Mark H. Burstein

• PhD
• Research Fellow at Smart Information Flow Technologies

ACS is an annual meeting for research on the initial goals of artificial intelligence and cognitive science, which aimed to explain the mind in computational terms and to reproduce the entire range of human cognitive abilities in computational artifacts. Many researchers remain committed to this original vision, and Advances in Cognitive Systems pr...

Intelligence analysts gather information from diverse sources and integrate it into a product that adheres to standards of quality and provenance, often under time pressures and information overload. The STRIDER system, which we describe in this paper, enables collaborative exploration, hypothesis formation, and information fusion from open-source...

We demonstrate an integrated system for building and learning models and structures in both a real and virtual environment. The system combines natural language understanding, planning, and methods for composition of basic concepts into more complicated concepts. The user and the system interact via natural language to jointly plan and execute task...

This paper describes a novel combination of Java program analysis and automated learning and planning architecture to the domain of Java vulnerability analysis. The key feature of our “HACKAR: Helpful Advice for Code Knowledge and Attack Resilience” system is its ability to analyze Java programs at development-time, identifying vulnerabilities and...

The STRATUS project seeks to provide resilience against cyber threats to distributed systems. STRATUS is designed to anticipate, diagnose, and respond proactively to threats. It uses a reactive technique to respond to the latest events quickly and a more 'strategic' technique that recognizes attack plans and responds to them proactively. We focus o...

We outline our approach to developing, a distributed capability to achieve shared situation awareness of mission status and trust relationships, anticipate and diagnose cyber threats, and respond strategically and tactically to those threats.

We outline our approach to developing, a distributed capability to achieve shared situation awareness of mission status and trust relationships, anticipate and diagnose cyber threats, and respond strategically and tactically to those threats.

POIROT is an integration framework and reasoning control system that combines the products of a variety of machine learning mechanisms in order to learn and perform complex web services workflows, given a single demonstration example. POIROT's extensible multi-strategy learning approach to developing workflow knowledge is organized around a central...

The need for translation during the dynamic invocation of services described on the semantic web is not addressed merely by introducing middle agents to translate messages. When an agent is attempting to utilize a service discovered and described on the Semantic Web using a service language like OWL-S, it must be able to translate descriptions of r...

Today's computer systems are under relentless attack from cyber attackers armed with sophisticated vulnerability search and exploit development toolkits. To protect against such threats, we are developing FUZZBUSTER, an automated system that provides adaptive immunity against a wide variety of cyber threats. FUZZBUSTER reacts to observed attacks an...

We present a cognitive architecture that heavily utilizes metareasoning for self adaptation. The architecture is derived in part from neuroscience data and theories about the operation of the human vision system. We also discuss how this architecture is applied in the POIROT system, which learns web services workflow from “observing” a small number...

SILK is an expressive Semantic Web rule language and system equipped with scalable reactive higher-order defaults. We present one of its latest novel features: a graphical user interface (GUI) for knowledge entry, query answering, and justification browsing that supports user specification and understanding of advanced courteous prioritized defeasi...

The Learnable Task Modeling Language (LTML) was developed by combining features of OWL, OWL-S, and PDDL, using a more compact and readable syntax than OWL/RDF to create human readable representations of web service procedures and hierarchical task models. Our goal was in part to develop a more robust and developer-friendly language based on the pri...

Existing work on workflow mining ignores the dataflow aspect of the problem. This is not accept- able for service-oriented applications that use Web services with typed inputs and outputs. We propose a novel algorithm WIT (Workflow Inference from Traces) which identifies the context similarities of the observed actions based on the dataflow and use...

The POIROT project is a four-year effort to develop an architecture that integrates the products of a number of targeted reasoning and learning components to produce executable representations of demonstrated web service workflow processes. To do this it combines contributions from multiple trace analysis (interpretation) and learning methods guide...

The human ability to learn procedures by observing a single demonstration is an amazing skill and a computational challenge. Statistical and traditional inductive methods fail for lack of sufficient examples. Explanation-based learning techniques, by contrast, apply background knowledge to learn from single examples but in recent years have been co...

POIROT is an integration framework for combining ma- chine learning mechanisms to learn hierarchical models of web services procedures from a single or very small set of demonstration examples. The system is organized around a shared representation language for communications with a central hypothesis blackboard. Component learning systems share se...

Current industry standards for describing Web Services are focused on ensuring in- teroperability across diverse platforms, but do not provide a good foundation for automating the use of Web Services. Representational techniques being developed for the Semantic Web can be used to augment these standards. The resulting Web Service specifications ena...

Over the last decade, research in agent-based systems (ABS) has spawned a multi-faceted field, addressing a broad range of challenges and generating a varied array of technical approaches. Web service technologies, in contrast, have arisen in a more incremental fashion, with more modest aims, although the vision statements associated with Web servi...

Today's service-oriented systems realize many ideas from the research conducted a decade or so ago in multiagent systems. Because these two fields are so deeply connected, further advances in multiagent systems could feed into tomorrow's successful service-oriented computing approaches. This article describes a 15-year roadmap for service-oriented...

The semantic Web services initiative architecture (SWSA) committee has created a set of architectural and protocol abstractions that serve as a foundation for semantic Web service technologies. This article summarizes the committee's findings, emphasizing its review of requirements gathered from several different environments. We also identify the...

Research on semantic web services promises greater interoperability among software agents and web services by enabling content-based automated service discovery and interaction, utilizing shared ontologies published on the semantic web. However, services produced and described by different developers may well use different, perhaps partly overlappi...

Research on semantic web services promises greater interoperability among software agents and web services by enabling content-based automated service discovery and interaction and by utilizing. Although this is to be based on use of shared ontologies published on the semantic web, services produced and described by different developers may well us...

no abstract @InProceedings{burstein_et_al:DSP:2005:52, author = {Mark Burstein and Michael Uschold}, title = {Infrastructure for Semantic Interoperability and Integration: Breakout Discussion Summary}, booktitle = {Semantic Interoperability and Integration}, year = {2005}, editor = {Y. Kalfoglou and M. Schorlemmer and A. Sheth and S. Staab and M. U...

These proceedings contain the papers accepted for presentation at the “WWW Service Composition with Semantic Web Services” (wscomps05) held at the Compiègne University of Technology, France, on September 19, 2005, in conjunction with the 2005 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence (WI 2005) and Intelligent Agent Technology...

Today's service-oriented systems realize many ideas from the research conducted a decade or so ago in multiagent systems. Because these two fields are so deeply connected, further advances in multiagent systems could feed into tomorrow's successful service-oriented computing approaches. This article describes a 15-year roadmap for service-oriented...

The semantic Web research community has developed ontologies and languages for semantically describing Web services. For example, OWL-S is an ontology developed using the OWL semantic Web description language. The purpose of OWL-S, formerly DAML-S, is to describe Web services so that software agents can read these descriptions and reason about how...

Service interface description languages such as WSDL, and related standards, are evolving rapidly to provide a foundation for interoperation be- tween Web services. At the same time, Semantic Web service technologies, such as the Ontology Web Language for Services (OWL-S), are developing the means by which services can be given richer semantic spec...

We are interested in developing models of and support for mixed-initiative human control of software agent teams, especially in the larger context of dynamic, real world organizations. In this paper, we describe a model for the establishment of cooperative information sharing among agents on teams formed dynamically for particular purposes within s...

Multinational coalitions are increasingly important in military operations. But coalitions today suffer from heterogeneous command systems, labour-intensive information collection and coordination, and different and incompatible ways of representing information. The purpose of Network Enabled Capability (NEC) is to enhance military capability by ex...

Semantic Web services hold the promise of greatly increasing interoperability among software agents and Web services by enabling content-based (as opposed to format-based) automated service discovery and interaction. However, as different services may well use different, only partly compatible ontologies to describe their capabilities, some amount...

The publication offers a note of thanks and lists its reviewers. Reviewers' comments are an essential part of the process of creating a well written article capable of expressing theoretical content well with effective illustrations, tables and graphs.

This paper is about getting agents to communicate with each other. By "agent" we mean programs that operate at a high enough semantic level that they can form new connections to other programs in order to get a job done. To make such a connection, an agent must find other agents that might carry out a task on its behalf, and then establish a dialog...

To increase the assurance with which agents can be deployed in operational settings, we have been developing the KAoS policy and domain services. In conjunction with Nomads strong mobility and safe execution features, KAoS services and tools allow for the specification, management, conflict resolution, and enforcement of DAML-based policies within...

This paper describes an approach to runtime policy-based control over information exchange that allows a far more fine-grained control of these dynamically discovered agent interactions. The DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) is used to represent policies that may either filter messages based on their semantic content or transform the messages to m...

Getting agents to communicate requires translating the data structures of the sender (the source representation) to the format required by the receiver (the target representation). Assuming that there is a formal theory of the semantics of the two formats, which explains both their meanings in terms of a neutral topic domain, we can cast the transl...

The rapid growth in research and development of agent-based software systems has led to concerns about how human users will control the activities of teams of agents that must actively collaborate. Practical multi-agent systems will often be comprised of small teams of heterogeneous agents, under direct supervision by users acting as "team leaders"...

Coalition formation methods allow agents to join together and are thus necessary in cases where tasks can only be performed cooperatively by groups. This is the case in the Request For Proposal (RFP) domain, where some requester business agent issues ...

To increase the assurance with which agents can be deployed in operational settings, we have been developing the KAoS policy and domain services. In conjunction with Nomads strong mobility and safe execution features, KAoS services and tools allow for the specification, management, conflict resolution, and enforcement of DAML-based policies within...

One vision of the "Semantic Web" of the future is that software agents will interact with each other using formal metadata that reveal their interfaces. We examine one plausible paradigm, where agents provide service descriptions that tell how they can be used to accomplish other agents' goals. From the point of view of these other agents, the prob...

We examine the issues that arise in extending an estimatedregression planner to find plans for multiagent teams, cooperating agents that take orders but do no planning themselves.

In this paper we present DAML-S, a DAML+OIL ontology for describing the properties and capabilities of Web Services. Web Services -- Web-accessible programs and devices -- are garnering a great deal of interest from industry, and standards are emerging for low-level descriptions of Web Services. DAML-S complements this effort by providing Web Servi...

In this paper we present DAML-S, a DAML+OIL ontology for describing the properties and capabilities of Web Services. Web Services { Web-accessible programs and devices { are garnering a great deal of interest from industry, and standards are emerging for low-level descriptions of Web Services. DAML-S complements this eort by providing Web Service d...

One vision of the "Semantic Web" of the future is that software agents will interact with each other using formal metadata that reveal their interfaces. We examine one plausible paradigm, where agents provide service descriptions that tell how they can be used to accomplish other agents' goals. From the point of view of these other agents, the prob...

We describe the formal specification and automated synthesis of a strategic airlift scheduler for the Air Mobility Command of the U. S. Air Force. The program synthesis system, the Kestrel Interactive Development System, composes a formal domain theory with a formal description of a class of algorithms (global search with constraint propagation) to...

The Semantic Web should enable greater access not only to content but also to services on the Web. Users and software agents should be able to discover, invoke, compose, and monitor Web resources offering particular services and having particular properties. As part of the DARPA Agent Markup Language program, we have begun to develop an ontology of...

The Semantic Web should enable greater access not only to content but also to services on the Web. Users and software agents should be able to discover, invoke, compose, and monitor Web resources offering particular services and having particular properties. As part of the DARPA Agent Markup Language program, we have begun to develop an ontology of...

The Semantic Web should enable greater access not only to content but also to services on the Web. Users and software agents should be able to discover, invoke, compose, and monitor Web resources offering particular services and having particular properties. As part of the DARPA Agent Markup Language program, we have begun to develop an ontology of...

Explores the impact of the role(s) that people play in large-scale multi-agent systems. We must develop strategies for coordinating not only the problem-solving behavior of autonomous agent communities, but also their information sharing and mixed-initiative human interaction behavior. In this paper, we describe our experience with combining two in...

We describe the formal specification and automated synthesis of a strategic airlift scheduler for the Air Mobility Command of the US Air Force. The program synthesis system, the Kestrel Interactive Development System, composes a formal domain theory with a formal description of a class of algorithms (global search with constraint propagation) to pr...

The rapid growth in research and development of agent-based software systems has led to concerns about how human users will control the activities of teams of agents that must actively collaborate. We believe that practical multi-agent systems developed will often be comprised of small teams of heterogeneous agents, under direct supervision by user...

The ARPA/Rome Laboratory Knowledge Based Planning and Scheduling Initiative (ARPI) is an Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and Rome Laboratory (RL) sponsored initiative to promote the development of new knowledge-based planning and scheduling technology for use by the military in support of operational planning and scheduling problems. The A...

Mixed-initiative planning systems are systems in which humans and machines collaborate in the development and management of plans. The “initiative” in such systems is shared in that each can contribute to the formulation, development, management, refinement, analysis and repair of the plans developed “without being asked explicitly”. Intuitively, t...

In a joint project, BBN and Kestrel Institute have developed a prototype of a mixed-initiative scheduling system called ITAS (In-Theater Airlift Scheduler) for the U.S. Air Force, Pacific Command. The system was built in large part using the KIDS (Kestrel Interactive Development System) program synthesis tool. In previous work for the ARPA/Rome Lab...

This report contains two papers prepared during the last year on the contract. The first paper details our extensions of a formal theory of human plausible reasoning, and the second paper is an overview of the theory and experimental work that appeared as a book chapter.

The CPE promotes the development of collaborative, distributed planners by combining a repository for shared software and data, integrated software systems, and a testbed for experimentation

Mixed-initiative planning systems are systems in which humans and machines collaborate in the development and management of plans. The "initiative" in such systems is shared in that each can contribute to the formulation, development, management, refinement, analysis and repair of the plans developed "without being asked explicitly". Intuitively, t...

We are developing a prototype of a simulation development tool to aid administrators in the process of redesigning organizational structures. The purpose of the system is to help organization designers to more precisely model their hypothetical designs, and, by simulation, to predict key facets of the overall behavior of their proposed organization...

Transcripts of people answering questions or carrying on dialogues about everyday matters are filled with plausible inferences - inferences that are not certain, but that make sense. The same patterns of inferences occur in many different contexts. Often, in forming these inferences, people make generalizations that are equally uncertain but nevert...

A specialized technology for reasoning with descriptions that extends the class of useful inferences beyond simple inheritance has been developed as part of the Strategic Computing Initiative of the US Dept. of Defense's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Loom and the Knowledge Representation Editing and Modeling Environment (KREME), which...

This document presents the final report on Phase Two of the BBN knowledge Acquisition Project. It includes an overview of the project, and a review of the KREME, the Knowledge Representation Editing and Modeling Environment developed during the project. KREME was designed to ease the problems involved in the development and maintenance of large kno...

Similarity and analogy are fundamental in human cognition. They are crucial for recognition and classification, and have been associated with scientific discovery and creativity. Successful learning is generally less dependent on the memorization of isolated facts and abstract rules than it is on the ability to identify relevant bodies of knowledge...

An abstract is not available.

This research note describes the current state of implementation of a cognitive computer model of human plausible reasoning, based on the theory described by Collins and Michalski. The note's goal is to use simulation as a way to test and refine the theory. This required developing appropriate memory organization and search techniques to support th...

In recent years, researchers in artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology have begun to focus more attention on the study of analogical reasoning and its role in learning and problem solving, particularly in scientific and technical domains. A number of these researchers (Collins and Gentner, 1982; Winston, 1982; Burstein, 1986; Gentner, 198...

One of the major bottlenecks in large-scale expert-system development is the problem of knowledge acquisition: the construction, maintenance, and testing of large knowledge bases. This paper provides an overview of the current state of development of the KREME Knowledge Representation Editing and Modeling Environment. KREME is an extensible experim...

This paper describes the current state of implementatio n of a cognitive computer model of human plausible reasoning, based on the theory of plausible reasoning described by Collins and Michalski.Our goal is to use the simulation as a means of testing and refining the theory. This requires developing appropriate memory organization and search techn...

When students are learning from multiple analogies, they must relate and integrate several analogical models, in a fashion consistent with what they already know from examples in the domain they are studying. This analogical combination process often involves relating causal or structural models at several different levels of abstraction. Debugging...

This chapter presents a model of learning by analogical reasoning. The model is based on two main ideas, namely, (1) that the analogies used in learning about an unfamiliar domain depend heavily on the use of previously formed causal abstrac- tions in a familiar or base domain; (2) that these analogies are extended incremenrally to handle related s...

This paper discusses an approach to incremental learning in natural language processing. The technique of projecting and integrating semantic constraints to learn word definitions is analyzed as implemented in the POLITICS system. Extensions and improvements ...

The rapid growth in research and development of agent-based software systems has led to concerns about how human users will control the activities of teams of agents that must actively collaborate. We believe that practical multi-agent systems will often be comprised of small teams of heterogeneous agents, under direct supervision by users acting a...

Our interest is in the development of mixed-initiative interaction techniques to support heterogeneous human-agent organizations. If software agents are to become more commonplace, they will need to fit into human organizations at many levels, and users will need to direct and control teams of standalone agents and other humans supported by agent a...

This paper presents a mode! of analogical reasoning for learning. The mode! is based on two main ideas. First, that reasoning from an analogy presented by a teacher while explaining an unfamiliar concept is often determined by the causal abstractions known by the student to apply in the familiar domain referred to. Secondly, that such analogies, on...

Today's computer systems are under relentless at-tack from cyber attackers armed with sophisticated vulnerabil-ity search and exploit development toolkits. To protect against such threats, we are developing FUZZBUSTER, an automated system that provides adaptive immunity against a wide variety of cyber threats. FUZZBUSTER reacts to observed attacks...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 1985. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 205-212). Photocopy.