Mark E. Mendenhall

University of Tennessee at Chattanooga | Chatt · College of Business

Purpose This paper aims to study the formation and preservation of behavioral integration (BI) in the top management team (TMT) of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1844 to the present. Design/methodology/approach An analytically structured history approach within a case exemplar framework is adopted. Theoretical insights are ex...

This paper reviews the challenges that executive education programs in business schools faced in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and the general nature of their responses to it. To better understand the internal dynamics of such responses, a clinical case study of one business school’s executive education program’s successful response to the pand...

This year was unusual in many respects. Little did we expect that our call for interdisciplinary research on Global Leadership would be of such relevance in the world's continuing attempt to battle the COVID-19 pandemic. As stated in our call for papers, we were: …especially interested in what other disciplines can contribute to better understand,...

As the world struggled to come to grips with the Covid-19 pandemic, over twenty scholars, practitioners, and global leaders wrote brief essays for this curated chapter on the role of global leadership in this extreme example of a global crisis. Their thoughts span helpful theoretical breakthroughs to essential, pragmatic adaptations by companies.

Cognitive-behavioral theories offer a long-standing theoretical approach in clinical psychology that has wide-ranging implications for management education. We designed a cognitive-behavioral–based learning transfer tool for executives to enhance their application of leadership skills from professional development programs. We summarize the primary...

Ensuring principle-driven, legally sound, and ethically acceptable behavior in the global context is not an easy task for leaders. They face the requirement of meeting the needs and expectations of a diverse set of stakeholders. They are increasingly called on to protect, preserve, and restore the resources of the environment. They are expected to...

We review academic journal articles, chapters in scholarly books, and dissertations that were published in the global leadership domain in 2018 and compare our findings with those of Mendenhall, Li, and Osland’s (2016) earlier review of the 2010-2014 period. Specifically, we trace and discuss relevant changes over time in the number of authors, nat...

Global leadership is the study of leadership in the global context. Reiche, et al. 2017 (cited under Theories and Models of Global Leadership) states that the global context forces leaders to influence a wider range of internal and external constituents compared to leaders who operate in a domestic context. Further, these constituents reside in mul...

This paper summarizes the findings of the empirical papers in this volume and outlines future research directions for global leadership in general. We summarize the state of global leadership development in universities and recommend design criteria for these efforts. Given the popularity of study abroad as an integral component in many global lead...

In this contribution, we systematically review the extant global leadership literature to identify important bibliometric and thematic patterns in evidence in this evolving field of scholarship. Conceptualizing the phenomenon to include leaders/managers/supervisors who hold global, expatriate, or international positions, we draw out insights accumu...

With the increasing trend toward online curriculum in academe, business school educators are faced with the challenge of discerning the best way to develop global leadership competencies in their students in virtual classrooms. The challenge is difficult enough in face-to-face classroom milieus, let alone in virtual teaching conditions. This chapte...

Recently, the increasing interest in responsible leadership (RL) has produced a research field rich in theoretical and conceptual potential, with diverse research foci, theoretical foundations, and methodological approaches. While these developments have demarcated the field from other leadership-oriented disciplines, they have equally courted frag...

History of the leadership literature and the emergence of the field of global leadership.

Global managers face challenges, dualities, and paradoxes of mammoth proportions for which structural solutions no longer are effective. Building on the idea of requisite variety, researchers are beginning to conclude that only complex human behavior can match these complex demands of the global environment. Managers need a mindset that enables the...

The expatriate adjustment research literature has grown enormously since the late 1970s, and the trend seems to be continuing unabated as the field moves into the new millennium. Thus, it seems both timely and prudent to pause and take stock of the nature of this growth and the implications that it holds for future research and practice in the fiel...

Based on our review of the global leadership literature over the past 5 years, we delineate patterns and themes in the field’s scholarship and then discuss how the papers published in this volume of Advances in Global Leadership relate to those patterns and themes. We then integrate all of the recommendations for future research that appeared in th...

The process of global leadership development remains a challenging theoretical problem in the field of global leadership. To help address this issue, we develop a theoretically grounded process model of global leadership competency development that addresses the dynamics involved in the adoption and enhancement of intercultural competencies associa...

While the global leadership literature has grown rapidly over recent years, the context in which global leadership occurs remains ill-defined and under-conceptualized. This lack of contextualization risks equating global leadership roles that are qualitatively very different and prevents sufficient clarity for empirical sampling. To foster more coh...

We review academic journal articles, scholarly book chapters, and dissertations in global leadership published in the last five years to map trends in the field in terms of multiple authorship, nature of overall methodologies used, linkage of global leadership to other constructs, and the degree to which theories outside of the field are used to st...

In order to operate effectively in emerging markets, global leaders not only must possess higher-order business skills, but also the fundamental global leadership competencies that will allow them to effectively deploy such business skills. In this paper we delineate the fundamental global leadership competencies that are necessary for success in e...

This article develops a taxonomic model of expatriate identities based on the concepts of the self, national culture and existing literature on acculturation and cultural identities. Drawing from previous literature scattered in different disciplines, we clarify the conceptualization of monocultural, multicultural, global and cosmopolitan identity...

Research in upper echelons theory supports a positive relationship between behavioral integration and various types of performance outcomes; however, little is known about the psychological and social processes that drive executive behavior in TMTs that are high in behavioral integration. Following the process inherent in theoretical sampling espou...

Based on a review of multiple literatures, a comprehensive content domain of essential intercultural competencies for effective global leaders is presented. This domain is then used to guide the development of the Global Competencies Inventory (GCI), a 160-item self-report measure that assesses the degree to which individuals possess the intercultu...

Developing cross-cultural competencies associated with global leadership effectiveness in students has proven to be a difficult task for management educators. We delineate the primary cross-cultural competencies that influence effectiveness in global leadership and propose a pedagogical framework based on the principles of cognitive-behavior therap...

Despite decades of research, the key factors for success in mergers and acquisitions (M&As) and the reasons why M&As often fail remain poorly understood. While attempts to explain M&A success and failure have traditionally focused on strategic and financial factors, an emergent field of inquiry has been directed at the sociocultural and human resou...

Biographical notes: Martha Maznevski is Professor of Organisational Behaviour and International Management at the Institute for Management Development (IMD) in Lausanne, Switzerland. She directs the MBA programme, recognised among the top programmes in the world for developing global leaders. Her research focuses on high-performing global teams, an...

To date, little is known about the intercultural competencies that enable global leaders to effectively address CSR-related demands of global stakeholder communities. In order to explore this gap in the literature we empirically investigate several intercultural competencies and their influence on Responsible Global Leadership (RGL). In delineating...

Biographical notes: Martha Maznevski is Professor of Organisational Behaviour and International Management at the Institute for Management Development (IMD) in Lausanne, Switzerland. She directs the MBA programme, recognised among the top programmes in the world for developing global leaders. Her research focuses on high-performing global teams, an...

While scholars have begun to develop the conceptual foundations of global leadership, few attempts have been made to unify the plethora of existing definitions. We argue that the lack of a precise, rigorous and commonly accepted definition of global leadership limits the field's conceptual and empirical progress. Building on recommended practice fo...

This chapter extends communication and technology use theories about factors that predict e-mail use by explaining the reasons for cultural contingencies in the effects of managers’ personal values and the social structures (roles, rules and norms) that are most used in their work context. Results from a survey of 576 managers from Canada, the Engl...

Global leadership has been frequently heralded by writers and executives as the key to sustained competitive advantage on the part of organizations. In addition, it is clear that the possession of leadership qualities and the display of leader behavior are requirements for individuals attempting to progress in their careers. It is important for asp...

The postwar literature has yielded important insights regarding developing collaborative leadership competencies in managers and collaborative leadership systems within organizations. However, the work of pre—World War II scholars and practitioners in this area has largely been overlooked. After introductory “interviews” with Mary P. Follett and Jo...

Purpose Research on expatriation and global leadership has been characterized by wide variations in defining what constitutes intercultural competence. Greater progress can be achieved if a comprehensive definition of the intercultural competence domain can be established, particularly with regard to the specific context of global leadership. This...

This article extends communication and technology use theories about factors that predict e-mail use by explaining the reasons for cultural contingencies in the effects of managers’ personal values and the social structures (roles, rules and norms) that are most used in their work context. Results from a survey of 576 managers from Canada, the En...

Research on global leadership, expatriate adjustment and performance, and adaptive performance suggests that tolerance for ambiguity is positively related to performance in the global work environment and in cross-cultural settings. A critique of existing measures of the construct of tolerance for ambiguity is presented, followed by a report of the...

Summary We propose that the differences in competitiveness of companies from different countries is not just a question of the adoption of 'better' management models, as conventional wisdom would have us believe; rather, we contend that national competitiveness can change radically over time without significant changes in management practices. Cont...

This study examines predictors that lead to effective individual learning of global management competencies on expatriate assignments and the transfer (i.e., the application of those competencies) in new assignments upon repatriation. A structural equation model based on data from 305 Japanese repatriates identifies linkages from organizational sup...

Entrepreneurship and leadership may flow from the same genealogical source and the appearance of separation of the two constructs may be due to differences in the contexts through which the root phenomenon flows. Entrepreneurship and leadership are figuratively different manifestations of the same need to create. To better understand the origin of...

Technical report for the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale, developed by The Kozai Group, Inc.

A growing body of literature has emphasized the important role of international assignments in helping create a more globally competent management cadre. Indeed, the competencies acquired through international assignments can often be a significant source of competitive advantage for firms. However, for employers to derive benefits from a repatriat...

Many firms have unsuccessfully tried to develop global leaders. Recent scholarship in this field has revealed ways that companies can address the development of global leadership skills in their managerial cadres. This paper offers recommendations and guidance to firms in the human capital dimension of their globalization efforts.

How should organizations evaluate the performance of their expatriates? In this chapter, we discuss the nature of the challenge, summarize the factors that affect expatriate performance, and offer guidelines on how to appraise the performance of expatriates.

Due to the effects of globalization, senior executives have launched initiatives to develop global leaders. However, the success of these programs has been mixed at best. Based on reviews of the growing academic literature in the field of global leadership, this article delineates the competencies associated with global leadership, provides informa...

In order to delineate the current state of the art of overseas relocation programs in U.S. multinational corporations, the extant literature was reviewed in the areas of expatriate personnel selection, training and career-pathing. The implications of the study's findings for U.S. MNCs are discussed and recommendations for policy change are offered.

The conflict resolution and collective decision-making models of Mary Parker Follett and Joseph Smith are reviewed, with a primary focus on the foundational principle inherent in both models: integration. Commonalities and differences between the models are delineated, and the implications of Follett and Smith's writings for the field are discussed...

With the well-established presence of the global marketplace, the need for managers who are globally competent and have knowledge about global business practices, cultures and networks is increasing. Researchers have shown that firms can acquire such knowledge through their human resources, particularly by building a cadre of repatriate managers wh...

This article is in Mandarin.

Globalization of business seems to be a fait accompli , a truism no longer questioned: corporations have to be global in their business . This claim reflects the era in which it was written as the opening sentence in this Introduction. We think it critical to ask, though, is it still true, or has globalization reached its zenith and is now set to c...

This paper delineates the current “disconnect” between traditional models of executive compensation and Bartlett and Ghoshal's model of a transnational strategy, and proposes a new model of global compensation based on the three managerial roles (operational entrepreneur, managerial developer and top level leader) outlined by Bartlett and Ghoshal i...

Evaluation studies of cross-cultural training programs: A review of the literature from 1988 to 2000 The field of international human resource management (IHRM) is a relative new-comer in the social sciences. Despite its nascency, this field has seen massive growth in the research generated by scholars in the past decade (Mendenhall, Kuhlmann, Stah...

Over the past two decades there has been a shift in the career literature from the view of a career as being a linear progression of job responsibilities within an industry, to that of a ‘boundaryless’, competency-based exploration that evolves in unexpected ways. This article argues that core constructs from ‘new science’ (non-linearity, interdepe...

Dramatic changes in 21st century careers have generated the need for a new set of theoretical lenses that view careers in a more dynamic, fluid way. Several characteristics of this new complexity lens that directly apply to dynamic career systems include discontinuities in career progression, non-proportionality of effects of effort, sensitive depe...

With the advent of the internal European market, many European executives began to broaden “their horizons and structures to develop and expand across a whole continent instead of a single country” (Taylor, 1991). As they did so, and as the year of 1992 drew closer, these same executives realised that they were lacking managers with the requisite e...

Presents a conceptual framework that attempts to bridge the lag between strategic need and international human resource (IHR) support practices. Looks at the idea of competencies being an alternative to the traditional construct of jobs. Presents a model consisting of three balanced transnational competencies. Concludes with a series of HR applicat...

What will be the cutting-edge training technologies for expatriate managers and their families in the next ten years? A variety of approaches to the development of expatriates have been developed and new, innovative programs are currently on the drawing boards. Both current and future developments are discussed in this article. Three areas that are...

The writings of Mary Parker Follett can inform the current debate regarding whether or not concepts from the field of nonlinear dynamics should be incorporated into the social sciences. The paper argues that Follett’s writings serve as an ideological bridge between these two camps, and also reflect a rich understanding of nonlinear dynamics in soci...

Short-term business travel is an underutilized method for developing some of the skills that are necessary to be a global leader. International business travel can place executives in situations where they can develop global mindsets; however, most executives cocoon themselves during international trips and wind up wasting opportunities to enhance...

Description of how and why strategic planning fails.

Description of the concept of brainstorming; its origins and how to do it, step-by-step.

Description of the concept of creativity in the organizational context