Markel Vigo

The University of Manchester · Department of Computer Science

We propose a set of algorithms to detect navigation problems in real-time. To do so, we operationalise some navigation strategies suggested by the literature and investigate the extent to which the exhibition of these strategies is an indicator of navigation problems. Our Firefox extension senses behaviour indicative of a user experiencing interact...

Understanding the interplay between the user experience (UX) and Web accessibility is key to design Web sites that, beyond access, could provide a better UX for people with disabilities. In this paper we examine the relationship between UX attributes and Web accessibility. We measured accessibility in two ways: the perceived accessibility as report...

Evidence suggests that compliance with accessibility standards does not always guarantee a satisfying user experience on the Web. The literature indicates that addressing the expectations users have about online content and functionalities is crucial to bridge this gap. We examine the role played by subjectiveness, experience and, particularly, exp...

Many citizen science projects ask people to create an account before they participate – some require it. What effect does the registration process have on the number and quality of contri-butions? We present a controlled study comparing the effects of mandatory registration with an interface that enables people to participate without registering, b...

Remotely stored user interaction logs, which give access to a wealth of data generated by large numbers of users, have been long used to understand if interactive systems meet the expectations of designers. Unfortunately, detailed insight into users' interaction behaviour still requires a high degree of expertise and domain specific knowledge. We p...

Test smells are patterns in test code that may indicate poor code quality. Some recent studies have cast doubt on the accuracy and usefulness of the test smells proposed and studied by the research community. In this study, we aimed to determine whether developers view these test smells as sources of technical debt worth spending effort to remove....

This paper presents a prototypical accessibility tool and associated framework. Our tool supports a framework of six metrics: coverage, representativeness, complexity, popularity, freshness and accessibility, designed to optimise the web accessibility evaluation process through representative pages. We divided our tool into three stages: an initial...

Web accessibility evaluation is a costly and complex process due to limited time, resources and ambiguity. To optimise the accessibility evaluation process, we aim to reduce the number of pages auditors must review by employing statistically representative pages, reducing a site of thousands of pages to a manageable review of archetypal pages. Our...

The recent evolution in Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods, in particular in the field of argumentation mining, has the potential to transform the way we interact with text, supporting the interpretation and analysis of complex discourse and debates. Can a graphic visualisation of complex argumentation enable a more critical interpretation o...

Finding desired information can still be a complex task, which is particularly challenging on specialist search engines. We propose a methodology to model search behavior evolution to better understand the familiarization process. As a case study, we analyzed features derived from search queries as well as user interface interactions of 239 users f...

This paper contributes with a pragmatic evaluation framework for explainable Machine Learning (ML) models for clinical decision support. The study revealed a more nuanced role for ML explanation models, when these are pragmatically embedded in the clinical context. Despite the general positive attitude of healthcare professionals (HCPs) towards exp...

Interactive information dashboards can help both specialists and the general public understand complex datasets; but interacting with these dashboards often presents users with challenges such as understanding and verifying the presented information. To overcome these challenges, developers first need to acquire a thorough understanding of user per...

Physical activity reconstruction is a process whereby self-trackers reflect on their physical activities and goals in an episodic fashion by recalling a series of past experiences and events. Tracking tools often include spatio-temporal cues (i.e. maps and timelines) to provide further context to these physical activity patterns, yet little is know...

This paper contributes with a pragmatic evaluation framework for explainable Machine Learning (ML) models for clinical decision support. The study revealed a more nuanced role for ML explanation models, when these are pragmatically embedded in the clinical context. Despite the general positive attitude of healthcare professionals (HCPs) towards exp...

Electrocardiograms (ECGs), which capture the electrical activity of the human heart, are widely used in clinical practice, and notoriously difficult to interpret. Whilst there have been attempts to automate their interpretation for several decades, human reading of the data presented visually remains the ‘gold standard’. We demonstrate how a visual...

In this paper, we present an overview of the MOVING platform, a user-driven approach that enables young researchers, decision makers, and public administrators to use machine learning and data mining tools to search, organize, and manage large-scale information sources on the web such as scientific publications, videos of research talks, and social...

Torsade de points (TdP), a life-threatening arrhythmia that can increase the risk of sudden cardiac death, is associated with drug-induced QT-interval prolongation on the electrocardiogram (ECG). While many modern ECG machines provide automated measurements of the QT-interval, these automated QT values are usually correct only for a noise-free norm...

We explore whether interactive navigational behaviours can be used as a reliable and effective source to measure the progress, achievement, and engagement of a learning process. To do this, we propose a data-driven methodology involving sequential pattern mining and thematic analysis of the low-level navigational interactions. We applied the method...

Many self-trackers lose interest in, disengage from and ultimately withdraw from tracking. Reasons for this include poor motivation, unmet expectations and difficulty in attaining daily goals. To support users in reflecting on their goals more realistically, we developed FitReflect, an app that moderates physical activity goals by factoring in user...

Drug-induced long QT syndrome (diLQTS), characterized by a prolongation of the QT-interval on the electrocardiogram (ECG), is a serious adverse drug reaction that can cause the life-threatening arrhythmia Torsade de Points (TdP). Self-monitoring for diLQTS could therefore save lives, but detecting it on the ECG is difficult, particularly at high an...

Software medikoan, beste esparru askotan bezala, erabilgarritasuna erronka handia da, batetik, datuak ugariak eta konplexuak direlako eta bestetik, erabilera-testuingurua kritikoa delako. Jakina da klinikoek informazio kopuru egokia eskatzen dutela beren zereginak aurrera eramateko eta zentzu horretan, erabiltzaile-interfaze moldagarriak informazio...

Self-trackers reflect on their personal data to understand their behaviour and plan accordingly. Often, this reflection involves uncertainty, which can affect decision-making. To better understand the role of uncertainty, we conducted an interview study to comprehend how uncertainty influences reflection and the resulting actions. Our findings sugg...

Drug-induced long QT syndrome (diLQTS), characterized by a prolongation of the QT-interval on the electrocardiogram (ECG), is a serious adverse drug reaction that can cause the life-threatening arrhythmia Torsade de Points (TdP). Self-monitoring for diLQTS could therefore save lives, but detecting it on the ECG is difficult, particularly at high an...

Background/Aims This article aims to improve the understanding of the applied cognitive processes when interpreting electrocardiograms in clinical practice. It will do this by examining the self-reported approach practitioners take to interpret any barriers they encounter. Methods This was a qualitative study in which medical practitioners, who rou...

Searching on the web is a key activity for working and learning purposes. In this work, we aimed to motivate users to reflect on their search behaviour, and to experiment with different search functionalities. We implemented a widget that logs user interactions within a search platform, mirrors back search behaviours to users, and prompts users to...

Arousal detection has been used as a proxy to sense frustration, cognitive load, anxiety and stress, which are relevant to user experience. The mechanisms provide limited potential for widespread use beyond the lab. We used eye-tracking to capture pupillary response and gaze behaviour during user interaction. Pupillary response is used to sense cha...

We examine the impact of the presentation of a patient’s clinical history on subsequent visual appraisal and interpretation accuracy of electrocardiograms (ECGs). Healthcare-practitioners (N = 31) skilled in 12-lead ECG interpretation took part in a repeated-measures experiment with counterbalancing viewing 9 ECGs on a computer screen in two separa...

Objective: To characterise the use of an electronic medication safety dashboard by exploring and contrasting interactions from primary users (i.e. pharmacists) who were leading the intervention and secondary users (i.e. non-pharmacist staff) who used the dashboard to engage in safe prescribing practices. Materials and methods: We conducted a 10-...

People with autism often exhibit different visual behaviours from neurotypical users. To explore how these differences are exhibited on the Web, we model visual behaviour by combining pupillary response, which is an unobtrusive measure of physiological arousal, with eye-tracking scan paths that indicate visual attention. We evaluated our approach w...

This chapter starts by depicting how the topic of web accessibility metrics was in 2011, analyses what has happened since, and discusses the challenges that accessibility metrics face today. More specifically, we review a variety of metrics and a quality framework for metrics based on validity, reliability, sensitivity, adequacy and complexity. We...

When the hypotheses about users’ behaviour on interactive systems are unknown or weak, mining user interaction logs in a data-driven fashion can provide valuable insights. Yet, this process is full of challenges that prevent broader adoption of data-driven methods. We address these pitfalls by assisting user researchers in customising event sets, f...

Software is now a vital scientific instrument, providing the tools for data collection and analysis across disciplines from bioinformatics and computational physics, to the humanities. The software used in research is often home-grown and bespoke: it is constructed for a particular project, and rarely maintained beyond this, leading to rapid decay,...

The electrocardiogram (ECG), consisting of complex signal data representing the heart’s electrical activity, is used for detecting cardiac pathologies. Certain medications can produce a complication known as ‘long QT syndrome’, shown on the ECG as an increased gap between two parts of the waveform. Self-monitoring for this could be lifesaving, as t...

Objective: To quantify a lay person’s ability to detect drug-induced QT-interval prolongation on an ECG and to determine whether the presentation of the trace affects such detection. Materials and methods: Thirty lay participants took part in a psychophysical and eye-tracking experiment. Following training, participants completed 21 experimental t...

There are many mechanisms to sense arousal. Most of them are either intrusive, prone to bias, costly, require skills to set-up or do not provide additional context to the user's measure of arousal. We present arousal detection through the analysis of pupillary response from eye trackers. Using eye-trackers, the user's focal attention can be detecte...

The development of ontology engineering tools has traditionally lacked a user-centred perspective, instead being guided by the need to address particular gaps indicated by anecdotal evidence. This has typically resulted in prototypes that do not obtain traction beyond a narrow scope. Understanding the authoring patterns of ontology engineers is cru...

Poster presenting our latest results about the method we are developing for personalised monitoring of Parkinson's Disease using smartphones and human behaviour.

Measuring emotions objectively in human-computer interaction is complicated because it involves selecting the appropriate detection mechanism, developing the computational technique to analyse it, and evaluating the correctness of the technique. Existing solutions are either manual, multimodal (requiring multiple sensors), have latency in their res...

In the Big Data era, people can access vast amounts of information, but often lack the time, strategies and tools to efficiently extract the necessary knowledge from it. Research and innovation staff needs to effectively obtain an overview of publications, patents, products, funding opportunities, etc., to derive an innovation strategy. The MOVING...

(its size and complexity) and its context of use. This results in user interfaces with a high-density of data that do not support optimal decision-making by clinicians. Anecdotal evidence indicates that clinicians demand the right amount of information to carry out their tasks. This suggests that adaptive user interfaces could be employed in order...

Presentation delivered at ACM CHI 2018. Montreal, Canada. It is based on our paper with the same name (https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173648). Consider Analogue over Digital if UX suggests it is best. We present a paper diary and 5 design implications for Parkinson's Disease self-reporting. We introduce PaperStream, a software tool to create and...

We report the process used to create artefacts for self-reporting Parkinson's Disease symptoms. Our premise was that a technology-based approach would provide participants with an effective, flexible, and resilient technique. After testing four prototypes using Bluetooth, NFC, and a microcontroller we accomplished almost full compliance and high ac...

Background Patient portals are considered valuable conduits for supporting patients’ self-management. However, it is unknown why they often fail to impact on health care processes and outcomes. This may be due to a scarcity of robust studies focusing on the steps that are required to induce improvement: users need to effectively interact with the p...

In this paper, we explore how a number of novel methods for visualizing and analyzing differences in eye-tracking data, including scanpath length, Levenshtein distance, and visual transition frequency, can help to elucidate the methods clinicians use for interpreting 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs). Visualizing the differences between multiple pa...

Does reading a description of an artwork affect how a person subsequently views it? In a controlled study, we show that in most cases, textual description does not influence how people subsequently view paintings, contrary to participants’ self-report that they believed it did. To examine whether the description affected transition behaviour, we de...

Background: Patient portals are considered valuable instruments for self-management of long term conditions, however, there are concerns over how patients might interpret and act on the clinical information they access. We hypothesized that visual cues improve patients' abilities to correctly interpret laboratory test results presented through pat...

Objective: Allergies are increasing, but the reasons for this are unclear. Although environmental factors are thought to be important, there is a lack of data on how they contribute to symptom development. To understand this relationship better, we need accurate data about both symptoms and environmental factors. Our objective here is to ascertain...

Poster presented in ASSETS 2017. Parkinson’s Disease monitoring based on human behaviour inferred from smartphone collected data. Back to Analogue: testing a paper diary to collect self-reported Parkinson’s symptoms. Answers can be transcribed automatically to a computer using the open source program PaperStream. The diary had 99% compliance over 1...

Parkinson's Disease impairs the motor, cognitive and emotional functioning of people. Clinicians do not get an accurate image of the disease because patients visit them every six months and their symptoms can change within hours. Technology has been used to tackle this problem, but most approaches disrupt people's routines or are uncomfortable to u...

Ontologies are complex systems of axioms in which unanticipated consequences of changes are both frequent, and difficult for ontology authors to apprehend. The effects of modelling actions range from unintended inferences to outright defects such as incoherency or even inconsistency. One of the central ontology authoring activities is verifying tha...

2017) Identifying the challenges of code/theory translation: report from the Code/Theory 2017 workshop. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e13236. Abstract The Code/Theory workshop explored the process of translating between theory and code, from the perspective of those who do this work on a day to day basis. This report contains individual contributi...

Objectives Seasonal allergies, hay fever and asthma affect approximately one in four people and the incidence is increasing. Whilst the causes are unknown, hypotheses propose associations with environmental changes, exposure to pollutants and decreased exposure to childhood infections. High resolution datasets on pollen count and pollution are avai...

This chapter presents some state of the arts techniques on understanding authors’ intentions during the knowledge graph construction process. In addition, we provide the reader with an overview of the book, as well as a brief introduction of the history and the concept of Knowledge Graph. We will introduce the notions of explicit author intention a...

Despite the increasing availability of online patient portals that provide access to electronic health records, little is known about their adoption by patients. We systematically reviewed the literature to investigate adoption of patient portals across studies. We searched MEDLINE and Scopus to identify relevant papers. We included 40 studies: 24...

Interpretation of electrocardiograms (ECGs) is a complex task involving visual inspection. This paper aims to improve understanding of how practitioners perceive ECGs, and determine whether visual behaviour can indicate differences in interpretation accuracy. A group of healthcare practitioners (n = 31) who interpret ECGs as part of their clinical...

The consequences of adding or removing axioms are difficult to apprehend for ontology authors using the Web Ontology Language (OWL). Consequences of modelling actions range from unintended inferences to outright defects such as incoherency or even inconsistency. One of the central ontology authoring activities is verifying that a particular modelli...

We present an experiment comparing performance of 20 novice evaluators of accessibility carrying out Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 conformance reviews working individually to performance obtained when they work in teams of two. They were asked to first carry out an individual assessment of a web page. Later on, they were matched randomly...

This paper describes the use of the Levenshtein distance and nearest neighbour index to visualise and analyse differences in eye-tracking scanpaths applied to the field of electrocardiology. Data was obtained from clinicians as they interpreted 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs). The main aim of the work is provide methods of visualising the differe...