Markus Lienkamp

Markus Lienkamp
Technische Universität München | TUM · Institute of Automotive Technology

Prof. Dr.

About

687
Publications
499,394
Reads
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6,465
Citations
Introduction
Electromobility - Vehicle Concepts: MUTE, Visio.M, aCar, Truck2030 - Driver Assistance and Autonomous Driving: Imagine, Teleoperation, Roborace - Smart Mobility - Vehicle Dynamics
Additional affiliations
November 2009 - present
Technische Universität München
Position
  • Professor (Full)
April 1995 - October 2009
Volkswagen AG
Position
  • Manager
April 1992 - March 1995
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Position
  • PhD Student
Education
August 1990 - August 1991
Cornell University
Field of study
  • Mechanical Engineering
October 1987 - April 1992
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Field of study
  • Mechanical Engineering

Publications

Publications (687)
Article
Full-text available
The launch of both battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and autonomous vehicles (AVs) on the global market has triggered ongoing radical changes in the automotive sector. On the one hand, the new characteristics of the BEV powertrain compared to the combustion type have resulted in new central parameters, such as vehicle range, which then become an imp...
Book
Full-text available
Das Elektroauto wird sich durchsetzen, ob technisch und ökonomisch überlegen oder politisch gewollt. So wie wir es aktuell umsetzen, wird es aber weder die Verkehrsprobleme lösen noch die Umwelt retten. Ein Plädoyer für mehr Sachlichkeit, Nachhaltigkeit und innovative Ansätze.
Article
Electrification is a crucial driver of rural development in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), yet progress is often impeded by low demand density, particularly for grid extension. Despite the promising potential of stand-alone and mini-grid systems, rural areas frequently lag behind due to their low economic viability in electrification. Simultaneously, th...
Article
Full-text available
In this paper, we assess the state of the art in pedestrian trajectory prediction within the context of generating single trajectories, a critical aspect aligning with the requirements in autonomous systems. The evaluation is conducted on the widely-used ETH/UCY dataset where the Average Displacement Error (ADE) and the Final Displacement Error (FD...
Article
Full-text available
For the battery industry, quick determination of the ageing behaviour of lithium‐ion batteries is important both for the evaluation of existing designs as well as for R&D on future technologies. However, the target battery lifetime is 8–10 years, which implies low ageing rates that lead to an unacceptably long ageing test duration under real operat...
Article
Full-text available
Considering the growing need for extensive energy storage solutions in smart grid technologies and affordable options for entry-level electric vehicles, sodium-ion batteries offer a promising alternative. They use raw materials that are cheaper, less toxic, and more abundant than those used in lithium-ion batteries, making them especially suitable...
Preprint
Full-text available
This paper explores pedestrian trajectory prediction in urban traffic while focusing on both model accuracy and real-world applicability. While promising approaches exist, they are often not publicly available, revolve around pedestrian datasets excluding traffic-related information, or resemble architectures that are either not real-time capable o...
Article
Full-text available
We present a simulation tool that utilizes advanced modeling techniques to quantify the customer-relevant features of different battery electric vehicles (BEV) concepts. By incorporating comprehensive longitudinal and lateral dynamics analyses, the tool provides an in-depth understanding of passenger vehicle concepts in various driving conditions....
Article
Fast-charging within 15 min is increasingly demanded in electric vehicles to reduce downtime and increase customer acceptance. To ensure this, battery models depicting internal states can be used to safely operate along the batteries’ physical boundaries. This, however, poses an increasing risk of model error as the battery degrades over its lifeti...
Article
Full-text available
To establish battery electric vehicles as an attractive alternative to internal combustion vehicles, charging times of 15 min or less are increasingly demanded. This is especially challenging for lower battery temperatures, as this exacerbates the risk of accelerated battery degradation due to lithium plating. Therefore, active battery heating is u...
Article
Aging of lithium-ion battery cells reduces a battery electric vehicle’s achievable range, power capabilities and resale value. Therefore, suitable characterization methods for monitoring the battery pack’s state of health are of high interest to academia and industry and are subject to current research. On cell level under laboratory conditions,...
Article
Full-text available
Mobility in metropolitan regions is changing. The distribution of space in cities, the design of transport modes, and the organization of mobility are being re-thought. However, no matter the changes and innovations on the way to a more sustainable future, essential constants must be upheld: In the event of minor, regionally limited emergencies, me...
Preprint
Full-text available
Autonomous trucking is a promising technology that can greatly impact modern logistics and the environment. Ensuring its safety on public roads is one of the main duties that requires an accurate perception of the environment. To achieve this, machine learning methods rely on large datasets, but to this day, no such datasets are available for auton...
Article
Full-text available
Incoming inspections of battery cells prior to module assembly help to ensure the quality of the battery system and prevent the installation of anomalous cells. Depending on the area of application, identifying deviations in the electrical behavior of the battery cells under test can be essential for downstream assembly processes like cell matching...
Article
Full-text available
This paper proposes a one-to-one trajectory synthetization method with stable long-term individual mobility behavior based on a generalizable area embedding. Previous methods concentrate on producing highly detailed data on short-term and restricted areas for, e.g., autonomous driving scenarios. Another possibility consists of city-wide and beyond...
Article
Full-text available
Data on state-of-the-art battery electric vehicles are crucial to academia; however, these data are not published due to non-disclosure policies in the industry. As a result, simulation models and their analyses are based on assumptions or insider information. To fill this information gap, we present a comprehensive analysis of the electric powertr...
Preprint
Full-text available
The proposed method deals with the problem of data privacy and sharing when processing personal mobility tracking data. Previous methods concentrate on producing highly detailed data on short-term and restricted areas, e.g. for autonomous driving scenarios. Another possibility consists of city-wide scales and beyond, that are used to predict genera...
Poster
Full-text available
A partial-virtual testing approach for lithium-ion battery aging studies is presented, which reduces test costs by replacing the physical cycling of individual batteries with predictions of a Deep Learning-based battery aging predictor.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Testing and validating the aging behavior of batteries under various operational conditions is crucial to ensure customers' satisfaction but is also very time-consuming and expensive. One solution to this problem is battery aging modeling, which can be used to replace physical tests with cheap predictions. As high demands are placed on the robustne...
Preprint
State-of-the-art LiDAR calibration frameworks mainly use non-probabilistic registration methods such as Iterative Closest Point (ICP) and its variants. These methods suffer from biased results due to their pair-wise registration procedure as well as their sensitivity to initialization and param-eterization. This often leads to misalignments in the...
Poster
Full-text available
Smart and bidirectional charging enable entirely new value streams for mobile storage commodities such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and trucks (BETs) as well as other storage devices. This results in changing requirements to both optimum component sizing and economic dispatch strategies for large grid and small-scale local energy systems to...
Article
Full-text available
Driving experience and anticipatory driving are essential skills for humans to operate vehicles in complex environments. In the context of autonomous vehicles, the software must offer the related features of scenario understanding and motion prediction. The latter feature of motion prediction is extensively researched with several competing large d...
Article
Ultra-fast charging of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) with a charging time of under 15 minutes has been identified as a solution to increase long-range suitability and allow for a higher degree of vehicle utilization. At the same time, it poses a critical edge case for the safe and sustainable management of lithium-ion batteries. Initial vehicle...
Article
Full-text available
Battery electric trucks (BETs) represent a well-suited option for decarbonizing road freight transport to achieve climate targets in the European Union. However, lower ranges than the daily distance of up to 700 km make charging stops mandatory. This paper presents an online algorithm for optimal dynamic charging strategies for long-haul BET based...
Poster
Full-text available
Background Ultra-fast charging in 15 minutes or less is increasingly demanded for electric vehicles to offer a similar experience to internal combustion engine vehicle refueling. To achieve this, several past studies have proposed model-based fast charging to prevent lithium plating by maintaining positive anode potentials. However, only a few of t...
Article
Full-text available
The successful introduction of battery electric trucks heavily depends on public charging infrastructure. But even as the first trucks capable of long-haul transportation are being built, no coherent fast-charging networks are yet available. This paper presents a methodology for assessing fast charging networks for electric trucks in Germany from t...
Article
Full-text available
In spring 2022, the German federal government announced responses to the 2022 cost-of-living crisis. These included among others, a nationwide local public transport ticket for 9 Euro per month. Available only in June, July, and August 2022, it allowed for unlimited travel on all local and regional public transport services in Germany. In transport...
Article
Full-text available
Battery research depends upon up-to-date information on the cell characteristics found in current electric vehicles, which is exacerbated by the deployment of novel formats and architectures. This necessitates open access to cell characterization data. Therefore, this study examines the architecture and performance of first-generation Tesla 4680 ce...
Article
Full-text available
With growing demands to save greenhouse gases, the rapid market introduction of BET will become increasingly important, with truck manufacturers announcing various models entering the market in the near future. Soon, truck operators will be faced with deciding which battery capacity and cell chemistry to choose in their next purchase. In this study...
Article
Full-text available
Perception algorithms for autonomous vehicles demand large, labeled datasets. Real-world data acquisition and annotation costs are high, making synthetic data from simulation a cost-effective option. However, training on one source domain and testing on a target domain can cause a domain shift attributed to local structure differences, resulting in...
Data
This data set contains measurement data and supplementary material to the linked article, with cell teardown images, SEM/EDX recordings, test procedures and raw measurement data included. For cell specifications and detailed information, please refer to the linked article. This dataset relates to the publication: https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Future mobility will be electrified, connected and automated. This opens completely new possibilities for mobility concepts that have the chance to improve not only the quality of life but also road safety for everyone. To achieve this, a transformation of the transportation system as we know it today is necessary. The UNICARagil project, which ran...
Article
Automotive battery packs for electromobility applications consist of a large number of interconnected battery cells. Different cell-to-busbar joining techniques are utilized, with cylindrical cells frequently being contacted using wire bonding. Failure of individual connections can occur due to strong vibrations during operation and improper stress...
Book
Full-text available
The electric car will prevail, whether technically and economically superior or politically desired. But how we are currently implementing it will neither solve traffic problems nor save the environment—a plea for more objectivity, sustainability, and innovative approaches.
Preprint
Full-text available
In this paper, the state of the art in the field of pedestrian trajectory prediction is evaluated alongside the constant velocity model (CVM) with respect to its applicability in autonomous vehicles. The evaluation is conducted on the widely-used ETH/UCY dataset where the Average Displacement Error (ADE) and the Final Displacement Error (FDE) are r...
Article
Full-text available
Given the increasing use of lithium-ion batteries, which is driven in particular by electro-mobility, the characterization of cells in production and application plays a decisive role in quality assurance. The detection of defects particularly motivates the optimization and development of innovative characterization methods, with simultaneous testi...
Article
Full-text available
Vehicle-based services such as mobile health clinics can increase spatial accessibility in rural areas. In contrast to stationary infrastructure, vehicle-based services are flexible and can be less capital-intensive to initiate service supply. In particular, rural communities across sub-Saharan Africa experience insufficient access to essential pub...
Article
Full-text available
Reliable detection and tracking of surrounding objects are indispensable for comprehensive motion prediction and planning of autonomous vehicles. Due to the limitations of individual sensors, the fusion of multiple sensor modalities is required to improve the overall detection capabilities. Additionally, robust motion tracking is essential for redu...
Poster
Full-text available
While fast-charging promises to increase the user-acceptance of electric vehicles, it remains a challenging objective due to the additional stress leading to accelerated battery degradation. To aid in the development of advanced fast-charge operation strategies, it is vital to understand the effect of increased charging rates on battery aging. This...
Poster
Full-text available
A framework for AI-supervised laboratory testing of lithium-ion batteries is proposed, aiming to detect abnormal behavior during testing to reduce the negative impact of undesired effects (e.g.; hardware issues, software bugs,...) on the test results.
Article
Full-text available
Autonomous vehicles for the last mile are a promising use case for advancing autonomous driving in real-world traffic. For this purpose, traditional car manufacturers and newcomer companies develop a new vehicle concept: the autonomous shuttle. During the development, components from the automation domain, such as the sensors, must be placed and in...
Preprint
Full-text available
In spring 2022, the German federal government agreed on a set of policy measures that aimed at reducing households' financial burden resulting from a recent price increase, especially in energy and mobility. These included among others, a nationwide public transport ticket for 9~Euro per month for three months in June, July, and August 2022. In tra...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Abstract (english): Autonomous shuttle vehicles offer a promising avenue for deploying fully autonomous vehicles on the road and integrating them into real-world traffic. Since traditional vehicle manufacturers have hardly offered this vehicle concept to date, the market is being shaped by many new companies with specially developed vehicle concept...
Article
Since every production process exhibits slight variances, lithium-ion cells are usually tested for their function and quality by the manufacturer during end-of-line testing, whereby specific tolerance limits are generally not communicated to end users. In addition, commercial cells are usually sold through various distribution channels and intermed...
Data
This data set contains measurement data from 250 cylindrical 18650 cells from the same manufacturer and model, obtained via two distribution channels and quality grading categories. For cell specifications, please refer to the linked article. All measurements are provided as .mat files and .txt files.
Article
The new Megawatt Charging System (MCS) standard will enable battery electric trucks (BETs) to recharge a large share of their battery during mandatory rest periods in the EU. We investigated the impact of this new standard on the required battery size and the cell properties required to reach functional parity with a diesel truck (DT) for various o...
Preprint
Full-text available
A reliable perception has to be robust against challenging environmental conditions. Therefore, recent efforts focused on the use of radar sensors in addition to camera and lidar sensors for perception applications. However, the sparsity of radar point clouds and the poor data availability remain challenging for current perception methods. To addre...
Article
The observed shift to a fully electrified transport sector with steadily increasing sales of battery electric vehicles has led to their wider use under demanding operation conditions, e.g., more frequent fast charging due to a higher degree of utilization with an increased share of operation under low ambient temperatures. These critical edge cases...
Article
LiDAR object detection algorithms based on neural networks for autonomous driving require large amounts of data for training, validation, and testing. As real-world data collection and labeling are time-consuming and expensive, simulation-based synthetic data generation is a viable alternative. However, using simulated data for the training of neur...
Preprint
Full-text available
LiDAR object detection algorithms based on neural networks for autonomous driving require large amounts of data for training, validation, and testing. As real-world data collection and labeling are time-consuming and expensive, simulation-based synthetic data generation is a viable alternative. However, using simulated data for the training of neur...
Article
In this study, we analyze data collected during the aging of 196 commercial lithium-ion cells with a silicon-doped graphite anode and nickel-rich NCA cathode. The cells are aged over a large range of calendar and cycle aging conditions. For different cells, these conditions are constant, alternating or randomly changing. The total test time and rea...
Data
This data set contains measurement data from single-cell and multi-cell characterizations of coin cells to which potential production defects have been induced. All measurements are provided as .mat files.
Article
Full-text available
Determining quantitative sustainable development metrics can be difficult and requires a high effort in manual data acquisition on an institutional level, like the Word Bank or the United Nations, without adequately reflecting reality. To overcome the lack of a transparent and scalable method, which links local actions to global sustainability metr...
Article
Full-text available
With the rise of artificial intelligence and automation, moral decisions that were formerly the preserve of humans are being put into the hands of algorithms. In autonomous driving, a variety of such decisions with ethical implications are made by algorithms for behaviour and trajectory planning. Therefore, here we present an ethical trajectory pla...
Poster
Full-text available
It is crucial for cell manufacturers to supply high quality lithium-ion cells for battery electric vehicle performance requirements at low scrap rates for both capital and competitive reasons. Consequently, the cells are subjected to various tests as part of the end-of-line testing in cell finalization, where several cells can be evaluated at once...
Article
For decades, motorsport has been an incubator for innovations in the automotive sector and brought forth systems, like, disk brakes or rearview mirrors. Autonomous racing series such as Roborace, F1Tenth, or the Indy Autonomous Challenge (IAC) are envisioned as playing a similar role within the autonomous vehicle sector, serving as a proving ground...
Article
Full-text available
Future vehicles are connected, autonomous and shared platforms that render a multitude of services in our everyday lives. The vehicle's driving function will ultimately converge to a commodity sourced by superstructure manufactures that develop service-oriented functionality. For the early stage vehicle concept design, this new functionality impose...
Article
Full-text available
Autonomous vehicles are being developed to make road traffic safer in the future. The time when autonomous vehicles are actually safe enough to be used in real traffic is a current subject of discussion between industry, science, and society. In our work, we propose a new approach to the risk assessment of autonomous vehicles based on risk-benefit...
Article
Full-text available
Reliably predicting the motion of contestant vehicles surrounding an autonomous racecar is crucial for effective and performant ego-motion planning. Although highly expressive, deep neural networks are black-box models, making their usage challenging in this safety-critical applications of autonomous racing. On the other hand, physics-based models...