...

In this paper, we present estimates of national cancer incidence in Portugal in 1996-1998, predictions for the year 2000, and interpret the recent cancer mortality trends in light of observations from epidemiological research and risk factor patterns. In Portugal, national mortality data from vital statistics are available from 1960, while cancer r...

There continue to be major public health challenges arising from the increasing cancer burden in Europe. Drawing upon expertise from other European centres and networks, the Comprehensive Cancer Monitoring Programme in Europe project (CaMon) provides a central information resource of the cancer profile in European populations. The cancer indicators...

A case-control study from Uganda found that the risk of Kaposi's sarcoma increased with increasing titre of antibodies against Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) latent nuclear antigens, independently of HIV infection. Clinically, widespread Kaposi's sarcoma was more frequent among patients with HIV infection than in those without, but...

Trends in the incidence of and mortality from breast cancer result from a variety of influences including screening programmes, such as those introduced in several European countries in the late 1980s. Incidence and mortality rates for 16 European countries are analysed. Incidence increased in all countries. The estimated annual percent change (EAP...

A cluster randomized controlled oral cancer screening trial is on-going in the Trivandrum district, India, to evaluate the efficacy of screening in reducing oral cancer mortality. Subjects, aged 35 years and above, in 13 clusters in the Trivandrum district, India, were randomized to the intervention (screening) group (7 clusters, 78969 subjects) to...

The survival experience of 261 patients with cancer of the cervix registered by the Kampala population-based cancer registry, Uganda, in 1995-1997, is described. Vital status of the subjects was established by active methods including a search of hospital records and house visits. Of the 261 cases, 82 (31.4%) were dead and 105 (40.2%) were alive at...

El documento es la tercera edicion de la Clasificacion Internacional de Enfermedades para Oncologia (CIE-O) es una clasificacion dual, con sistemas de codificacion tanto para la topografia como para la morfologia. El codigo topografico describe el sitio de origen de las neoplasias y usa las mismas categoria de 3 y 4 caracteres de la CIE-10 para las...

India is a high-risk country for cervical cancer which accounts a quarter (126,000 new cases, 71,000 deaths around 2,000) of the world burden. The age-standardized incidence rates range from 16-55 per 100,000 women in different regions with particularly high rates in rural areas. Control of cervical cancer by early detection and treatment is a prio...

Summary Our knowledge of the geographic and ethnic patterns of cancer in the African continent is limited. There is an almost entire lack of valid mortality statistics by cause, and few registries have published incidence data in readily accessible sources - for example, the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents series. This book brings together all...

La India es un país de alto riesgo de cáncer cervical, donde se presentan cerca de la cuarta parte de los casos del total mundial (126 000 casos incidentes y 71 000 muertes durante 2000). La tasa de incidencia estandarizada por edad se encuentra en el rango de 16 a 55 por 100 000 mujeres en diferentes regiones con tasas particularmente altas en áre...

As part of a larger investigation of cancer in Uganda, we conducted a case–control study of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in adults presenting at hospitals in Kampala. Participants were interviewed about social and lifestyle factors and had blood tested for antibodies to HIV, KSHV and HPV-16, -18 and -45. The odds of each factor among 60 peo...

The mortality and incidence from stomach cancer were compared in Japan (a country with a high incidence where there was full application of mass screening during this period) and 2 countries with no screening policy: the USA (with a very low incidence) and Slovenia (with an intermediate rate). The registered cases of stomach cancer were from the Os...

Death certificates are an important source of information for cancer registries that help to improve completeness of case finding. In many countries where routine mortality data are considered of poor quality, this source is often regarded as being of little value. We evaluated the contribution of death certificates to the total number of registrat...

Up-to-date statistics on cancer occurrence and outcome are essential for the planning and evaluation of programmes for cancer control. Since the relevant information for 2008 is not generally available as yet, we used statistical models to estimate incidence and mortality data for 25 cancers in 40 European countries (grouped and individually) in 20...

Survival estimates of patients registered by population-based cancer registries reflect the average prognosis from a given cancer as they are based on unselected patients with a wide range of natural histories and treatment patterns. In this paper, we report the survival experience of colorectal cancer patients in Mumbai (Bombay), India. Follow-up...

In this paper, we report the first results from the population-based cancer registry for Blantyre district, Malawi, for the period 1994-1998. In this 5-year period, 1245 cases were recorded in males (an estimated age-standardized incidence of 92.0 per 100,000) and 1003 in females (an age standardised rate (ASR) of 88.8 per 105). The overall percent...

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of lung cancer screening consistently show an excess number of cancer cases and longer survival in screened groups, but no difference in mortality between screened and control populations. The current study reviewed the various types of biases that confuse comparisons based on intermediate endpoints such as stage...

Incidence rates of childhood cancer for the city of Ho Chi Minh are presented for the first time. For the 3-year period 1995-97, a total of 302 cancer cases were registered in children under 15 years of age, with a male to female ratio of 1.1. The overall crude rate was 78.8 and the age-standardised incidence rate was 88.4 per million person-years,...