Mark Hubbe

The Ohio State University | OSU · Department of Anthropology

Age-at-death estimation is influenced by biological and environmental factors. Physiological stress is intertwined with these factors, yet their impact on senescence and age estimation is unknown. Stature, linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), and antemortem tooth loss (AMTL) in the Hamann–Todd Osteological Collection (n = 297) are used to understand whe...

Bioarchaeologists have focused extensively over the past few decades on how to best investigate past activity, often concentrating on data collection protocols and more recently focusing on statistical approaches. Here, we complement ongoing studies focusing on emerging inequality during the Middle Period (AD 400‐1000) in the San Pedro de Atacama o...

Text: Human modifications to natural environments include the extraction and transformation of resources through mining of ores for metals and minerals with which we have created innovative technologies and established complex societies and economies. One of the most frequently exploited elements in this regard is lead, which has been mined since b...

Accurate and precise age‐at‐death estimation methods are critical when studying past lifeways. However, adult age‐at‐death estimation is often difficult because of diverse physiologies, preservation, and timing of biological processes in target and reference populations. These challenges can complicate the comparison of results between studies, whi...

Systematic survey is a crucial component of the archaeological field endeavor. In low visibility areas, systematic subsurface testing is required, most often in the form of shovel test pits or “STPs”. Decisions about the interval between STPs, and the size of such units, impact significantly both the effectiveness of survey for site location and th...

Dental wear is described as a limitation to dental morphological studies, as it obscures important crown trait features, resulting in significant differences on trait frequencies, an essential component for estimating biodistances. However, the actual impact of dental wear on biological distances still requires further characterization. We explore...

Objective The Southeast and South Coast of Brazil was inhabited during most of the Holocene by shellmound builders. Although there are cultural differences in the archaeological record between regions, it is still debatable how these differences may relate to different population histories. Here, we contribute to this discussion by exploring dental...

To explore the possible emergence and lived consequences of social inequality in the Atacama, we analyzed a large set (n = 288) of incredibly well preserved and contextualized human skeletons from the broad Middle Period (AD 500–1000) of the San Pedro de Atacama (Chile) oases. In this work, we explore model-based paleodietary reconstruction of the...

The consequences of industrialization in England include an increase in exposure to pollution and the deterioration of urban environments. Growing industrial cities especially saw an increase in pollution, as compared to the more rural agrarian countryside, so often assumed to have provided a comparatively clean and idyllic escape from the noxious...

The San Pedro de Atacama oases, located in northern Chile’s hyperarid Atacama Desert, have been occupied for at least 3000 years. Here, we examine cemetery use in the oases, with emphasis on the Middle Period (ca. AD 400–1000). By modeling of a large corpus (n=243) of radiocarbon dates, over 90% of which are direct AMS assays of human bone collagen...

Theoretical Approaches in Bioarchaeology emphasizes how several different theoretical perspectives can be used to reconstruct the biocultural experiences of humans in the past. Over the past few decades, bioarchaeology has been transformed through methodological revisions, technological advances, and the inclusion of external theoretical framework...

A primary goal of bioarchaeology is to reconstruct the biocultural context of past societies, which is frequently achieved by incorporating interdisciplinary theoretical frameworks to help contextualize the skeletal record. This article reviews explicit uses of theory in 1,593 articles published in 12 English-language peer-reviewed journals between...

The human settlement of the Americas has been a topic of intense debate for centuries, and there is still no consensus on the tempo and mode of early human dispersion across the continent. When trying to explain the biological diversity of early groups across North, Central and South America, studies have defended a wide range of dispersion models...

Numerous bioarchaeological studies emphasize an increase in dental lesions associated with the transition to agricultural subsistence. Over the years, this diachronic trend has led to the conflation and oversimplification of specific dental indicators of oral health with broad subsistence strategies, emphasizing intergroup variation at the expense...

Since the Industrial Revolution, Earth’s climate has been changing fast. Human actions are the major factor promoting this intense pace. In particular, the massive use of fossil fuel (oil, charcoal, gas) releases a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, which concentrates, and warms the planet. So far, this climate change has not...

Table S2. Affinity of Early South Americans to North Americans, Related to Table S4 Representative f4-statistics on 1240K dataset of the form f4(Mbuti, Anzick-1; Early South American, Brazil_LapaDoSanto_9600BP or Late Central Andes) or f4(Mbuti, Canada_Lucier_4800BP-500BP; Brazil_LapaDoSanto_9600BP or Brazil_Laranjal_6700BP, Late or Modern Peruvia...

Table S3. Data Description, Ancient DNA Workflow, mtDNA, Radiocarbon Dates, Related to Figure 1

Table S4. f4- and f3-Statistics, Related to Figures 1, 4, 5, S5D–S5F, and S6A–S6D and Table S2

Table S1. Relatedness of Ancient to Present-Day People, Related to Figures 2, S1, and S2 f4-statistics on the Illumina dataset of the form f4(Mbuti, Test; South American 1, South American 2) where “Test” is a newly reported ancient group, “South American 1” is the population with highest affinity to Test in outgroup f3-statistics (excluding Chorot...

We report genome-wide ancient DNA from 49 individuals forming four parallel time transects in Belize, Brazil, the Central Andes, and the Southern Cone, each dating to at least ∼9,000 years ago. The common ancestral population radiated rapidly from just one of the two early branches that contributed to Native Americans today. We document two previou...

Skeletal sexual dimorphism manifests as size or shape differences between males and females in a population. Certain dimorphic traits are used in sex estimation methods, and populational variation in the expression of these traits can result in inaccurate sex estimation. However, the underlying causes of variation in trait expression remain unclear...

Objectives In this article, we present analyses of traumatic injury data from the Middle Period Coyo Oriental cemetery in northern Chile. We test a series of hypotheses about the role of sex, foreign contact, ritual access, and temporal shifts, in the patterning of cranial trauma in this cemetery. Methods Two hundred and twenty‐seven crania from C...

Resumo A região de Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, apresenta uma história de pesquisas que cruza as fronteiras disciplinares da antropologia, arqueologia e biologia. Neste artigo, traçamos um panorama dos debates que permeiam 180 anos de pesquisa na região. As primeiras intervenções na área foram realizadas pelo naturalista Peter Lund, no século XIX. De...

Objectives: Archaeological and genetic research has demonstrated that the Pacific Coast was a key route in the early colonization of South America. Research examining South American skeletons >8000 cal BP has revealed differences in cranial morphology between early and late Holocene populations, which may reflect distinct migration events and/or p...

Objectives: The southern Brazilian shellmounds provide archaeological evidence of prolonged human activity in the coast from approximately 6000 to 1000 BP. Shellmound building populations exploited the rich coastal estuarine zones, and the human remains recovered from them are important sources of information on health and overall lifestyle of the...

The Middle Period of the Atacama oases, North Chile, has been characterized as a time of peace, uniform abundance, and widespread access to exotic materials. In the present work, we test this notion through a comparison of Middle Period human isotopic data (δ13Cco, δ15Nco, and δ13Cap) representing two distinct ayllus, Solcor and Tchecar, in the San...

The correct determination of sedimentation processes in caves is often complicated by the unique characteristics of cave environments and their relationship to surface soil. A study at Cuvieri Cave has allowed new insights into the dynamics and evolution of these types of sedimentary facies and their relation to the nearby landscape. The cave is lo...

The region of Lagoa Santa has been a centerpiece in the discussion of the settlement of the Americas since the mid of the nineteenth century. The Lagoa Santa Karst generated the largest collection to date of human skeleton remains dating to early Holocene and, as such, called the attention of different researchers interested in the discussions abou...

This groundbreaking volume presents for the first time in English, a broad historical review of the researches carried out over 170 years in the region of Lagoa Santa, Brazil, one of the most important archaeological regions in the Americas. From the pioneering work of the Danish naturalist Peter Lund in the XIX century to the recent research on th...

The genetic structure of South America has primarily been explored in the context of human dispersion patterns into the Americas, with the assumption that the local environment does not significantly affect the continental apportionment of between-population genetic variation. To explore the impact of environment on regional genetic structure, we c...

Objectives: Many authors argue that inconsistencies between studies of skeletal markers are based on different data collection protocols, especially when comparing age-related markers such as osteoarthritis. Less attention is given to the choice of statistical techniques that are used to test the hypotheses associated with the data. This paper add...

The nature and timing of the peopling of the Americas is a subject of intense debate. In particular, it is unclear whether high levels of between-group craniometric diversity in South America result from multiple migrations or from local diversification processes. Previous attempts to explain this diversity have largely focused on testing alternati...

Objectives: Cranial morphology has previously been used to estimate phylogenetic relationships among populations, and has been an important tool in the reconstruction of ancient human dispersals across the planet. In the Americas, previous morphological studies support a scenario of people entering the Americas and dispersing from North America in...

div class="title">Early Holocene ritual complexity in South America: the archaeological record of Lapa do Santo (east-central Brazil) - Volume 90 Issue 354 - André Strauss, Rodrigo Elias Oliveira, Ximena S. Villagran, Danilo V. Bernardo, Domingo C. Salazar-García, Marcos César Bissaro, Francisco Pugliese, Tiago Hermenegildo, Rafael Santos, Alberto...

Cranial vault modification and the social significance of permanent body modification have long been an important topic of interest in Andean archaeology. While previous studies have enriched our understanding of these practices among prehistoric Andean populations, the introduction of 3D surface scanners and geometric morphometric methods in archa...

The transition from the Middle to Late Intermediate Period in the south-central Andes saw major changes in the lifeways of peoples across northern Chile as far-flung networks of exchange and interaction broke down, social stressors and social conflict increased. In the present work, we present isotopic data from a sample (n = 58) of humans drawn fr...

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Recent South Americans have been described as presenting high regional cranial morphological diversity when compared to other regions of the world. This high diversity is in accordance with linguistic and some of the molecular data currently available for the continent, but the origin of this diversity has not been satisfactorily explained yet. Her...

We present here evidence for an early Holocene case of decapitation in the New World (Burial 26), found in the rock shelter of Lapa do Santo in 2007. Lapa do Santo is an archaeological site located in the Lagoa Santa karst in east-central Brazil with evidence of human occupation dating as far back as 11.7–12.7 cal kyBP (95.4% interval). An ultra-fi...

Previous studies suggest that palate shape is a useful indicator of biological ancestry in human remains. This study evaluates interobserver error in ancestry estimation using palate shape and explores palate shape variation in Gullah (descendants of West Africans) and Seminole (Indigenous American) population samples using geometric morphometric a...

Histomorphometric and cross-sectional geometric studies of bone have provided valuable information about age at death, behavioral and activity patterns, and pathological conditions for past and present human populations. While a considerable amount of exploratory and applied research has been completed using histomorphometric and cross-sectional ge...

Vertebral osteophytosis was studied as a marker for physical stress in prehistoric populations of San Pedro de Atacama from the Middle (400-1.000 A.D.) and Late Intermediate (1.000-1.450 A.D.) periods. The mean degree of osteophytosis was recorded in each vertebral segment of 154 individuals from four sites: Solcor 3, Coyo 3, Quitor 6 and Toconao O...

Archaeological research in the Atacama Desert has recovered evidence of considerable cultural variability. This variability seems to have increased during the Late Intermediate Period (AD 950-1400). The oasis of Quillagua, located at the margins of the Loa River in northern Chile, between the Andes and the coast (70 km from the Pacific ocean), has...

Development of a model for the prediction of δ(13) Cprotein from δ(13) Ccollagen and Δ(13) Cap-co . Model-generated values could, in turn, serve as "consumer" inputs for multisource mixture modeling of paleodiet. Linear regression analysis of previously published controlled diet data facilitated the development of a mathematical model for predictin...

Dietary patterns of Nicaraguan children and their relationship to maternal perceptions of household food security.

The Botocudo Indians were hunter-gatherer groups that occupied the East-Central regions of Brazil decimated during the colonial period in the country. During the 19th century, craniometric studies suggested that the Botocudo resembled more the Paleoamerican population of Lagoa Santa than typical Native Americans groups. These results suggest that t...

Early South American groups have been described as possessing a different cranial morphology from the one typically observed among recent Native American populations. This peculiar morphology has been recurrently included in discussions about the initial human dispersion into the Americas, with different authors favoring contrasting scenarios to ex...

During its prehistory, Chile's desert north was occupied by numerous cultures scattered across the various ecological niches of the region. However, from the Late Archaic forward there is archaeological evidence for the sharing of resources and cultural elements across groups, a practice that intensified during the Middle and Late Intermediate Peri...

The history of human occupation in Brazil dates to at least 14 kyr BP, and the country has the largest record of early human remains from the continent. Despite the importance and richness of Brazilian human skeletal collections, the biological relationships between groups and their implications for knowledge about human dispersion in the country h...

During its prehistory, Chile's desert north was occupied by numerous cultures scattered across the various ecological niches of the region. However, from the Late Archaic forward there is archaeological evidence for the sharing of resources and cultural elements across groups, a practice that intensified during the Middle and Late Intermediate Peri...

Systemic stress in prehispanic populations of San Pedro de Atacama (SPA) during the Middle and Late Intermediate periods was explored through cortisol analysis of hair samples of mummies from these periods. The cortisol levels in the SPA samples were similar to those in samples from present day individuals. This suggests that, in spite of the diffe...

Recently scholars have advocated for the use of a critical biocultural approach in bioarchaeology, where osteological and dental markers of stress are used to understand the broader biosocial context of past populations. However, the ability to accomplish this task rests on the assumption that ultimate-level environmental stressors and well-being i...

Cranial morphology has previously been used to estimate phylogenetic relationships among populations, and as such has been an important tool in the reconstruction of ancient human dispersions across the planet. While some may argue that crania are too influenced by environmental factors to demonstrate biological relationships, many studies have sho...

A região cárstica de Lagoa Santa tem sido de suma importância para as discussões sobre o tempo e o modo da dispersão dos primeiros americanos. A Lapa do Santo, escavada na última década, originou uma das maiores coleções de esqueletos humanos desta região. Neste trabalho, investigamos as afinidades morfológicas dos esqueletos da Lapa do Santo com o...

The Middle Period (AD 400-1000) in northern Chile's Atacama oases is characterized by an increase in social complexity and regional interaction, much of which was organized around the power and impact of the Tiwanaku polity. Despite the strong cultural influence of Tiwanaku and numerous other groups evident in interactions with Atacameños, the role...

The San Pedro de Atacama oases have been permanently occupied since ca. 2500 B.P. and over this time developed a rich culture that was intertwined with social developments in the south-central Andes. However, despite decades of archaeological research, the region still lacks a strong chronological framework based on absolute dates. Here we present...

The karstic region of Lagoa Santa (eastern central Brazil) has been highly important for discussions about the tempo and mode of human dispersal in the Americas, owing to the high density of late-Pleistocene/early- Holocene sites and hundreds of human skeletons recovered from the local rockshelters. In this chapter we highlight the importance of th...

The extinction of late Quaternary megafauna in South America has been extensively debated in past decades. The majority of the hypotheses explaining this phenomenon argue that the extinction was the result of human activities, environmental changes, or even synergism between the two. Although still limited, a good chronological framework is imperat...

As one of the few areas apt for horticulture in Northern Chile's arid landscape, the prehistory of the Atacama oases is deeply enmeshed with that of the inter-regional networks that promoted societal development in the south central Andes. During the Middle Horizon (AD 500-1000), local populations experienced a cultural apex associated with a subst...