Mausam IMD

Mausam IMD
India Meteorological Department | IMD

MAUSAM (Formerly Indian Journal of Meteorology, Hydrology & Geophysics), established in January 1950

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280
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Publications

Publications (280)
Article
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Weather radar is an indispensable tool in the continuous monitoring and warning of extreme events including tropical cyclones and thunderstorms. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has been operating radars since 1949. The evolution of radar meteorology in India may be divided into three broad phases, namely, the 1950s (phase-I), then up to t...
Article
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During last six decades satellite-based systems have evolved into a very powerful tool for observing earth and its atmosphere. Their prodigious areal coverage combined with capability of very frequent observations over a given area makes them ideal platform for a wide variety of vital observations of atmosphere and the processes that manifest into...
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The article describes the developments that led to the establishment of the India Meteorological Department in 1875, the seminal and inspiring contributions of the pioneers and the visionaries and IMD's continuing progress through the last 150 years in the service of the nation.
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The article describes the developments that led to the establishment of the Surface meteorological Observation systems in India Meteorological Department (IMD). IMD is continuing upgrade & modernize the surface meteorological instrument network through the last 150 years in the service of the nation.
Article
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India Meteorological Department (IMD) was established in 1875. Its mandate was to study climate and weather of India as a whole and to issue storm and other warnings and daily weather forecast. IMD issues Cyclone Forecasts and Warnings; Day to day Forecasts, Medium Range and Extended Range and Long Range Forecasts; Forecast for Aviation activities;...
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Improving the prediction of weather events is always an important research area and challenging task for meteorologists since it can minimize the damage, adverse impact on human life, properties, and the country's economy. The operational and research centers around the globe have been working to better understand the multiscale interactions involv...
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Two severe cyclonic storms hit the east coast of India in quick succession causing enormous loss of human lives and property – the first one struck Kolkata in October and the second one struck Machilipatnam in November, 1864. Concerned with these disasters, the Government appointed a committee in 1865 to formulate a scheme to develop a cyclone warn...
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In this review article, we discuss how monsoon monitoring and forecasting has evolved over the last 150 years. Since there are several other articles in this issue on short-range and operational forecasts of the IMD, we focus only on the details of monsoon monitoring, extended range forecasts (10-30 days) and seasonal forecasts (up to one season)....
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IMD was created to act as the nodal agency in the country on weather and climate matters. This article broadly covers the journey of Climate Services becoming a separate branch with direct linkages to sectoral applications and is not an exhaustive documentation. Notionally, weather and climate differ in the former being a time specified information...
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The five meteorological subdivisions of India viz. Tamil Nadu, Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Rayalaseema, South Interior Karnataka and Kerala which together are defined as the Southern Peninsular Region (SPR), are the major beneficiaries of Indian northeast monsoon which prevails over SPR during Oct-Dec. In this article how the knowledge base on Indian n...
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150th year of the foundation of India Meteorological Department ushers in a universal acclaim for the new World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Information System 2.0 (WIS 2.0), which is the framework for Earth Systems (meteorological, hydrological, climate and ocean) data sharing in the 21st century. WIS 2.0 is a collective response by WMO memb...
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India Meteorological Department (IMD) established in 1875 has a long legacy of monitoring climate and environmental parameters. IMD was the first institution in India to start systematic long-term observation of Solar Radiation, Ozone, Precipitation Chemistry and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Physical properties and Atmospheric Chemistry. The sol...
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The multidisciplinary and multi-institutional scientific expedition to Antarctica of national and global relevance was initiated by India for the first time in 1981. India Meteorological Department (IMD) started meteorological observations since the very first expedition. The extensive meteorological observations collected from Dakshin Gangotri (70...
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The need for a close collaboration between the Departments of Agriculture and Meteorology in India was felt by the Royal Commission on Agriculture during 1920s to better understand the relationship between weather and crops, so that disruption and damage caused to agriculture, economy and human life by weather hazards like drought etc. which could...
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Agro based economy of India is largely dependent on rainfall. The annual normal rainfall of the country is about 116 cm which is significantly higher than global average. However, 75% of rainfall (86.9 cm) occurs during limited period of four months that is during southwest Monsoon season, June to September. The number of rainy days in a year shows...
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The paper focuses on two major transitions that the meteorological observational system in India has undergone. The first was in the late 1870s when thermometer sheds were set up at Indian observatories, and the second in the 1920s when there was a changeover from thermometer sheds to Stevenson screens. The paper expresses the need to investigate p...
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The article describes the journey of India Meteorological Department as a nodal agency with respect to weather related aspects since its inception through the lens of Heat Wave forecasting and warning services. It deals with the evolution specific to India in terms of heat waves definitions, scientific understanding, researches and operational fore...
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An attempt has been made to trace out the time evolution of training services of India Meteorological Department in the disciplines of General Meteorology, Agricultural Meteorology, and Meteorological instruments & telecommunication through its two World Meteorological Organization Regional Training Centre (WMO RTC) components. The success of the t...
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Weather plays a critical role in the safety and operational efficiency of aircraft operation. As early as 1913 India Meteorological Department (IMD) started taking upper air observation to support aviation and first aviation forecast was issued in 1921 for the Royal Air Force (RAF). While evolution of Aviation Meteorological services in early years...
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Thunderstorms over India are associated lightning, rainfall, dust storms, gusty winds and hail. The short lead period for forecast, short lifetime, rapid temporal evolution, mesoscale region of occurrence and associated severe weather cause thunderstorms to be amongst the most devastating weather phenomena over India. The present study reviews the...
Preprint
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Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by the consumption of gluten. It causes damage to the villi, the finger-like projections in the small intestine that are responsible for nutrient absorption. Additionally, the crypts, which form the base of the villi, are also affected, impairing the regenerative process. The deterioration in villi...
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Drylands are some of the most sensitive areas to climate change and human activities around the globe. Assessment of future climate trend scenarios provides valuable practical information for dryland management decision-making. According to Huang et al. (2016), more than 50% of global drylands will expand by this century, with a maximum (78%) of ne...
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Tropical Cyclones (TCs) are formidable natural hazards with destructive impacts on life and property along the tropical belt. TCs are responsible for multiple hazards, such as riverine and urban floods, extreme winds, and lightning, storm surge, significantly amplifying the threats they pose. Rapid Intensification (RI), defined as a sudden increase...
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Extreme weather events affected the country throughout the year in many ways, like heavy rainfall, heat waves, cold waves & lightning. Lightning activity is highly chaotic, unpredictable and random in nature. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report-2013 projects the global warming of 1-5 ºC by the end of 21 st Century. Is this c...
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The present study deals with (i) An Inter-comparison study of ground based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) derived Integrated Precipitable Water Vapour (IPWV) with 5 th generation global climate reanalysis data of European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ERA-5) (ii) IPWV thresholds of GNSS data (iii) case studies of IPWV analysi...
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Rainfall trend analysis is critical for studying the effects of climate change. The most crucial aspect of understanding climate change at the basin level is, how it will affect water usage, planning and development. The present study has been attempted to analyze the trend of annual and seasonal rainfall data over Periyar Vaigai Command area from...
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The exploration of the distribution of drop sizes in rainfall, known as rainfall drop size distribution (DSD), holds immense significance across a diverse range of scientific fields. These encompass radar meteorology, microwave communication, satellite remote sensing, soil erosion and cloud physics. These domains have witnessed a surge in att...
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Fog typically results in reduced atmospheric visibility. Severely limited visibility has a significant impact on transportation, particularly the operations of aircraft. Precise forecasts of low visibility are essential for aviation services, primarily for the efficient planning of airport activities. Despite the utilization of sophisticated numeri...
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Evapotranspiration (ET), encompassing both transpiration from plants and evaporation from the Earth's surface, is a vital component of the hydrological cycle and influences water and energy exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere. This study investigates the application of the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) to estimate a...
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We attempted monitoring and mapping of the active fire events in Punjab, during the wheat and rice harvesting period of 2017-2021 from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) at 375 m aboard. The analysis showed that the highest fire counts were observed in the central region, followed by the southwest and the lowest in the northeast...
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Most pronounced signal of warming world is the increase in intensity and frequency of extreme events worldwide. Many researchers have reported the nature of these events in coastal district of Odisha, but for Sundergarh district which comes under Northwestern Plateau Agro-Climatic Zone, it still needed to be studied. The present study was conducted...
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Anthropogenic practices have been increasingly conducted on the rise in addressing the escalating demands for socioeconomic development, resulting in significant impacts on land ecosystems. This research seeks to evaluate the influence of anthropogenic activities on soil features in mountainous regions of Vietnam by focusing 84 samples collected fr...
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In the context of Bengaluru, the impact of black carbon (BC) aerosols on regional climate dynamics emerges as a crucial area of investigation. Due to the lack of high-resolution BC data, it was collected at 5 different locations in Bengaluru, Karnataka, from January 2019 to December 2019. The mean mass concentration of BC was 5.91 µg m-3 , whereas...
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The aviation sector is extremely vulnerable to fog. Thus, accurate fog predictions are essential for aviation sector efficiency, particularly airport management and flight scheduling. Even with numerical weather prediction models and guiding systems, fog prediction is challenging. The difficulty of fog prediction is due to the inability to grasp...
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Precipitation over a region plays vital role in determining availability of water resource whereas study of spatiotemporal distribution of rainfall helps in managing precipitation associated risks like drought, flood etc. The present study is carried out in the state of Bihar, India using District-wise rainfall data of Bihar for period 1900-2022. M...
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Weather-based models were developed to accurately forecast wheat productivity in three districts of Punjab, India, predicting the wheat yield with accuracy as early as two and a half months before the crop harvest. The trends in weather parameters were identified using Mann-Kendal, Sen's Slope and Pettitt's test. Amongst the linear and non-linear m...
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Continuous heavy rainfall in July 2023, particularly from the 7 th to the 10 th , led to devastating flash floods, cloudbursts and landslides in Himachal Pradesh, causing extensive damage to infrastructure and properties and loss of lives. The most severely affected districts were Kullu, Mandi, Sirmaur, Shimla, Solan and nearby areas. The Manali su...
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Wheat crops are highly affected by the influence of weather parameters. Thus, there is a need to develop and validate weather-based models using machine learning for its reliable prediction. Wheat yield and weather data during the crop growing period were collected from IARI, New Delhi, Hisar, Amritsar, Ludhiana and Patiala. The yield prediction mo...
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The present study has analyzed variability in climate variables annually and seasonally (kharif and rabi season), viz. rainfall and temperature from1985 to 2021 and found its their impact on productivity of maize and wheat crops at different seven locations of Himachal Pradesh. The study found that, except for the maximum temperature in the kharif...
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Time series forecasting of multi-variant rainfall data was done using a sequential hybrid model. In this model, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimension of the dataset with minimal loss of the original information. The optimized value of window size and the number of Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) units to be used in the d...
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During 2023, in all 9 intense low pressure systems formed over the Indian Seas. These include; three extremely severe cyclonic storm (MOCHA, BIPERJOY, TEJ), 1 very Severe Cyclonic Storms (HAMOON), 2 Severe Cyclonic Storms (MIDHILI, MICHAUNG), 1 Deep Depressions and 2 Depressions. Out of these 9 systems, 6 systems formed over the Bay of Bengal and 3...
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The utility of assimilation of multi-temporal and multi-polarized Sentinel-1A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data with a rice crop model for mapping and estimating rice yield in the Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand has been discussed in this study. The CERES RICE model, which is embedded in DSSAT-4.7, was re-initialized using an assimilati...
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Globally, it has enough convincing evidence to assert that climate variability is the main factor causing the change in precipitation characteristics (CPCs). Appraising the CPCs is, therefore, crucial for local agricultural activities. The aim of this study is to investigate the CPCs across the rice cultivation paddies (RCPs) of the Long Xuyen Quad...
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Rainfall is one of the weather and climate parameters whose event characteristics and intensity vary greatly over time and space, which is influenced by geographical conditions and atmospheric dynamics, especially in the Indonesian Maritime Continent (IMC). The availability of accurate rainfall data is very important to determine the start of the r...
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A study has been carried out to analyze the trend of heat wave and maximum temperature during March to June over Vidarbha. Central India, mainly the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra State, experience extreme temperatures during the month of March to June. Special cases have been identified where most of these stations have reported maximum temperatur...
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Presently, air pollution remains a significant environmental threat across the world. However, variation of air pollutants is largely associated with changes in season (pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter), climatic conditions, and certain anthropogenic activities. Recently, a significant drop in the levels of air pollutants has been obs...
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In a lake, the heat and energy budgets and evaporation are the most fundamental components of the regional weather and climate and are controlled by the interactions between the lake and the atmosphere. Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China. The surface area of this shallow lake, located in the central and lower catchment of the Yangt...
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Rainfall and groundwater predictions are important for water resource planning and also to reduce the consequences of catastrophes like drought and floods. In the present study, Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) was estimated for 20 years period (2001-2020) to calculate the positive and negative anomalies. The estimated lowest and highest RAI years were...
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The onset and withdrawal dates of Indian northeast monsoon over Coastal Tamil Nadu and South Coastal Andhra Pradesh for every year of the decade 2011-20 have been re-determined, by invoking a set of pre-defined objective criteriaon the daily rainfall data of 16 stations for the period October-January. The mean onset and withdrawal dates for 2011-20...
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The availability and assimilation of INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR weather satellite datasets have improved the accuracy of medium-range weather forecasts. Conventionally, the forecast is verified against the in-situ observations. However, the distribution of in-situ observatories is not uniform for many reasons like, in-habitable conditions, mountain ter...
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This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the probability distribution of rainfall data in Mizoram, a state in Northeast India, from 1986 to 2021 by 18 probability distributions. The objective of this study is to identified the best-fit probability distribution of annual and monthly rainfall of Mizoram. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darlin...
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Bending Angle from Korea MultiPurpose Satellite-5 (KOMPSAT-5) Global Navigation Satellite System-Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) data is assimilated in the Global Data Assimilation and Forecast System. The observations are incorporated using the Grid-point Statistical Interpolation (GSI) 4 Dimensional-Ensemble Variational (4D-EnVAR) analysis scheme. Be...
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Nowcasting plays a crucial role in the assessment of current atmospheric conditions. Short-term prediction (nowcasting) of high-impact weather events can lead to significant improvement in warnings. Therefore, development of some tools through objective methods has immense importance in upgrading the capabilities of the India Meteorological Departm...
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Complex tectonics in the Maluku Sea cause frequent earthquakes in the mainland of Maluku, especially North Maluku. During 2017-2021, 1099 earthquakes occurred in the North, with an average magnitude of 4.4. The current study aims to map the maximum ground acceleration, maximum ground velocity and earthquake intensity in the North Maluku region betw...
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The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is considered as the primary driver of interannual variability in the all India summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR). Recently, La Niña conditions were experienced during three consecutive years (2020-2022), which is widely known as the 'triple-dip' La Niña episodes and ISMR during all these three years was normal...
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Estimation of rainfall for a given return period is considered as an essential input to a hydrologic model that is used to estimate design discharge, which is needed for the planning and design of civil engineering infrastructure projects viz., roads, bridges, green highways, etc. This can be estimated by using recorded rainfall data over many stat...
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A field experiment was carried out with four dates of transplanting (29 th July, 7 th August, 17 th August and 27 th August) and three age of seedlings (15, 25 and 35 days old) at PG Experimental farm, M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Parlakahemundi, Gajapati district to calibrate and validate the CERES-Rice model for RNR 15048 in the north...
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The study was conducted to analyze the usability of Medium Range Weather Forecast (MRWF) in Jalandhar district of Punjab and its economic impact on wheat during Rabi season 2020-21. In this context, qualitative and quantitative analysis of Medium Range Weather Forecast (MRWF) was done for the rainfall over the actual data. The economic impact of Ag...
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Scanning radiometers on-board the meteorological satellites measure the radiance in narrow windows within the visible and infra-red spectra. For example, in the case of the INSAT VHRR these windows are 0.55-0.75µ and 10.5-12.5µ respectively. The broad-band outgoing longwave radiation and the planetary albedo are derived indirectly from such window...
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The hydrological cycle is significantly affected by precipitation, which is a crucial component that displays spatial and temporal variations due to both climate change and human activities (IPCC, 2007). The analysis of precipitation's temporal and spatial variability is crucial for ecosystem functioning, agricultural productivity, and water resour...
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The current research investigated the interactive effects of elevated temperature and CO2 levels on growth and yield parameters of Greengram (cv. CO 8) and Cowpea (cv. CO 7) in Soil Plant Atmospheric Research (SPAR) at Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2022. AComplete Randomised Design was used with...