Masao Furusho

• Professor, Doctor of Psychology, Captain
• Professor (Full) at Kobe University

Navigational accidents are one of the most common types of maritime accidents, and they can result from various factors, including human error, adverse weather conditions, technical issues with the ship, or a combination of these factors. In this study, navigational accidents, including collision and grounding, that occurred in Germany were analyse...

The Human Error and Reduction Technique (HEART) is a robust method consisted of both qualitative and quantitative steps. The HEART method has been utilized to analysed the human reliability in various industries. In maritime safety research, understanding human error’s role in accidents is crucial. This study introduces a novel methodology integrat...

Over the years, many accidents have occurred during chemical experiments in laboratories around the world. However, the methods of investigating and analysing accidents that have occurred at universities have not been consolidated, and the lessons learned from these accidents have not been shared. In this study, accident investigation reports of ex...

This paper discusses the role of human performance variability in ship-to-ship collisions. Accordingly, an analysis was carried out based on the functional resonance analysis method (FRAM). A ship-to-ship collision report from Indonesia was used to generate the FRAM model for ship-ship encounters. This model was formed using six functions: maneuver...

This study employs the human error assessment and reduction technique (HEART) and its error producing conditions relating to the 4M (man, machine, medi, and management) method to analyse the causes of occupational accidents in Australia. It seeks to find the causes of occupational accidents, apply the HEART-4M method to occupational accidents, and...

As long as human beings operate the ship, human factors always have a substantial contribution to ship operation success and failure. Thereby, a study related to human factors, especially about the officer on board, is essential to create better maritime transportation. This research proposed the semi-quantitative analysis to determine how human fa...

The maritime cargo shipment is always looking for implementing new safety measures to reduce the cargo accident rates. However, it is challenging to find the root cause that led to a specific cargo accident. The accidents result from a complex chain of events, where there is usually more than one factor solely responsible for maritime cargo acciden...

In the maritime industry, the role of human on-board operations is frequently cited in accidents report due to its relation to human error. Furthermore, according to the European Maritime Safety Agency, human error in bridge operations in the 2018 maritime accident cases due to lack of situational awareness has affected 65%. This study aims to asse...

Human error is recognized as the most common factor that causes maritime accidents. The human error assessment and reduction technique (HEART) is a human reliability assessment (HRA) that has been widely applied in various industries. Furthermore, the HEART – 4M method has been proposed to assess maritime accidents. The HEART – 4M method can clearl...

Despite the maritime industry’s significant role in the global economy, human error is still the leading cause of maritime accidents. This study presents an assessment of human factors in 31 collision accident reports in the USA from 2010 – 2017, involving 50 ships. In this study, the categorization of Error-Producing Conditions (EPCs) from the Hum...

Indonesia is the largest archipelagic state in the world with abundant natural resources and its geographical location. However, domestic connectivity is one of the major national issues that cause economic disparity among regions in Indonesia. The government is giving attention to maritime infrastructure development, especially port construction....

Number of ship accidents in Indonesia in these two years has been increasing from 355 cases in 2018 to 409 cases in 2019. It means that, 31-32 accident occurred each month or at least 1 ship accident every day along 2018 to 2019. Among all the accidents, Passenger ship (including Passenger ship/Ferry, Ferry Ro-Ro, and High Speed Craft for Passenger...

Due to the quality and error of the data itself, historical automatic identification system (AIS) data was insufficient used to predict navigation risk at sea, but it adequately used to train decision-making neural networks. This paper presents a real AIS ship navigation environment with a rule-based and a neural-based decision processes with frame...

Human error plays a vital role in causing maritime accidents. This paper presents the analysis of human factors in 52 grounding accident reports of ships greater than 10,000 GT retrieved from 11 national investigation boards. In this study, the categorization of error-producing conditions (EPCs) from the Human Error Assessment and Reduction Techniq...

This study proposes the use of generative adversarial networks (GANs) to solve two crucial problems in the unmanned ship navigation: insufficient training data for neural networks and convergence of optimal actions under discrete conditions. To achieve smart collision avoidance of unmanned ships in various sea environments, first, this study propos...

Human error is recognized as the most common factor that causes maritime accidents. Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) as a Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) has been widely applied in various industries. However, in the maritime industry, machine, media, and management are also considered as factors that can strongly affect hu...

Maritime accidents threaten the safety of life at sea and have an adverse impact on the economic performance of the shipping industry. This study applies the Human Error Assessment and Reductive Technique (HEART) methodology to analyze maritime accidents in different countries and calculate the human error probability for each maritime accident. A...

Number of ship accidents in Indonesia in these two years has been increasing from 355 cases in 2018 to 409 cases in 2019. It means that, 31-32 accident occurred each month or at least 1 ship accident every day along 2018 to 2019. Among all the accidents, Passenger ship (including Passenger ship/Ferry, Ferry Ro-Ro, and High Speed Craft for Passenger...

Human factors are a major cause of accidents in every industry. Thus, several studies focused on reducing the number of accidents. However, marine accident data from the European Maritime Safety Agency, Transportation Safety Board (TSB) of Canada, and Japan Transport Safety Board indicate that the number of marine accidents continue to increase wit...

Human factors is playing an important role in every accident, particularly marine accidents. Hence, a lot of researches were conducted to analyze the human factors involvement in the accidents. Since the development of marine industry shows progressively increasing nowadays, especially in Indonesia, as Indonesia vision to be a global maritime axis...

This paper is written as one of the records of MOP model developments. MOP model is a new creation model for re-analyzing accidents in maritime traffic system (MTS). MOP is an abbreviation from 4M Overturned Pyramid, where 4M is Man, Machine, Media, and Management. The MOP Model is a 3D view model, looks like thee sided inverted pyramid that has 4...

Indonesia`s marine tourism industry has been increasing significantly in recent years. Yacht and Marina are the potential maritime tourism attraction to be improved. The Indonesian Government takes it seriously to make foreign yacht easier to visit Indonesia. A MOP model has shown its effectiveness to be utilized to analyze 18 ports, the model has...

Indonesia as an archipelagic state with given abundant natural resources need a sustainable development in many aspects to strengthen its position in international community. Current Government vision in archipelago thinking aims at the development of maritime sector including maritime tourism and connectivity to get better equality regional develo...

Aging current active seafarers and a shortage of new recruits has become an obvious problem throughout the industry in Japan. The Maritime Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism(MLIT) has recommended the system of grouping small coastal shipping companies by utilizing ship management companies to solve these problems....

Humans are one of the important factors in the assessment of accidents, particularly marine accidents. Hence, studies are conducted to assess the contribution of human factors in accidents. There are two generations of Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) that have been developed. Those methodologies are classified by the differences of viewpoints of...

This year 2016, the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan (IEIJ) has been celebrated its 100th anniversary of foundation. The memorial events have been planned and organized by the 100th anniversary committee of IEIJ. The several kinds of events such as the international conference (LS15), the 100 years’ historical record of IEIJ, the memoria...

This paper applies the 4M overturned pyramid (MOP) model to analyze collisions in Japan with the point of view of occurrence time, i.e., day, night, and twilight time. The MOP model is a newly developed model by the authors. Utilizing this model, the characteristics of accidents in a certain place and certain period can be determined to identify th...

The objective of this study is to identify various characteristics of accidents in Japan’s five major ports and to correlate the design and construction factors of these ports with accidents to better predict the occurrence of accidents based on port design and construction. The five major ports in Japan include the ports of Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya...

With maritime transportation has played an important role in global economy development, ship traffic has become more congested. Therefore, ships navigate under risk conditions, and thus maritime accidents have occurred frequently. Especially, ship passing through a narrow channel is even more dangerous. Because, the ships are easy to be affected b...

This study analyzes the role played by social networks in maritime education and training. The objective of this study is to investigate the shortage of seafarers in maritime global transportation, as mentioned by the BIMCO. The authors divide the processes of maritime education and training into two categories: “Maritime educational institute” and...

In a complicated sea environment, a ship needs experienced seafarers to steer it safely. Advancements in technology have not fundamentally reduced the number of accidents at sea. In deep-seated research and analysis of accident causes, human factors will always have an obvious or potential impact. Maritime transport is an arduous industry. Workers’...

4M Overturned Pyramid (MOP) model is a new model, proposed by authors, to characterized MTS which is adopting epidemiological model that determines causes of accidents, including not only active failures but also latent failures and barriers. This model is still being developed. One of utilization of MOP model is characterizing accidents in MTS, i....

The aim of this paper is to understand the real activity and operating situation of container ships in order to improve navigation efficiency. The study focused on the navigation for an entire ship voyage to understand the real activity of container ships using the historical ship navigation based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, whic...

In his Swiss cheese model, Reason states that no one can foresee all possible accident scenarios. If holes can be visualized and the relationship between holes and latent conditions can become clear, then it is possible to control the occurrence of holes. The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between latent conditions and...

Port approach for merchant ships (regarding docking) is a special event related to the safety of ships and port facilities. This maneuvre is for emergency situations, and the consequences can be very damaging because there is a high risk of occurrence and severity can be high. In Algeria, 90% of foreign trade depends on shipping, and commercial ves...

According to UNCTAD, the amount of global seaborne trade to have increased by 4.3%, with the reaching over 9 billion tons in 2012 for the first time ever. Nowadays, the number of Earth observation Satellite onboard Synthetic Aperture Rader (SAR) sensor. The ALOS-2 is the successor to the ALOS has been lunched in 2014. Japanese L-band radar keep mon...

IAMU (International Association of Maritime Universities) was established fifteen years ago. For this moment IAMU content close to 60 Members Institution. One of the research activities in years 2012- 2014 was: preparing the algorithm for collect and analyze the necessary information and convert it into Matrix form. Both: IAMU MEMBERS INSTITUTION D...

Because of the high speed development of the world economy in recent years, the rapid increase of transportations led to maritime accidents frequently. For safety and efficient maritime transport, it is necessary to grasp the actual condition of ships. we are here concerned with the ship's waiting activities in offshore, which activities have a bea...

In this monograph, the study field considered is the interaction between Maritime Traffic Safety Management and Maritime Accidents. When maritime accidents are investigated, human error is claimed as the main factor in spite of existing safeguards. The roots of human error, which are not only with maritime accidents/incidents, but also involved in...

Seafarers are one of the main engines driving economic growth in the maritime sector. The International Maritime (IMO) Organization estimated that there were approximately 1.5 million seafarers around the world engaged in international trade in 2012. Data have shown that human casualties in maritime accidents around Japan have shown an increasing t...

This study analyzes the social network in the processes of maritime education and training. The objective of this study is to focus on the shortage of seafarers in the maritime global transportation as mentioned by the BIMCO. The authors divide the processes of maritime education and training into three categories. These processes are "Family", "Ma...

Two Administrative organizations manage the vessel traffic of the Osaka and Kobe areas in Hanshin port, the Harbor manager under the city government and the Harbor master under the Japan Coast Guard. The present vessel traffic management system isn't practical, and navigators may become confused due to the two different organizations. The purpose o...

According to IMB annual report 2011, Piracy activity of recent years is increasing around the world. This study investigates spatial pattern of piracy activity using geographic information system (GIS) based-hazard map. Hazard map is a useful tool for spatial planning and providing an image of the most vulnerable areas. The authors have focused att...

Sea route around Japan has high traffic density. The ratio of ship's collision is 62.6% represented from the total kind of marine accidents since 1998-2008 (Marine Accident Inquiring Agency(MAIA),Japan). Measuring for risk minimization, such as the quantitative method, which evaluated with respect to their performance relationships between man, mac...

We need to forge preventive measures that take into account human factors in order to prevent collision accidents. Not only are marine accidents caused by deeply concerning human factors, but many other accidents and disasters are as well. In this study, the authors studied factors that affect human elements on ship operations, and proposed the m-R...

The evaluation examination of self-polishing anti-fouling bottom paint has been carried out by training ship Fukae-maru (449G/T) of the graduate school of maritime sciences, Kobe University. For these past three years, 3 kinds of bottom paint of types low-friction coating, improved conventional paint and conventional paint have been evaluated by sp...

Marine accidents caused by pleasure boats account for approximately 40% of all ship accidents in Japanese waters. Moreover, according to the results of "People's consciousness surveys concerning the sea, 2010", as carried out by the Japan Maritime Center in 2010, young groups, such as those in their teens, showed a tendency to keep away from the se...

Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) has been launched to make observation of global land coverage and so on. Nowadays, the number of AIS-equipped ships is increasing for maritime traffics. This study proposes a methodology of monitoring in coastal. environments by Matching AIS data to ALOS images. We collected ALOS images and AIS data in OSAKA...

The proportion of dozing in fishing boats' casualties is about Ten Percent (10%). Dozing by watch-keepers, along with improper lookout and insufficient ship handling, have become three big causes of fishing boats' casualties. In all accidents caused by dozing watch-keepers, about half occurred in fishing boats. This study is to investigate fishing...

Safety and health is most important affairs in social activities. Measures of safety and Health of Mariners are influenced by Act on Promotion of Safety and Sanitation of Seafarers, and Mariners Law. These regulation for Mariners lack of the articles of guidelines and guidance, recommendation, and state assistance, compared to Industrial Safety and...

The background of this research is difficulties in correspondence to the Transport Safety Management System. The Transport Safety Management System is based on the ISO9001. For many coastal shipping companies, it is very difficult to introduce and to set up the Transport Safety Management System for own company. Because the management scale of many...

Safe navigation requires "situation awareness", "proper look-out", and "decision making" with a margin of time and distance to targets such as other ships, fishing nets, aids for navigation, and so on. This study focuses on the stage of "situation awareness". For humans, generally, visual sight is the main means of getting information. Also for shi...

Fishing vessels' collision accidents are the most common type of collision accidents and 40% of the cause is "nonobservance of rules" and 30% is "insufficient lookout." It is necessary to figure out the generating mechanism of a navigator's unsuitable action to prevent fishing vessels' collision accidents. Authors analyzed the characteristic of nav...

Navigators take action to avoid the collision with other ship according to the situation awareness or movements of it. These collision avoiding actions taking by navigators are chains of actions based on the navigator's information processing system and collision accidents are occurred by navigators' errors which are happened on the navigators' inf...

Training ship Fukae-maru, Kobe University graduate school of maritime sciences, went into service on October 14, 1987. Since then, she has been engaged in the maritime education and academic pursuits of the university for 21 years. Along with university integration on October 1, 2003 and national universities institutionalization on April 1, 2004,...

The rule 15 of INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972 provides for crossing situations. The rule 15 demands the vessel to give-way and the vessel to stand-on between two vessels without maneuvering performance. But the craft's maneuvering performance is better than vessel's one, and the craft is easier than the vessel to a...

We assume that, "The ordinary practice of seamen" means "knowledge, experience and habitual practice that seamen usually know naturally. "Our study seeks to compare the action of serving seamen and the action that the Marine Accidents Inquiry Agency (MAIA) recommends and then to verify the difference of "the ordinary practice of seamen" in both. We...

Various problems concerning on the coordination of the coastal use have occurred in the coastal zone around Japan. However, the political systems and laws for these solutions or preventive measures are still remaining problems. Moreover, each systems and laws are not in cooperation. Those systems and laws are biased in general. The main subject poi...

The level of VTS Operators’ (VTS-Os’) Mental Workload (MWL) was clarified in the previous experimental studies by utilising physiological and subjective approaches. The objective of this paper is to determine the factors to cause and increase VTS-Os’ MWL. For this purpose, the questionnaire was prepared and submitted to Turkish Operators (including...

The objective of this paper is to determine the level of Vessel Traffic Services Operators' (VTS-Os') Mental Workload (MWL) by using NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). For this purpose the questionnaire is prepared and submitted to the Turkish VTS Operators (in the Istanbul and Canakkale VTS Centres) who has a long term sea experience as a Ship Maste...

Every vessel shall proceed in accordance with the LAW FOR PREVENTING COLLISION AT SEA around the Japanese sea area so that may avoid a collision. It is very important that the application of Navigation Rule should be proper. The application of Navigation Rule begins when the Risk of the collision is decided rationally. As for the vessel which has k...

As ships have larger mass and tend to suffer disturbance forces of wind, wave and so on. They are regarded as "time lag system" from the point of view of human operation. In order to investigate this field, we have organized the project team which included psychology, naval architecture, marine traffic engineering and human engineering. We have alr...

It is said that marine accident caused by human error of ship's navigator, such as mistaking to look out and unusual maneuver, accounts for about 80% of the total accidents. As the process of error caused accident is diverse, we have to research how navigator makes an error firstly. As the result, we can understand how its error causes ships' colli...

Cadets often do not handle the ship properly during onboard training on the ship Fukae maru of Kobe University. There are two reasons why cadets could not completely avoid other ships. First, the cadets cannot recognize the risk of collision ; second, they cannot form and execute a ship-handling strategy. Many studies focus on recognizing collision...

This research was build the model after marine hazard and simulate from the viewpoint of making damage by the marine hazard small not from the viewpoint of preventing a marine hazard. Elements of the model were quantified to easy to compare and examine the simulation result. Human factors, one of the elements of the model, is difficult to quantifyi...

This study clarifies the results of eye movement (view points) of navigators by utilizing the Istanbul Technical University Maritime Faculty (ITUMF) Ship Handling Simulator (SHS). The main objective is to define view points of navigator on the bridge and is based upon their sea experience and educational level. Finally, to evaluate view points, fix...

As ships have larger mass and tend to suffer disturbance forces of wind, wave and so on, they are regarded as "time lag system" from the point of view of human operation. In order to investigate this field, we have organized the project team which included psychology, naval architecture, marine traffic engineering and human engineering. We have alr...

It is said that marine accident caused by human error of ship's navigator in terms of mistake to look out, unusual maneuver is account for about 80% of the total accident. As the process of error caused accident is diverse, we have to research how navigator makes an error, as the result of that, how its error cause marine collision accidents to bui...

This study analyses the navigator's eye movement on the navigation bridge simulator. The main objective of this study is to find the differences between the sea experience level and educational level to evaluate the navigator's sea experience; this by fixation points in the ship-handling simulator. A measurement device ("EMR-8") is used for recordi...

As ships have larger mass and tend to suffer disturbance forces of wind, wave and so on, they are regarded as "time lag system" from the point of view of human operation. The purpose of this study is to investigate man's adaptation to "time lag system" through fundamental experiments and to make clear how a man makes progress to make adaptation to...

The human error caused by ship's navigator can be estimated as a wide ranged subject, because there should be various internal factors and environmental factors that affect a navigator's information processing system. For the purpose of preventing from accidents, it is needed to investigate not only when and how a navigator makes error and also how...

As ships have larger mass and tend to suffer disturbance forces of wind, wave and so on, they are regarded as "time lag system" from the point of view of human operation. The purpose of this study is to investigate man's learning process through fundamental experiments and to make clear how a man makes progress to make adaptation to such a time lag...

The increase tendency to the ship's collision related to the visual perception of a stern light in recent years is remarkable, and the investigation of the cause should be carried out. Judgment reports by the Japanese Marine Accident Inquiry Agency of 30 years from 1970 through 2000 has been investigated about human errors related to the visual per...

It is said that about 80% of marine accidents have been occurred by ship's navigators' human errors, such as improper lookout, inappropriate ship's handling. To prevent these accidents, marine navigation environment which is hard to occur of human error must be developed. The human error which is caused by navigator is put on a wide range of subjec...

The principal cause of collisions at sea is "improper lookout." "Visibility Level" (hereinafter VL) is introduced in this study to express the level of visual perception. In order to clarify the cause of visual perceptional difficulties, relation between VL and the distance to the target ship and between VL and visual perception are examined under...

It is very important to make foresight of the incidental and dangerous situation for preventing human errors. It is pointed out that almost causes of marine disasters are human errors. Authors propose the foresight training for preventing human errors by using the sample sheets including dangerous situations of vehicle transportation. In the indust...

This study shows the physical characteristics of the visual environment and the psychological characteristics of the navigation officers. Author has carried out two kinds of experiments on board. One is the measurement of the illuminance at the fore of the inside in the navigation bridge, another one is the measurement of navigation officer's eye m...

This study considers the field factor at sea with using the first recognition distance (unit : nautical mile) based on the investigation of the case with ship's collision and the visibility level while examining a psychological factor necessary for the lookout. Field factor at sea presumed from the distance of first recognition in case of ships' co...