Maryam Tohidi

• Doctor of Medicine
• Academic Member at Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences

Background The relationship between serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been thoroughly investigated. Purpose This study examined the association of ALP with incident MetS and its components as well as the effect modification of sex in this relationship among Iranian adults. Methods The...

Background and Aims Considering recent revisions in the nomenclature for fatty liver disease, alongside limited data on sex‐specific differences in its cardiovascular/mortality outcomes, this study aims to investigate the prevalence and impact of metabolic‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in men a...

Background The Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) is a novel biomarker of systemic inflammation. We explored the association between the SII and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in middle-aged and older adults. Methods We included 2755 participants (1305 men) aged 45–84 years from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)...

Objectives Dietary supplementation with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), including leucine, isoleucine, and valine, has shown potential benefits for the metabolic profile. However, emerging population-based studies suggest that BCAAs may mediate pathways related to cardiometabolic risk factors, possibly due to their involvement in the dysregulat...

Aims To assess the risk of difference between 2 h post‐load plasma glucose (2 h‐PG) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) on incident prediabetes/type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among normoglycemic individuals. Methods Among 4,971 individuals aged ≥20 years, the associations of the difference between 2 h‐PG and FPG with outcomes were examined using multivariabl...

Background The association between baseline triglyceride glucose index (TyG index) and incident non-communicable diseases, mainly in Asian populations, has been reported. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the association between index-year, average, and visit-to-visit variability (VVV) of the TyG index with incident type 2 diabetes mellitu...

Background There are emerging controversies regarding the priority of T4 + T3 combination therapy over standard care with LT4 monotherapy in the management of hypothyroid subjects. Combination therapy with a slow-release form of liothyronine (SRT3) and levothyroxine may restore T3 concentrations and provide better outcomes, especially in individual...

Aims To evaluate the association between ideal cardiovascular health metrics (ICVHM) and incident low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) among the Iranian population. Methods The study population included 6927 Iranian adults aged 20–65 years (2942 male) without prevalent low eGFR [i.e., eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m²] and free of cardiovascular...

Purpose In Graves’ disease, administration of low-dose methimazole for more than 60 months induces higher remission rates compared with the conventional duration of 12–18 months. However, the risk of recurrence and its predictors beyond 48 months of drug withdrawal are not known. The aims of this study were to determine the risk of recurrence durin...

Background: The contribution of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) subclasses to incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a subject of debate. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate these associations in a population with a high prevalence of dyslipidemia and CVD. Methods: In a nes...

Background Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the association between low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions and cardiovascular disorders. Methods To ensure the rigor of the systematic review, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guid...

Aims/Introduction The aim was to examine the joint effect of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance (IR) with ideal cardiovascular health (iCVH) status on incident cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Materials and Methods The study included 6,240 Iranian adults ≥30 years, free of prior cardiovascular disease. Ideal cardiovascular health was...

Background Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor that originates from parafollicular C-cells. Calcitonin (Ctn) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are useful biomarkers for monitoring MTC cases. Case presentation Here, we describe a 48-year-old woman, who presented in 2014 with bilateral thyroid nodules. Report of fine needle...

Background Understanding pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of the sustained-release liothyronine (SR-T3) is of paramount importance to design therapeutic regimens that are able to simulate normal thyroid hormone secretion while avoiding excursions in the T3 serum concentration. Here, we designed a parallel randomized clinical trial to...

Background Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme whose activity became the principal biomarker for liver disease. In the current study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of abnormal ALT, as a surrogate of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its associated determinants using different criteria among Tehranian subjects between 2018...

Background: Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the association between Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions and cardiovascular disorders. Methods: For to ensure the rigor of the systematic review, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)...

Background The aim of this study was to examine the gender differences in the association between status changes of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, using Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria, with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among an urban population. Methods The study included 4,463 Iranian adult participants (2,54...

The Tehran cardiometabolic genetic study (TCGS) is a large population-based cohort study that conducts periodic follow-ups. TCGS has created a comprehensive database comprising 20,367 participants born between 1911 and 2015 selected from four main ongoing studies in a family-based longitudinal framework. The study's primary goal is to identify the...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is considered one of the most common disorders worldwide. Although several treatment modalities have been developed, the existing interventions have not yielded the desired results. Therefore, researchers have focused on finding treatment choices with low toxicity and few adverse effects that could control T2DM effic...

There are inconsistent findings concerning the impact of air pollution on different lipid measures and there is a lack of data for the highly polluted Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. To assess the association between short-term exposure to five major air pollutants including PM10, NO2, SO2, O3, and CO, and lipid profiles as well as long...

Background To investigate the association between the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Beta-cell function (HOMA-B) with the incidence of diabetes and pre-diabetes subtypes. Methods A total of 3101 normoglycemic people aged 20–70 years were included in the 6-year follow-up study. Multi...

Background: To determine the association between triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) for identifying subjects at risk of incident prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: In 5064 subjects (men = 2247) aged ≥ 20 years, using Cox proportional hazards regression analyses, the associations of TG/HDL...

Objective To investigate the association between the dynamic course of insulin resistance and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods In a longitudinal population-based Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, 3071 eligible participants aged ≥20 years were followed for 18 years at three-year intervals. HOMA-IR and clinical surrogate markers of insulin resist...

Background Lipid variability (LV) has emerged as a contributor to the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), even after considering the effect of mean lipid levels. However, these associations have not been examined among people in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. We aimed to investigate the association of 6-year mean lipid leve...

Due to the central role in insulin secretion, the potassium inwardly-rectifying channel subfamily J member 11 ( KCNJ11 ) gene is one of the essential genes for type 2 diabetes (T2D) predisposition. However, the relevance of this gene to T2D development is not consistent among diverse populations. In the current study, we aim to capture the possible...

The Tehran Cardiometabolic Genetic Study (TCGS) is a large population-based cohort study with periodic follow-ups, which created a comprehensive database of 20,367 participants born between 1911-2015 selected from 4 different longitudinal, ongoing, and family-based studies. The study aims to identify the potential targets for prevention and interve...

Objective To assess the relationship between glucose intolerance statuses at baseline defined as normal glucose tolerance (NGT), pre-diabetes, newly diagnosed (NDM) and known diabetes mellitus (KDM) and all-cause hospitalization among Iranian men and women during 20 years of follow-up. Research design and methods This study included 8,014 individu...

Introduction To examine the associations between low-density and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C and non-HDL-C, respectively) with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in low-risk subjects. Materials and Methods From a total of 2476 non-diabetic aged 40-70 years, free of CVD with LDL-C range 1.81 ≤LDL-C< 4.91 mmol/L with 10-year a...

Background: To investigate the association between Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Beta-cell function (HOMA-B) with the incidence of diabetes and pre-diabetes subtypes. Methods: A total of 3101 normoglycemic people aged 20-70 years were included in the 6-year follow-up study. Multinom...

Objective: to investigate the association between different lipid measures and long-term hospitalization-required incident fracture among Iranian men and women. Methods: A total of 3309 individuals aged ≥50 years (men = 1598) were included in the study. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses were performed to assess the risk of incident f...

To examine the associations of different lipid measures and related indices with incident hypertension during a median follow-up of 12.89 years. Fasting levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C, respectively), and related indices (TC/HDL-C and TG/HDL-C) were determined in 73...

Objectives There are controversial studies investigating whether multiple anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) measurements can improve the individualized prediction of age at menopause in the general population. This study aimed to reexplore the additive role of the AMH decline rate in single AMH measurement for improving the prediction of age at physiolo...

Aim To examine whether visit to visit variability of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) is associated with incident cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and all-cause mortality in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods A total of 4756 participants aged ≥30 years entered the study in 2002-2005 and underwent two subsequent examinations in 20...

Objectives To examine the association between educational level and chronic kidney disease (CKD) among the Iranian population. Study design This is a prospective cohort study conducted in the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Methods A total of 8173 Iranians (men = 3659) aged ≥20 years were included in the study. CKD was defined as...

Background Thyroid autoimmunity(TAI) is the most prevalent autoimmune condition in women of fertile age. There are increasing data regarding the association of thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity with adverse pregnancy outcomes but there is no consensus regarding infertility and TPOAb positivity; thus we aimed to evaluate the association b...

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in thyroid function regulation through the inhibition of iodide (I) uptake at the thyroidal sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) and impacts on the thyroid vascularity and blood flow. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the association between serum NO metabolites (NOx) and thyroid-stimulating hormone...

We aimed to assess if changes in thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) over 10 years of follow-up would be associated with changes in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) or risk of obesity. We enrolled 2317 out of 4179 participants in Tehran Thyroid Study with serum TSH between 0.1–10 mU/l and without history of thyroid medicati...

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a rising public health concern that has detrimental effects on cardiovascular health and overall survival. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) has been associated with poor outcomes in the general population. It is thought to be more prevalent in CKD subjects, and their coexistence may contribute to poor ou...

Background: To investigate the population based incidence rate of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its potential risk factors among Iranian diabetic adults during over 14 years of follow-up. Methods: Two different equations (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration [CKD-EPI] and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease [MDRD]) were applied...

Abstract Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and macrosomia are associated with several adverse outcomes including diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, however, the relationship between GDM/macrosomia with incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a matter of debate. The purpose of this study was to examine the association betwe...

Background Although Iran has been considered iodine replete since 2000, the first national survey of iodine intake among Iranian pregnant women in 2014 indicated that despite the adequate intake of iodine by the general population, this vulnerable group has moderate iodine deficiency. Therefore, in this national cross-sectional interventional study...

During the last few decades painstaking efforts have been made to eliminate iodine deficiency throughout the world. Todays in regions where dietary iodine intake is adequate or borderline, the main focus is increasing dietary iodine supply in the target population during pregnancy and the first years of life. Objective: The aim of this study was to...

Background: Studies assessing thyroid hormones in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients are contradictory. Also, the effect of MetS on thyroid function over time is not yet evaluated. This study investigated the prevalence and incidence of thyroid dysfunction (TD) as well as time trends of thyroid hormones in subjects with and without MetS, during a...

To examine the trends of 7 cardiovascular health metrics (CVH metrics) incorporate of smoking, physical activity, diet, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), and blood pressure (BP) level during three cross-sectional STEPwise approaches to surveillance (STEPS), 2007–2016, among Iranian adults. The study popula...

Background Neuroendocrine tumor (NET) with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion are very rare. To our knowledge, no follow-up study is published for ACTH-secreting NET, regardless of the primary site, to show second occurrence of tumor after a long follow-up, following resection of primary tumor. Case presentation Here, we describe a 49-ye...

Background Current evidence regarding the prognostic relevance of urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na-to-K ratio), as an indicator of diet quality is limited. This study was conducted to investigate whether urinary Na-to-K ratio could be related to habitual dietary patterns, in a general population. Methods This study was conducted in the framew...

Introduction: To determine age and sex-specific thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) reference ranges according to body mass index (BMI) categories. Methods: With regards to the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB) criteria, a total of 2818 individuals from the Tehran Thyroid Study population was selected and categorized in three...

Background Primary nasopharyngeal lymphoma (NPL) is a very rare tumor of Waldeyer ring (WR) lymphoid tissue. It is challenging to differentiate lymphoma infiltration of pituitary from a pituitary adenoma, meningioma infiltration, and other sellar lesions to plan a suitable treatment strategy. We presented for the first time a unique case of NPL wit...

Background: Dysfunction of the thyroid gland has profound effects on the cardiovascular system. Objective: We aimed to explore the relation of serum thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab), as a marker of thyroid autoimmunity with incident hypertension among a euthyroid population. Methods: A total of 3681 participants (1647 men) entered the study....

Introduction: Despite the evidence available on the adverse impact of gestational diabetes (GDM) and thyroid disorders on developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM), the concurrent influence of these disorders on the incidence of T2DM has not been reported yet. Methods: In this prospective study, 1894 non-diabetic women aged 20 to 60 years, with a histor...

Abstract Background To investigate whether the Triglyceride-Glucose index (TyG-index) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD)/coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods A total of 7521 Iranians aged ≥ 30 years (male = 3367) were included in the study. Multivariate Cox regression analyses (adjusted for age, gender, waist circum...

Background and objective A limited number of studies have evaluated the effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) on the quality of life (QOL) of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. This study aimed to compare the effects of using OCs containing levonorgestrel (LNG) and those containing desogestrel (DSG), cyproterone acetate (CPA) or drospirenone...

Introduction: Melatonin is available as a dietary supplement and is frequently used for sleep disorders. Decrease in cholesterol absorption, increase in LDL oxidation, and decrease in free fatty acids have been associated with melatonin use. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin on changes in the lipid profile of patients wit...

Introduction: Despite the evidence available on the adverse effects of gestational diabetes (GDM) and thyroid disorders on developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM), the concurrent effect of these disorders on the incidence of T2DM has not been reported yet. Methods: At the initiation of the Tehran Thyroid Study (TTS) non-diabetic women aged 20 to 60 years...

Introduction: Despite the evidence available on the adverse impact of gestational diabetes (GDM) and thyroid disorders on developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM), the concurrent influence of these disorders on the incidence of T2DM has not been reported yet. Methods: In this prospective study, 1894 non-diabetic women aged 20 to 60 years, with a history o...

Introduction: Despite the evidence available on the adverse impact of gestational diabetes (GDM) and thyroid disorders on developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM), the concurrent influence of these disorders on the incidence of T2DM has not been reported yet. Methods: In this prospective study, 1894 non-diabetic women aged 20 to 60 years, with a history o...

Background and objective A limited number of studies have evaluated the effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) on the quality of life (QOL) of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. This study aimed to compare the effects of using OCs containing levonorgestrel (LNG) and those containing desogestrel (DSG), cyproterone acetate (CPA) or drospirenone...

Background and objective A limited number of studies have evaluated the effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) on the quality of life (QOL) of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. This study aimed to compare the effects of using OCs containing levonorgestrel (LNG) and those containing desogestrel (DSG), cyproterone acetate (CPA) or drospirenone...

Purpose: The association between obesity and autoimmune diseases has been suggested by several previous studies. The objective of our study was to assess the association of abdominal obesity phenotypes with thyroid autoimmunity. Materials and methods: This study was conducted within the framework of a population-based cohort study, Tehran Thyroid S...

Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones, and its deficiency during pregnancy may be associated with poor obstetric outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between maternal iodine statuses with pregnancy outcomes among pregnant Iranian women, considering their baseline thyrotropin (TSH) status. We used...

Introduction: Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most common autoimmune disorder. Evidence regarding high prevalence and incidence of thyroid autoimmunity in women, and specially women of reproductive age, is still inconclusive and previous studies have suggested genetic, environmental, and existential factors to play a role in it s pathogen...

Context Several statistical models were introduced for prediction of age at menopause using a single measurement of Anti Mullerian Hormone (AMH), however individual prediction is challenging and need to be improved. Objective Whether multiple AMH measurements can improve the prediction of age at menopause. Design All eligible reproductive aged wo...

Objectives: To investigate the incidence rates for different malignancies and assess the risk factors for all-cancer incidence in Tehran. Study design: Cohort study. Methods: This study consists of 8599 participants aged ≥ 30 years who were free of cancer (3935 men). Cancer diagnosis was based on pathology reports. Sex-stratified crude inciden...

Study question: Do oral contraceptives (OCs) containing progestins with low androgenic or antiandrogenic activities have different effects to those containing levonorgestrel (LNG) on clinical, androgenic and metabolic manifestations of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)? Summary answer: The three OCs tested had similar effects on clinical findin...

Background: Smoking can cause thyroid disorders; the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between smoking status and changes in thyroid hormone levels among adult males during a decade long follow-up of in the Tehran Thyroid Study (TTS). Methods: Data of 895 adult males (smokers=115, non-smokers=691, ex-smokers=89) partici...

Background: Thyroid disorders such as subclinical hypothyroidism and isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia are understudied in pregnant women, despite their possible adverse effects on the health of mother and child. Also, the role of iodine deficiency in developing such disorders has not yet been fully understood. Methods: The present national popul...

Background: To examine the association between changes in fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and insulin-glucose ratio (IGR) levels, over approximately 3 years with incident hypertension. Methods: A total of 2814 Iranian participants (1123 men) without hypertension and known diabetes at baseline and the f...

Objectives: We aimed to compare the markers of thyroid hormone status in treated euthyroid Graves' patients and levothyroxine (LT4)-treated hypothyroid Graves' patients. Methods: We collected the data of 277 patients, including 140 radioiodine-treated hypothyroid Graves' patients on LT4 treatment (group 1), 83 euthyroid Graves' patients on methi...

Melatonin is widely available as over the counter product. Despite promising effects of melatonin supplementation on glycemic control, there is a significant heterogeneity between studies. The current study aimed at determining the effect of melatonin on fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin resistance/sensitivity indices, glycosylated hemoglobin A1...

Background: Obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may face additional barriers in achieving weight loss. We aimed to compare the effects of the hypocaloric low glycemic index (LGI) diet on anthropometric variables and insulin resistance in women with and without PCOS and investigate the effect of this diet on the clinical and hormonal...

Objectives This study investigated the association between habitual consumption of allium vegetables (raw garlic and onion) and the incidence of insulin resistance (IR), β-cell dysfunction and hyperinsulinemia. Methods Adult men and women, participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006–2008 to 2009–2011), were recruited. Habitual dietary...

Abstract Background Reduction of the body iron stores can improve hyperandrogenemia and insulin resistance. This study aimed to compare clinical and para-clinical responses to the treatment of phlebotomy using oral contraceptive pills (OCs) containing cyproterone acetate in women with PCOS. Methods In this randomized clinical trial, 64 patients wit...

Background Urinary sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are related to dietary intakes of Na and K, and well-known risk factors of hypertension and cardiovascular events. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between urinary Na/K ratio and different dietary patterns. Methods we recruited 1864 adult men and women (aged 18-93 years), participated in...

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Background: Studies differ regarding whether, compared with courses of conventional duration, longer-term antithyroid drug treatment increases frequency of remission in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism. We prospectively conducted a randomized, parallel-group study comparing relapse rates in patients receiving longer-term versus conventional-le...

Various cut-offs have been proposed for thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) positivity. Considering that the long-term trend of TPOAb levels and its positivity incidence is not clearly understood, we conducted the current study to determine the longitudinal variations of TPOAb in a population-based cohort study. We followed 5783 individuals of Te...

Context While the role of overt hypothyroidism in lipid disorders is clear, the association between dyslipidemia and subclinical thyroid diseases remains unclarified. Objective To examine lipid trends based on thyroid function over a 10-year period. Design This is a prospective population based cohort study. Setting General community. Participa...

Background: Ovarian reserve, vital for reproductive function, can be adversely affected by thyroid diseases. Despite alternations of thyroid hormones with ageing, data on interactions between the overtime trend of thyroid functions and ovarian reserve status has rarely been reported. We aimed to examine the overtime trend of thyroid hormones, thyr...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in reproductive-age women. Significant associations between PCOS and benign breast diseases (BBD) and a possibly potential association between PCOS and breast cancer have been reported. The etiology of these events of mammary glands in PCOS remains unclear. Animal models...

Purpose Anemia is common in patients with type 2 diabetes. This aims at determining long-term effects of nitrate administration on diabetes-induced anemia in obese type 2 diabetic rats. Methods Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: Control, control + nitrate, diabetes, and diabetes + nitrate. Type 2 diabetes was induced using high-fat diet...

Background The association between low testosterone concentration and increased risk of hyperglycemia in men has been demonstrated in observational and interventional studies. However, considering a variety of confounding factors, limited population‐based studies have so far been conducted. Also, no information is available regarding the effect of...

Evidence on the association of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) with cardiovascular risk factors in the young is limited. We therefore assessed the relationships of circulating vitamin D and PTH concentrations and subclinical atherosclerosis in overweight or obese children and adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study, investigated the a...

Background To investigate the association between markers of insulin metabolism and carotid intima-media thickness(cIMT) among overweight and obese children and adolescents. Methods A total of 378 children and adolescents aged from 6 to 13 years, with WHO body mass index Z-Scores ≥2 were enrolled in this study. We measured fasting serum insulin an...

PurposeThe most commonly used method for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) is Friedewald formula (FF). This study aims to extract and validate new modified Friedewald formulae for estimating LDLC according to triglyceride (TG) levels in Iranians. Methods Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), LDLC,...

Context: Hypertension (HTN) is a well-known modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease and mortality. Positive effects of blood pressure (BP) lowering for prevention of CVD and death have been documented in several meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Evidence acquisition: This review focuses on the...