Maurice Crul

• PhD
• Professor (Full) at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

This article examines the determinants of Syrian refugee students' language comprehension difficulties in Lebanon, Türkiye and Australia, three host countries offering refugees different types of legal status (short-term, medium-term and long-term legal settlement). To understand the influence of legal status and its corresponding educational parad...

Seit mehr als 40 Jahren stehen Migrant:innen sowie ihre Kinder und Enkelkinder im Zentrum der politischen, wissenschaftlichen und öffentlichen Diskussion. Dieser Band wendet sich nun der Gruppe zu, die in der Integrationsdebatte bisher übersehen wurde: die Menschen ohne Migrationshintergrund. In vielen europäischen Großstädten sind sie heute zahlen...

Het nieuwe boek "Achterstelling en Discriminatie in het Amsterdamse Onderwijs," geschreven door Prof. Maurice Crul, Dr. Carl H.D. Steinmetz en Frans Lelie, werpt een onthullend licht op de problemen van achterstelling en discriminatie in het Amsterdamse basis- en voortgezet onderwijs. Het boek is het resultaat van een intensief Verhalen en Transfor...

Het nieuwe boek "Achterstelling en Discriminatie in het Amsterdamse Onderwijs," geschreven door Prof. Maurice Crul, Dr. Carl H.D. Steinmetz en Frans Lelie, werpt een onthullend licht op de problemen van achterstelling en discriminatie in het Amsterdamse basis- en voortgezet onderwijs. Het boek is het resultaat van een intensief Verhalen en Transfor...

This editorial introduces the articles in this thematic issue, which revolves around the ERC Advanced research project Becoming a Minority (BaM), carried out between 2018 and 2023. The aim of the project was to understand how people without a migration background think about and live in diversity. Through this aim, the BaM project has tried to adva...

We delve into the implications of the national ethnic majority being a minority in local settings by examining their daily experiences when they find themselves outnumbered by other ethnic groups in their neighbourhood. Drawing on the theory of “belonging uncertainty,” this article explores the variety of ways in which people without a migration ba...

More and more people without a migration background are living in neighborhoods in large Western European cities where they form a numerical minority. This raises a new research question: Are they integrated in such diverse city contexts or do they live a segregated life? We developed the integration into diversity (ID) matrix to distinguish nine “...

In this study, we examine how people without a migration background living in majority–minority neighbourhoods in Malmö, Sweden, define national identity in daily life. This setting provides a look into the intersection between the dominant position these people occupy in the Swedish national context and the confrontation with ethnic diversity as a...

Of the BaM respondents in a relation, no less than a quarter is in a mixed union. We still know very little about the non-migrant partner in unions with a partner with a migration background, including their propensity to adopt the cultural practices of their partner, and their propensity to reach out and embrace ethnic diversity more generally. Th...

For over forty years researchers have studied the integration of migrants and their descendants in Western European cities. In the meantime, many of these cities have become majority minority cities, hence, cities in which an ethnic numerical majority no longer exists. This raises the question how the old majority group, the people of native descen...

This paper investigates the determinants of refugee students’ social integration in Lebanon, Turkey, and Australia. This paper seeks to understand how legal status and the corresponding length of refugee asylum shape refugee children’s social integration. The three host countries offer refugees different legal statuses ranging from short-term in Le...

This chapter sketches the state of the debate on the roles and positions of native-born children of immigrants in European countries more than half a century after the transformation of these countries into immigration societies. It focusses on the social mechanisms, potentials and effects of the increasing number of socially upwardly mobile offspr...

This chapter discusses the wider societal and theoretical implications of the empirical outcomes presented in the previous chapters. It highlights the importance of what has been described as the ‘multiplier effect’ whereby social climbers accumulate relevant social and cultural capital step-by-step to compensate for the lack of directly useful res...

Many cities in Western Europe have become superdiverse. Yet, even if different ethnic groups live in the same neighbourhoods, they often do not interact. In particular, people without a migration background tend to segregate in multicultural cities and have little contact with people of other ethnic backgrounds. To receive a better understanding of...

This chapter addresses the experiences and realities of young people who are studying in increasingly “superdiverse” educational institutions. It first provides a brief overview of the workings of superdiversity in the field of education, and then presents two case studies from two majority-minority cities in the Netherlands to illustrate how the c...

In this volume, both qualitative and quantitative scholars describe their findings on the networks of migrants and their descendants and explore the content of their social ties for educational and labor market success in seven European countries. Some contributions cover decades of work in this field, making this one of most comprehensive books on...

Assimilation and integration processes have been studied widely and for many years, mainly by looking at the attitudes and practices of people with migration background. This article focusses on the mirror group: the people without migration background. Based on a literature review we propose a new model, the Diversity Attitudes and Practices Impac...

Cities and neighborhoods are key sites of migration-related diversity. Differences in lifestyle, class, ethnicity, or religion become visible in urban spaces, such as neighborhood bars, shops, or cafes. This article applies a social cognitive approach to explore how urban spaces shape the relationship between ethnic encounters and intergroup percep...

This article explores how the architecture of neighbourhoods influences interethnic tensions in ethnically diverse neighbourhoods. We found that people of Dutch descent living in apartments in four storey walk-ups in ethnically diverse inner-city neighbourhoods seem less likely to feel threatened by ethnic diversity than people living in in similar...

This chapter offers a systematic review of sociological research in the Netherlands on the relationship between race/ethnicity and educational inequality between 1980 and 2017. Six major research traditions are identified: (1) political arithmetic; (2) racism and ethnic discrimination; (3) school characteristics; (4) school choice; (5) family backg...

Abstract Since the war in Syria started in 2011, many children left their war-torn country, alone or together with their families, and fled to neighboring countries in the Middle East, to Turkey or to Europe. This article will compare how Syrian refugee children are included – or not - in school systems both in Europe (Sweden, Germany and Greece) a...

This open access book discusses Rotterdam as clear example of a superdiverse city that is only reluctantly coming to terms with this new reality. Rotterdam, as is true for many post-industrial cities, has seen a considerable backlash against migration and diversity: the populist party Leefbaar Rotterdam of the late Pim Fortuyn is already for many y...

In the past 40 years, researchers into migration and integration have focussed almost exclusively on migrants and their children. This one-sided focus has persisted, even though it is generally acknowledged that integration is a two-way process in which not only migrants, but also the established population play an important role (see, for example,...

The children of immigrants, the second and the third generations, are inheriting the city of Rotterdam. They make up about two thirds of the Rotterdam population of the future. As a result, what is the future of Rotterdam? We will show that the most prominent trend within the second generation is polarization. The group that was able to move up int...

Our quest in this book was to unravel how the city of Rotterdam comes to terms with its superdiverse character. It speaks to the rapidly evolving literature on superdiversity by taking as the central case study a city that may be representative of a much broader range of cities in Europe (and beyond) that seem reluctant in coming to terms with supe...

Is de ene universiteit meer divers en inclusief dan de andere universiteit? Deze vraag vormde het startpunt van een vergelijkend onderzoek, gebaseerd op instellingsdata van de Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs (DUO), naar de samenstelling van studentenpopulaties van de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam en Universiteit Leiden en...

This chapter discusses the big differences of how refugee children are incorporated into school systems in three European countries (Sweden, Germany and The Netherlands) and in Turkey. Over the past 5 years many refugee children made their way from war-torn countries to neighboring countries in the Middle East or to Europe. This chapter compares ho...

With “The Other Side of Assimilation” Jiménez provides an important and urgently needed new angle to the assimilation debate in the US. He investigates a key assumption of assimilation theory: assimilation as a two-way process in which both migrants and established groups will change through interacting with each other. In integration research, the...

Most educational research examines school outcomes at certain stages or at the final stage of the school career. This article looks at the entire school career and the transition to the labour market. It focuses on key transitions to identify the educational institutional arrangements that either help or hinder school and labour market success amon...

Based on sixteen semi‐structured interviews, this article examines how second‐generation Turkish‐Dutch education professionals experience their professional position in the ethnically homogeneous upper echelons of the Dutch education sector. The analysis shows that second‐generation education professionals, being newcomers to higher‐level positions...

This article emphasises the experiences of the prospective elite among the second generation in Germany by analyzing empirical data collected through in-depth interviews across three occupational fields (law, education and corporate business). In spite of their disadvantaged background, some children of lower educated migrant parents from Turkey ma...

The ‘integration’ of people of Dutch descent in superdiverse neighbourhoods Amsterdam and Rotterdam both have become majority-minority cities. Cities where all ethnic population groups, including that of Dutch descent, now form a minority. Most migration research focusses on the integration of a variety of migrant groups in the city. This article a...

This article explores the experiences of highly educated descendants of migrants from Turkey when achieving leading positions in the corporate business, education, and law sectors in France. It illustrates the forms of capital and strategies that are considered significant for accessing leadership positions in these sectors, and how experiences var...

We introduce what we have coined the multiplier effect. We explain the steep upward mobility of children of low-educated immigrants by studying how they overcome obstacles on their regular pathway, via alternative routes or through loopholes in the education and labour market system. The idea of the multiplier effect is that they virtually propel t...

The European-born children of immigrants, often referred to as the second generation, play an important role in the academic debate about integration and assimilation. The successful second generation, defined in terms of possessing a higher education diploma and or professional position, receives increasing attention. In this special issue, we wil...

Alba and Foner’s volume is an important contribution to the transatlantic dialog. In the paper I especially focus on the presented labour market outcomes in the first generation and the accomplishments of the second generation in education. What do these outcomes tell us about integration and assimilation patterns across countries? Alba and Foner’s...

Recent literature has emphasised the importance of family involvement within immigrant families in determining their children's educational pathways. On the one hand, the focus on family involvement and the transmission of familial resources becomes more important when disentangling ethnic educational inequalities for second-generation youth. On th...

This study is based on 86 in-depth interviews with second-generation people of Turkish and Moroccan background in the Netherlands who have achieved upward educational mobility. We used an inductive approach to analyze their perceptions with respect to received parental educational support and the educational support they provided to the younger gen...

Education is often seen as the most important mobility channel for children of immigrants. To what extent is this true? In this article, we look at successful second generation Turkish professionals in Sweden, France, Germany and The Netherlands. What kind of pathways did they take to become a professional? Based on the large quantitative internati...

International migration changed large West European cities dramatically. In only two generations’ time, their ethnic make-up is turned upside down. Cities like Amsterdam and Brussels now are majority–minority cities: the old majority group became a minority. This new reality asks for an up-to-date perspective on assimilation and integration. In thi...

This article, based on interviews from the Dutch Pathways to Success Project, investigates how Turkish-Dutch and Moroccan-Dutch second-generation professionals in leadership positions experience and deal with subtle discrimination at work. We argue that subtle discrimination in organizations remains a reality for second-generation professionals in...

Frank Bovenkerk (2014) Marokkaan in Europa, crimineel in Nederland. Een vergelijkende studie. Den Haag: Boom Lemma. 300 pagina’s, € 26,00, ISBN 9789462364806.

This chapter offers a systematic review of sociological research in the Netherlands on the relationship between race/ethnicity and educational inequality between 1980 and 2010. Six major research traditions are identified: (1) political arithmetic; (2) racism and ethnic discrimination; (3) school characteristics; (4) school choice; (5) family backg...

The educational attainment of second-generation students in Europe’s knowledge-based societies is an important determinant of their subsequent life chances — their occupational and economic attainment as well as their general well-being. School qualifications and university degrees are often regarded as entry tickets to specific positions in the la...

Based on the first international standardised survey on the second generation in Europe, I compare the school trajectories of youth from the same origin group (parents born in Turkey), with the same starting position (born in Europe) and the same socio-economic status (parents with only modest educational credentials) in six European countries. The...

This chapter examines whether school systems in the Netherlands and in the United States are enabling the children of low-status immigrants to enjoy the opportunities available to their native-born peers. To this end, the chapter compares the experience of second-generation Moroccans in Amsterdam and Dominicans in New York City (originally known as...

By drawing on comparative analyses of successful second-generation Turks from disadvantaged family backgrounds in France and the Netherlands, this article examines pathways and mechanisms that lead to educational success against the backdrop of structural and familial disadvantages. We foreground the experiences and practices of successful second-g...

One of the foremost challenges for contemporary Europe is the integration of new immigrants and their children. The second generation constitutes a rapidly growing and highly visible group of metropolitan youth that faces the dilemma of navigating their ethnic identities in a world that puts a premium on assimilation. This volume examines the lives...

Scholars have given considerable attention to the educational pathways of the new second generation, the children of immigrants to the United States and western Europe who came of age at the turn of the twenty-first century. Social scientists on both sides of the Atlantic have consistently reported significant differences in academic outcomes among...

A seismic population shift is taking place as many formerly racially homogeneous cities in the West attract a diverse influx of newcomers seeking economic and social advancement. Not only do young people from immigrant backgrounds make up a large and growing share of these cities? populations but they will steadily replace the native-born baby boom...

Over the last fifty years, the major cities in western Europe and the United States have developed many ways of integrating immigrants and their children into their social, economic, and political fabric. This creates an opportunity to compare outcomes for similarly positioned groups of immigrant descent facing a variety of national and local integ...

The children of immigrants are central to the future of the large cities of western Europe and the United States and of the countries surrounding these cities.1 Not only do young people from immigrant backgrounds make up a large and growing share of their populations, they will also steadily replace the native-born baby boom generation as it ages o...

Drawing upon results from the TIES survey on the second generation in eight European countries the authors propose a new perspective on integration or assimilation. The proposed comparative integration context theory argues that participation in social organizations and belonging to local communities across European cities is strongly dependent on...

The study of integration processes has now reached a crucial stage in most Western European countries with the emergence of the second generation. The oldest children born to postwar immigrants on European soil have recently entered the job market, and we can now investigate their performance in both education and employment. This opens a unique op...

Background/Context Much research is being done on Turkish immigrants and their children in Germany and the Netherlands, but almost always from a national perspective. To compare the situation, for example, regarding educational outcomes across the two countries has proved to be very difficult because of different sets, selection criteria, and time...

Background/Context This article considers the ways in which school systems in New York City and Amsterdam have shaped the educational trajectories of two groups of relatively dis-advantaged immigrant youth: the children of Dominican immigrants in New York and the children of Moroccan immigrants in Amsterdam. It describes the salient features of the...

The educational position of children of first-generation Turkish parents is widely considered problematic both in the Netherlands and elsewhere in Europe. Together with children from the Maghreb, Turkish children occupy the lowest position on the educational ladder. This however masks the fact that in twenty years spectacular gains in education hav...

TIES policy brief for the stakeholders' conference held in Amsterdam, May 11-13, 2009.

Uit eerdere studie bleek dat, gebruikmakend van TIES-data, veel tweede generatie jongeren die uiteindelijk het hoger onderwijs instroomden, dit deden via een lange of indirecte route. De afdeling PO van het ministerie van OCW heeft daarom aan het IMES gevraagd of zij de kwestie van de lange route nader wil uitwerken en in een international perspect...

Het rapport ‘Valkuilen en Springplanken’ in het onderwijs is een vergelijkend onderzoek naar tweede generatie Turkse jongeren in zeven Europese landen. Het grote aantal voortijdige schoolverlaters onder de tweede generatie Turkse jongeren blijkt geen algemeen Europees probleem, maar typerend voor Nederland en Duitsland.

De publicatie ‘De tweede generatie: Uitdagingen en kansen voor de stad’ gaat over de tweede generatie Turken en Marokkanen in Amsterdam en Rotterdam. Hoe gaat het met deze jongeren? En welke factoren beïnvloeden hun beslissingen en acties die tot succes of juist tot problemen leiden? Uit gezamenlijk initiatief van Nicis Institute, de twee gemeenten...

This first publication of the TIES Project (Towards the Integration of the European Second Generation) examines the social stratification and views of the second Dutch generation of Turkish and Moroccan origin living in the Netherlands. Drawing on research carried out in 2006-7 the Dutch-born children of immigrants from Turkey and Morocco in Amster...

While much works remains to be done, the experience with large-scale migration to and within Europe over the last half-century has led to experimentation with policies and practices aimed at facilitating the social transition and integration of immigrants to their new countries. Some of this work has focused on education. This chapter examines vari...

This introductory paper to the special issue of JEMS on the second generation in Europe reviews some of the key themes underpinning the growing interest in the second generation, and asks what 'integration' actually means in contemporary debates about immigration and settlement. The authors attempt to place these debates within their specific natio...

Research on the second generation of postwar immigrants is a relatively new phenomenon. Only in the past decade has it become a central focus in the study of immigrant integration. The postwar second generation in Europe came of age at roughly the same time as the American one – and that was when researchers began exploring it more systematically....

This article examines the socioeconomic and sociocultural status of the second-generation Turkish young people in the Netherlands, comparing them to their Moroccan counterparts. The comparative perspective can better highlight the characteristic features of the Turkish second generation. The educational status of both the Turkish and the Moroccan y...