Mark Warschauer

University of California, Irvine | UCI · School of Education

E‐books, powered by multimedia and interactive features, are widely used to support young children's language and literacy development. This study examines the relations of e‐book narration and bilingual parent–child talk to children's learning during shared reading. Data from 121 English learners in China and their parents were analyzed using stru...

The rapid proliferation of ChatGPT has incited debates regarding its impact on human writing. Amid concerns about declining writing standards, this study investigates the role of ChatGPT in facilitating writing, especially among language learners. Using a case study approach, this study examines the experiences of Kailing, a doctoral student, who i...

Educational television programs are important learning resources for young children, especially those from underresourced households. These programs’ potential can be amplified if children are given the opportunity to meaningfully interact with media characters during their video watching. In this project, we partnered with PBS KIDS to develop inte...

The study examined how children's self‐regulation skills measured by the strengths and weaknesses of ADHD symptoms and normal behavior rating are associated with story comprehension and how verbal engagement and e‐book discussion prompts moderate this relation. Children aged 3–7 ( N = 111, 50% female, Chinese as first language) read an interactive...

This article provides three major contributions to the literature: we provide granular information on the development of student argumentative writing across secondary school; we replicate the MacArthur et al. model of Natural Language Processing (NLP) writing features that predict quality with a younger group of students; and we are able to examin...

Much computer science education research tailors curricula to specific demographic groups, yet often overlooks students with intersecting backgrounds. This paper explores the implementation of the Coding as Another Language curriculum for predominantly Latine, multilingual, and low-socioeconomic students. To evaluate student performance, we used a...

This symposium brings together researchers and practitioners from four regions in three countries who localized, adapted, implemented, and evaluated a 24-lesson kindergarten curriculum called Coding as Another Language (CAL). CAL uses ScratchJr and unplugged activities, to promote computer science learning and computational thinking development. Gi...

While computer science identity development has been examined in several studies, there is much to learn about the development of multilingual students’ computer science (CS) identities. To develop strong CS identities, multilingual students must engage in culturally and linguistically sustaining curriculum, pedagogy, and interaction that draws fro...

The release and rapid diffusion of ChatGPT have caught the attention of educators worldwide. Some educators are enthusiastic about its potential to support learning. Others are concerned about how it might circumvent learning opportunities or contribute to misinformation. To better understand reactions about ChatGPT concerning education, we analyze...

The release and rapid diffusion of ChatGPT have caught the attention of educators worldwide. Some educators are enthusiastic about its potential to support learning, others are concerned about how it might circumvent learning opportunities or contribute to misinformation. To better understand reactions about ChatGPT concerning education, we analyze...

The release and rapid diffusion of ChatGPT has forced teachers and researchers around the world to grapple with the consequences of artificial intelligence (AI) for education. For second language educators, AI-generated writing tools such as ChatGPT present special challenges that must be addressed to better support learners. We propose a five-part...

Due to advances in technology, conversational agents are emerging as intelligent spoken dialogue systems that simulate natural conversation with human beings. A growing body of literature has investigated the potential of conversational agents in enhancing language learning across multiple contexts. In this paper, a broad scoping review examining t...

Women are severely underrepresented in computer science (CS) degrees and careers. While student interest is a key predictor of success, little is known about how elementary students from underserved groups, such as girls, develop their interest in CS. To address this issue, we examined the differences in attitudes between upper elementary girls and...

Students must compose texts using keyboards for college and career success. This study focuses on writing done in two school districts by students in Grades 4-11 on Google Docs to understand the relationships among digital device access, digital writing time, and standardized English language arts assessment scores. Our data cover three academic ye...

The importance of online learning in higher education settings is growing, not only in wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, metrics to evaluate and increase the quality of online instruction are crucial for improving student learning. Whereas instructional quality is traditionally evaluated with course observations or student evaluations, cour...

This randomized controlled trial study examined the effects of bilingual discussion prompts with feedback within a multimedia interactive e-book on parent-child shared reading for young English language learners aged 3-7 in China. Sixty-four parent-child pairs read a multimedia English storybook with bilingual discussion prompts in the treatment co...

While educational television or video programs are important and accessible learning resources for young children, the lack of contingent interaction afforded within this type of programming may limit how much children learn from them. In this project, we leveraged natural language processing technologies to enable contingent interaction between ch...

This volume focuses on a range of topics and studies that address the notion of plurilingualism and multilingual identity in computer-mediated language learning (CALL) spaces. Interest in digital multilingual identity in the fields of applied linguistics and language education has been growing exponentially in recent years. New theoretical assumpti...

This paper describes the results of surveys and interviews from over 1800 students in five large STEM classes at a research university when classes abruptly moved online for spring quarter 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We examine how students’ expectations compared to their realities at the end of the quarter; what factors impacted their sprin...

Online learning outcomes have indicated both a gap between online and face-to-face learning and the amplification of this gap for low-income and minority learners. Evidence from studies across K–16 reveals equity issues regarding access to online courses; student attendance and achievement; and, most recently, the impact of the pandemic. This artic...

Background There has been a dearth of research on intersectional identities in STEM, including the fields of computing and engineering. In computing education research, much work has been done on broadening participation, but there has been little investigation into how the field of computer science (CS) presents opportunities for students with str...

Clickstream data have been used increasingly to present students in online courses with analytics about their learning process to support self-regulation. Drawing on self-regulated learning theory and attribution theory, we hypothesize that providing students with analytics on their own effort along with the effort and performance of relevant peers...

Question answering (QA) is a fundamental means to facilitate assessment and training of narrative comprehension skills for both machines and young children, yet there is scarcity of high-quality QA datasets carefully designed to serve this purpose. In particular, existing datasets rarely distinguish fine-grained reading skills, such as the understa...

Developing student interest is critical to supporting student learning in computer science. Research indicates that student interest is a key predictor of persistence and achievement. While there is a growing body of work on developing computing identities for diverse students, little research focuses on early exposure to develop multilingual stude...

This quantitative study examined student participation in an introductory project-based engineering course offered in fully face-to-face and hybrid course modes (N = 160). This course attempted to counteract trends of decreased student motivation and high attrition rates among engineering majors. Mixed-design analysis of variance examined differenc...

Online courses provide flexible learning opportunities, but research suggests that students may learn less and persist at lower rates compared to face-to-face settings. However, few studies have investigated more distal effects of online education. In this study, we analyzed 6 years of institutional data for three cohorts of students in 13 large ma...

Dialogic reading, when children are read a storybook and engaged in relevant conversation, is a powerful strategy for fostering language development. With the development of artificial intelligence, conversational agents can engage children in elements of dialogic reading. This study examined whether a conversational agent can improve children's st...

We examined the contributions of English proficiency, genre, and the use of textual sources to adolescent writing. The sample included 1819 native English speakers and language minority students from 127 seventh- and eighth-grade classes in an urban school district. Students were randomly assigned one of three source-based essay prompts (narrative,...

As advances in computational technologies are changing the fabric of society, computational thinking (CT) is increasingly seen as a fundamental skill that all students should learn. While the bulk of research on CT has focused on its integration into science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) content, there is a growing body of scholarship t...

Background and Context: Computational Thinking (CT) is a skill all students should learn. This requires using inclusive approaches to teach CT to a wide spectrum of students. However, strategies for teaching CT to students with exceptionalities are not well studied. Objective: This study draws on lessons learned in two fourth-grade classrooms-one a...

To understand instruction during the spring 2020 transition to emergency distance learning (EDL), we surveyed a sample of instructors teaching undergraduate EDL courses at a large university in the southwest. We asked them how frequently they used and how confident they were in their ability to implement each of nine promising practices, both for t...

This paper describes the development and implementation of a yearlong integrated English Language Arts (ELA) and computational thinking (CT) curriculum that has been adapted to meet the needs of multilingual students. The integration of computational thinking into K-12 literacy instruction has only been examined in a handful of studies, and little...

Storybook reading accompanied by adult-guided conversation provides a stimulating context for children’s language development. Conversational agents powered by artificial intelligence, such as smart speakers, are prevalent in children’s homes and have the potential to engage children in storybook reading as language partners. However, little resear...

Collaborative tasks do not always promote equal learning. Varying levels of social interactions and regulation at the individual and group levels can influence knowledge construction efforts and learning success. To understand which collaboration patterns may be more conducive to learning, this study examined the relation between social exchange, r...

A growing body of work has shown that two specific study strategies help explain differences in learning and achievement in gateway courses: spacing (breaking up study sessions across multiple days) and self-testing (actively recalling information from memory). However, it is still unclear whether the benefits of these strategies are applicable in...

Self-efficacy has a strong influence on the learning and motivation of science students at the postsecondary level, especially in upper division science classes, which are key to student success in science majors. This empirical mixed methods research study (N = 205) examines the associations between students’ participation in an online preparation...

Self-efficacy is an important construct for CS teachers’ professional development, because it can predict both teaching behaviors as well as student outcomes. Research has shown that teachers’ self-efficacy can be as influential as their actual level of knowledge and abilities. However, there has been very limited research on CS teachers’ self-effi...

Central to the theory of learning are inquiry-based approaches to education. Whereas there is a plethora of research on inquiry learning in the domain of science [19, 20], few studies have analyzed how inquiry-based learning can be applied to computer science education, and how different approaches to inquiry may benefit diverse learners. This is o...

This paper examines teachers' use of Flipgrid, a student-facing video platform, as a reflection tool to promote computer science language in upper elementary classrooms. We take a case-study approach with three fourth grade teachers: one had a high number of students with special needs, one had substantially more gifted and talented students, and o...

Capturing how students develop computational thinking is critical to integrating computer science education into school settings. This paper examines the use of Flipgrid, a student-facing video platform, to invite students to reflect on their programming artifacts and document their computing language and practices. Data sources include 63 reflecti...

We investigated how learner factors, such as vocabulary proficiency, strategy use, and working memory, are associated with successful corpus-based second language (L2) vocabulary learning, in which learners are encouraged to analyze and explore large, structured collections of authentic language data (i.e., corpora) to resolve their lexical issues...

There is limited research on how perceived peer network influences student collaboration in project-based instruction. Research based on interviews or content analyses may overlook the semantic structure of discourse. In this study, we combine content analysis with computational linguistics to explore the collaboration patterns of 22 first-year stu...

Background Project‐based learning has shown promise in improving learning outcomes for diverse students. However, studies on its impacts have largely focused on the perceptions of students and instructors or students' immediate performance. This study reports the impact of taking a project‐based introductory engineering course on students' subseque...

New, standards-aligned curricula place a greater emphasis on close reading through text-dependent questions (TDQs). However, TDQs may not provide students with strategies for how to read closely for meaning. We show how language-focused close reading tips helped middle school ELA teachers support students’ responses to TDQs in ways that also genera...

Abstract Student clickstream data—time-stamped records of click events in online courses—can provide fine-grained information about student learning. Such data enable researchers and instructors to collect information at scale about how each student navigates through and interacts with online education resources, potentially enabling objective and...

In the present article, we present a systematical review of previous empirical studies that conducted formative assessment interventions to improve student learning. Previous meta-analysis research on the overall effects of formative assessment on student learning has been conclusive, but little has been studied on important features of formative a...

Online summer courses offer opportunities to catch-up or stay on-track with course credits for students who cannot otherwise attend face-to-face summer courses. While online courses may have certain advantages, participation patterns and student success in summer terms are not yet well understood. This quantitative study analyzed four years of inst...

The ability to regulate one's own learning is essential for success in online courses. Recent efforts have used clickstream data to create timely, fine-grained, and comprehensive measures of self-regulated learning (SRL) in online courses in an attempt to shed light on the process of SRL and to improve the identification of students who lack SRL sk...

The emergence of big data in educational contexts has led to new data-driven approaches to support informed decision making and efforts to improve educational effectiveness. Digital traces of student behavior promise more scalable and finer-grained understanding and support of learning processes that were previously too costly to obtain with tradit...

This data article includes information on institutional data at a large public research university in Southern California. In particular, data on undergraduate student enrollments in online and face-to-face courses during summer terms from 2014 to 2017 cumulating in 72,441 course enrollments from 23,610 undergraduate students in 433 courses is prov...

The quality of students’ writing skills continues to concern educators. Because writing is essential to success in both college and career, poor writing can have lifelong consequences. Writing is now primarily done digitally, but students receive limited explicit instruction in digital writing. This lack of instruction means that students fail to t...

An online Preparation for Organic Chemistry course was developed to ease the transition into organic chemistry for students with widely disparate preparation levels, and to lessen student anxiety around this notoriously challenging course. The design, implementation, and evolution of this online preparation course over the last three years will be...

Permissions Share search filtersearch input Abstract This study investigates the effects of corpus use on second language (L2) vocabulary learning as well as the influence of moderators on effectiveness. Based on 29 studies representing 38 unique samples, all of which met several criteria for inclusion (e.g. with control groups), we found an overa...

Writing is critical for college and career readiness, yet secondary students in America are not good writers (National Center for Education Statistics, 2012). Unfortunately, researchers know relatively little about secondary students’ writing skills, and even less about their digital writing. In this study, we explored prior computer use, keyboard...

Qualitative research on information and communication technology (ICT) covers a wide terrain, from studies examining the skills needed for reading, consuming, and producing information online to the communication practices taking place within social media and virtual environments. Persistent questions emerge about how the overlapping layers of Inte...

Despite needing this critical skill for college and career readiness, American adolescents are struggling to develop effective writing. In today’s schools and workplaces, much of that writing uses digital tools. Integrating technology in secondary schools can help improve adolescent writing within initiatives focused on the pedagogy of writing. The...

Despite steady investment in English language education made by developing countries over the past few decades, results continue to be constrained by lack of high‐quality instructors and language learning resources. Thus, using technology in language instruction has increasingly been recognized as a potential approach for addressing these constrain...

In this study, we used a data-mining approach to identify hidden groups in a corpus-based second language (L2) vocabulary experiment. After a vocabulary pre-test, a total of 132 participants performed three online reading tasks (in random orders) equipped with the following glossary types: (1) concordance lines and definitions of target lexical ite...

Addressing high demand for developmental math instruction and low rates of successful completing of the developmental coursework, with cost and space constraints, has been an ongoing challenge for postsecondary institutions. With advances in online instructional technology, particularly those based on artificial intelligence, web-based instruction...