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Publications (121)
Background:
Noroviruses are the major cause of viral gastroenteritis. Disease transmission is difficult to prevent and outbreaks in healthcare facilities commonly occur. Contact with infected persons and contaminated environments are believed to be the main routes of transmission. However, noroviruses have recently been found in aerosols and airbo...
Introduction
In collaboration with five Swedish universities of technology, Prevent has produced an online course in English, based on the textbook ‘Work and technology on human terms’ to be used as a modern, highly accessible study material. The purpose is to contribute to safer and healthier workplaces and to improve organisational performance. T...
Aim:
To evaluate three types of ventilation systems for operating rooms with respect to air cleanliness (in colony forming units, CFU/m(3)), energy consumption, and working environment comfort (noise and draught) as reported by surgical team members.
Methods:
Two commonly used ventilation systems, vertical laminar airflow (LAF) and turbulent mix...
Prevent has collaborated with five Swedish universities of technology to produce an online course in human factors engineering, ergonomics, work science and related subjects. The online course could serve as a pedagogic tool to attract more students to the subject, not only in engineering university programs, but also in economics and human relatio...
PurposeWelders are exposed to airborne particles from the welding environment and often develop symptoms work-related from the airways. A large fraction of the particles from welding are in the nano-size range. In this study we investigate if the welders’ airways are affected by exposure to particles derived from gas metal arc welding in mild steel...
Background There is a controversy on exposure and adverse health effects of workers working with road asphalt paving. Furthermore, the increasing usage of crumb rubber modified (CRM) asphalt raises the concern of exposure to CRM asphalt.
Objective To assess the exposure of both conventional and CRM asphalt, and to elucidate the health effects rega...
Systems for studying the toxicity of metal aggregates on the airways are normally not suited for evaluating the effects of individual particle characteristics. This study validates a set-up for toxicological studies of metal aggregates using an air–liquid interface approach. The set-up used a spark discharge generator capable of generating aerosol...
Introduction: An increased production and use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is occurring worldwide. In parallel, a growing concern is emerging
on the adverse effects the unintentional inhalation of CNTs can have on humans. There is currently a debate regarding which
exposure metrics and measurement strategies are the most relevant to investigate workp...
Background: The industrial use of novel-manufactured nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and carbon nanodiscs is increasing globally.
Occupational exposure can occur during production, downstream use, and disposal. The health effects of many nanomaterials
are not yet fully characterized and to handle nano-objects, their aggregates and agglomerat...
The properties of gas-borne aggregates are important in nano-technology and for potential health effects.Gold aggregates from three generators (one commercial and one custom built spark discharge generator and one high-temperature furnace) have been characterized. The aggregate surface areas were determined using five approaches - based on aggregat...
For the assessment of personal exposure, information about the concentration of pollutants when people are in given indoor environments (occupancy time) are of prime importance. However this kind of data frequently is not reported. The aim of this study was to assess differences in particle characteristics between occupancy time and the total monit...
The majority of airborne particles in residences, when expressed as number concentrations, are generated by the residents themselves, through combustion/thermal related activities. These particles have a considerably smaller diameter than 2.5 μm and, due to the combination of their small size, chemical composition (e.g. soot) and intermittently ver...
Background
Airborne particles are associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in polluted areas. There is a growing interest in nano-sized particles with diameter <100 nm and their potential health effects. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive method for cardiovascular risk prediction in...
Several diesel exhaust (DE) characteristics, comprising both particle and gas phase, recognized as important when linking with health effects, are not reported in human chamber exposure studies. In order to understand effects of DE on humans there is a need for better characterization of DE when performing exposure studies. The aim of this study wa...
Background: The production and use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is rapidly growing. With increased production, there is potential that the number of occupational exposed workers will rapidly increase. Toxicological studies on rats have shown effects in the lungs, e.g. inflammation, granuloma formation, and fibrosis after repeated inhalation exposure...
Nanotechnology gives us materials with enhanced or completely new properties. At the same time, inhalation of manufactured nano-objects has been related to an array of adverse biological effects. We characterized particle emissions, which occurred during maintenance of common metal nanoparticle generators and contrasted the properties of the emitte...
Gasoline vehicles have recently been pointed out as potentially the main source of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in megacities. However, there is a lack of laboratory studies to systematically investigate SOA formation in real-world exhaust. In this study, SOA formation from pure aromatic precursors, idling and cold start gasoline e...
The aim of this study was to achieve realistic levels of two different types of aerosols commonly abundant in indoor environments in an experimental chamber intended for human exposure studies and aerosol characterization. The aerosols chosen were particles from candle lights (in particle number dominated by inorganic water soluble particles) and f...
Gasoline vehicles have recently been pointed out as potentially the main source of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in megacities. However, there is a lack of laboratory studies to systematically investigate SOA formation in real-world exhaust. In this study, SOA formation from pure aromatic precursors, idling and cold start gasoline e...
Soot particle (black carbon) morphology is of dual interest, both from a health perspective and due to the influence of soot on the global climate. In this study, the mass-mobility relationships, and thus effective densities, of soot agglomerates from three types of soot emitting sources were determined in situ by combining
a differential mobility...
The aim of this study was to achieve a method to perform detailed characterization and human exposure studies of nanosized and nanostructured aerosol particles. The source chosen was mild steel, active gas, arc welding fume. The setup consisted of a generation chamber, where welding can be performed, connected to an airtight stainless steel 22 m(3)...
Gasoline vehicles have elevated emissions of volatile organic compounds during cold starts and idling and have recently been pointed out as potentially the main source of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in megacities. However, there is a lack of laboratory studies to systematically investigate SOA formation in real-world exhaust. In t...
Bioaerosols include viable bacteria, viruses, dead bacterial cells, pollen, fungi and cell fragments, as well as numerous organic compounds derived from biomolecules as, for example, sugars, amino acids and methyl-derivatives. It has been shown that airborne bacteria may be viable also in the harsh conditions at high altitudes in the atmosphere and...
http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/3218059
The objective of this work was to design and evaluate an experimental setup to be used for field studies of particle formation in biomass gasification processes. The setup includes a high-temperature dilution probe and a denuder to separate solid particles from condensable volatile material. The efficiency of the setup to remove volatile material f...
When biomass is used to produce fuels and green products by thermochemical conversion, the ability to handle or remove the fine particle phase in the product gas is crucial. The product gas from biomass gasification contains relatively, volatile organic compounds ("tar") condensed on nonvolatile cores of, for example, aggregated soot particles and...
Potentially high human exposures to nanometer sized airborne particles occur due to welding and other thermal processes in industrial environments. Detailed field measurements of physical and chemical particle characteristics were performed in three work-shops in Sweden. Measurements were performed both in the plume 5-20 cm above the welding point...
The aim of this study is to investigate the physical and chemical properties of particle emissions from candle burning in indoor air. Two representative types of tapered candles were studied during steady burn, sooting burn and smouldering (upon extinction) under controlled conditions in a walk-in stainless steel chamber. Steady burn emits relative...
SUMMARY The aim of this study was to gain information about fine and ultrafine particles (diameter smaller than 2.5 μm and 100 nm, respectively) loads and their characteristics in a supermarket in Sweden. Assessed particles' characteristics are: number and mass concentrations and number size distributions. In the studied supermarket, an indoor sour...
Smoke from biomass combustion has been identified as a major environmental risk factor associated with adverse health effects globally. Deposition of the smoke particles in the lungs is a crucial factor for toxicological effects, but has not previously been studied experimentally. We investigated the size-dependent respiratory-tract deposition of a...
In regions where studded tyres and traction material are used during winter, e.g. the Nordic countries, northern part of USA, Canada, and Japan, mechanically generated particles from traffic are the main reason for high particle mass concentrations in busy street and road environments. In many Nordic municipalities the European environmental qualit...
Growing concern about airborne particles in indoor environments requires fast source identification in order to apply remedial actions. A methodology for identifying sources emitting particles larger than 0.5 microm was designed and applied. It includes: (1) visual inspection of interior surfaces in order to identify deposited particles and inspect...
Respiratory tract deposition data of ultrafine aerosol particles, hygroscopic particles and ambient particles in general are scarce. Measurements are associated with several difficulties. The objective of this work was to design a method for fast determination of highly size-resolved fine and ultrafine particle deposition, to be used on larger grou...
In a road simulator study, a significant source of sub-micrometer fine particles produced by the road–tire interface was observed. Since the particle size distribution and source strength is dependent on the type of tire used, it is likely that these particles largely originate from the tires, and not the road pavement. The particles consisted most...
This study focuses on the hygroscopic properties of submicrometer aerosol particles emitted from two small-scale district heating combustion plants (1 and 1.5 MW) burning two types of biomass fuels (moist forest residue and pellets). The hygroscopic particle diameter growth factor (Gf) was measured when taken from a dehydrated to a humidified state...
The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) and the Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor (ELPI) to study mass weighted particle size distributions. Unimodal and bimodal liquid test aerosols were produced to a small chamber. Simultaneous measurements were performed with an APS 3320, an APS 3321,...
Unlabelled:
Eye irritation is one of the most frequently reported symptoms in relation to working in office-like environments. So far, no consistent association has been found between concentration of airborne particles and prevalence of eye irritation. External physical factors not hitherto considered could have a large influence on particle depo...
The aim of this study was to characterise particle emissions from district heating units operating on three commonly used biofuels: forest residues, pellets and sawdust. Boilers used in the three district heating units were of moving grate type, with the maximum thermal output between 1 and 1.5 MW. The measurements were done after multicyclones, th...
The objective of this study was to design and experimentally examine a sampling method for high-temperature aerosols from biomass combustion, in which nucleation and condensation from fly ash forming vapors is controlled. The sampling method includes a high-temperature probe in which the hot gas is diluted and then cooled. Laboratory results from s...
The emissions of particles, and gaseous compounds, into the ambient air from biomass-fired moving grate boilers were characterized under different boiler operation conditions. The boilers had a thermal capacity of 1 MW. The flue gas cleaning systems consisted of multicyclones for the removal of coarse particles. Dry wood fuel that consisted of shav...
The characteristics of aerosol particles formed during combustion of moist forest residue were studied as a function of load in a moving grate boiler and at almost full load in a similar larger boiler. The coarse () particle number and mass concentration increased by more than one order of magnitude and the fine particle mean diameter, total volume...
The relevance of particle mass, surface area or number concentration as risk indicators for health effects in non-industrial buildings has been assessed by a European interdisciplinary group of researchers (called EUROPART) by reviewing papers identified in Medline, Toxline, and OSH. Studies dealing with dermal effects or cancer or specifically add...
The effects of an electrostatic precipitator and a flue gas condenser on size resolved fly ash particle concentration and composition were studied in a 6 MW biomass combustion unit, fired with moist forest residue. The boiler was of moving grate type. The fly ash particles were sampled upstream and downstream of the electrostatic precipitator and f...
The effects of an electrostatic precipitator and a flue gas condenser on size resolved fly ash particle concentration and composition were studied in a 6 MW biomass combustion unit, fired with moist forest residue. The boiler was of moving grate type. The fly ash particles were sampled upstream and downstream of the electrostatic precipitator and f...
Isocyanates constitute a group of highly reactive chemicals used on a large scale for the production of flexible polyurethane (PUR) foam. Exposure to isocyanates is known to produce irritation of the mucous membranes and the eyes. Isocyanates also have strong sensitizing properties and may cause occupational asthma. It is therefore important to mon...
The collection efficiency for submicron particles of an all-glass impinger, under conditions commonly used by industrial hygienists, was studied by measuring the removal of particles from a polydisperse polystyrene aerosol. Collection efficiencies for water and dimethylformamide as sampling liquids at flow rates of 0.7, 1.0, and 2.0 L/min were dete...
In the field of occupational hygiene much consideration is devoted to the uptake through the human airways, but there are also reports of irritations, complaints and hazards or potential hazards due to particle deposition onto the eyes. There is a need for data regarding the dependence of the deposition rate on particle size and environmental param...
The handling of pigments and powders in paint manufacturing cause emissions of airborne particles. A great variety of substances occur. Previous studies (Bohgard et al., 1994) of simulations of pouring of pigments, which occur in small scale weighing procedures, showed typically bimodal size distribution including a sub-micron and a super-micron mo...
The objective of this study was to provide data for the design of multi-nozzle impactors giving size-fractionated samples for X-ray emission analysis and for size-distribution determinations of the α-particle activity from aerosol-particle-attached radon progenies. Different multi-nozzle impactors with laser-drilled 50–60 μm diameter nozzles design...
A humanoid dummy inside a well controlled radon exposure chamber (volume=20m³) was used to investigate the properties of an aerosol close to, and far away from the human face, respectively. Rn²²² and a NaCl aerosol (geometric mean diameter=86 nm, concentration ( 5000 cm⁻³ was added to the room. The size distribution of the passive aerosol and the u...
A humanoid dummy inside a well controlled radon exposure chamber (volume=20m³) was used to investigate the properties of an aerosol close to, and far away from the human face, respectively. Rn²²² and a NaCl aerosol (geometric mean diameter=86 nm, concentration ( 5000 cm⁻³ was added to the room. The size distribution of the passive aerosol and the u...
A semiempirical model has been developed for deposition velocity of particles on the forehead and eyes. It is based on published results of wind tunnel studies of deposition of 2–32 μm airborne particlès onto the forehead and realistically-shaped eyes of a manikin. The effects of electric fields and particle charges were included in the model on a...
A humanoid dummy inside a well controlled radon exposure chamber (volume=20m3) was used to investigate the properties of an aerosol close to, and far away from the human face, respectively. Rn222 and a NaCl aerosol (geometric mean diameter=86 nm, concentration ( 5000 cm-3 was added to the room. The size distribution of the passive aerosol and the u...
Studies have been performed on the deposition of airborne particles onto the human eye. A mannequin with sticky transparent foils covering its eyes is exposed to particles of fused alumina in a wind tunnel. The size distribution of the airborne particle is simultaneously measured with an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer. The particles on the foils are co...
A personal computer program, FiFi, that makes a real-time, two-dimensional simulation of the dynamic deposition process of particles on a single fibre, has been developed. The formation of dendrites and the particle transport as a function of different parameters are simulated. The trajectory of a spherical particle as a function of external forces...
When studying the deposition of particles in wind tunnel experiments, we measure theairborne particles with an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS). The deposited particles are examined with an optical microscope connected to an image analyzer. Calibration between the APS and the optical microscope determinations of particle size has been performed for...
