Marja Matinmikko

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland | vtt

Future of mobile communications

While the importance of harmonization on spectrum matters in the global scale is well known and the national regulatory authorities possess the power to govern the spectrum use within their territory, the regional level regulatory activities are important to bridge the gap between these two levels. This chapter introduces the spectrum management fr...

Spectrum sharing developments exploiting cognitive radio technology will change the traditional spectrum management models, which calls for discussions and decisions in the policy making domain. Efficient governance of natural resources such as the radio spectrum requires actions in different policy making levels ranging from national level all the...

5G brings along very dense small cell deployments in specific locations such as hospitals, campuses, shopping malls, and factories. This will result in a novel 5G deployment scenario where different stakeholders, i.e., micro operators, are issued local spectrum access rights in the form of micro licenses, to deploy networks in the specific premises...

The exponential growth of wireless services with diversity of devices and applications depending on connectivity has inspired the research community to come up with novel concepts to improve the efficiency of spectrum use. Recently, several spectrum sharing system concepts have been introduced and widely researched to cope with spectrum scarcity, t...

5G brings along very dense small cell deployments in specific locations such as hospitals, campuses, shopping malls, and factories. This results in a novel 5G deployment scenario where different stakeholders, i.e., micro operators, are issued local spectrum access rights in the form of micro licenses, to deploy networks in the specific premises. Th...

Future 5G networks aim at providing new high-quality wireless services to meet stringent and case-specific needs of various vertical sectors beyond traditional mobile broadband offerings. 5G is expected to disrupt the mobile communication business ecosystem and open the market to drastically new sharing based network operational models. 5G technica...

Innovative technologies often alter established value chains and make traditional strategic planning methods inadequate. In this paper, we present the use of scenario-based business modelling to explore the market for the fifth generation mobile communication networks (5G). We discuss four scenarios that have been developed in a collaborative effor...

Future digital society depends heavily on timely availability of high quality wireless connectivity the offering of which today is dominated by mobile network operators (MNOs). Future 5G systems aim at connecting billions of devices to serve versatile location and case specific needs of vertical sectors in parallel with the provisioning of traditio...

This paper seeks to identify and analyze the sources of value creation and capture by key stakeholders in the new Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) three tier spectrum sharing framework introduced by the US President’s Council of Advanced Science & Technology. More flexible and dynamic use of the 3.5 GHz spectrum aims to increase the efficien...

The exponential growth of wireless services with diversity of devices and applications depending on connectivity has inspired the research community to come up with novel concepts to improve the efficiency of spectrum use. Recently, several spectrum sharing system concepts have been introduced and widely researched to cope with spectrum scarcity, t...

Regulatory authorities globally are looking for new policy making solutions to achieve more efficient spectrum usage by allowing multiple systems to share the same spectrum bands with the aid of cognitive techniques. This quest has led to the development of different spectrum sharing solutions in different parts of the world for optimising spectrum...

Changes in media consumption and growing use of video on-demand services are challenging the traditional media service delivery mechanisms. Linear over-the-air television service operating in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) broadcasting band is no longer sufficient to meet the changing demand. Growing mobile use of multi-media content is putting pre...

Spectrum sharing developments exploiting cognitive radio technology will change the traditional spectrum management models, which calls for discussions and decisions in the policy making domain. Efficient governance of natural resources such as the radio spectrum requires actions in different policy making levels ranging from national level all the...

Spectrum scarcity forces mobile network operators (MNOs) providing mobile broadband services to develop new business models that address spectrum sharing. It engages MNOs into coopetitive relationship with incumbents. Licensed Shared Access (LSA) concept complements traditional licensing and helps MNOs to access new spectrum bands on a shared basis...

This paper focuses on creating an approach and discussing the co-opetitive business models of Micro Operators (μO) in the indoors/small cell 5G environment. We define the μO as an entity that combines connectivity with specific content services in spatially confined domains and is dependent on appropriate spectrum resources. We review the literatur...

This article reviews technology and business enablers for future flexible use concepts of the UHF broadcasting spectrum (470-790 MHz) by digital terrestrial TV and MBB. Flexible use of the UHF band aims to increase the efficiency of spectrum use in delivering fast-growing and converging mobile broadband, media, and TV content to meet changing consu...

This paper focuses on inter-operator spectrum sharing, specifically co-primary spectrum sharing (CoPSS), that denotes the case where two or more MNOs (mobile network operators) operate in the same frequency band. Specifically, we discuss the concept and its impact on the mobile network operators’ (MNO) business model scalability potential. CoPSS ha...

In this paper, we consider minimum separation distance calculations from the perspective of a real-life Licensed Shared Access (LSA) system in the 2.3 GHz band in Europe. In the LSA system, an LTE network shares spectrum resources with incumbent users, such as programme making and special events (PMSE) users, which need to be protected from harmful...

This paper seeks to identify and analyze the sources of value creation and capture by key stakeholders in the new Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) shared spectrum access framework introduced by the FCC. More flexible and dynamic use of the 3.5GHz spectrum aims to increase the efficiency of spectrum use in delivering fast growing and convergi...

This article provides a brief overview on the current development of software-defined mobile networks (SDMNs). Software defined networking is seen as a promising technology to manage the complexity in communication networks. The need for SDMN comes from the complexity of network management in 5G mobile networks and beyond, driven by increasing mobi...

The recent exponential growth of wireless services with a wide range of diverse devices and applications requiring connectivity has motivated researchers to come up with innovative concepts to improve the efficiency of spectrum use. In particular for spectrum sharing several concepts have been recently introduced and studied, though to date only a...

This paper presents interference measurements for spectrum sharing between Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network and wireless cameras in the 2.3–2.4 GHz band under the new Licensed Shared Access (LSA) concept. The introduction of wireless broadband (WBB) communications services in this band is currently under study in European regulation and standardiz...

Licensed Shared Access (LSA) is a novel flexible regulatory framework, which introduces a shared licensed use of a spectrum band to complement the existing exclusively licensed and license-exempt use. LSA as a general concept was first introduced by the European Commission already in 2011 and it has gained growing interest in standardization and re...

We present an end-to-end ecosystem trial of the Licensed Shared Access (LSA) concept using a live LTE network sharing the 2.3 GHz band with incumbent wireless cameras. The entire LSA concept is implemented introducing LTE network as an additional licensed user in the band with the aid of an LSA Repository for spectrum availability information from...

Spectrum sharing is a key solution facilitating availability of the necessary spectrum for 5G wireless networks. This article addresses the problem of flexible spectrum sharing by the application of adaptive licensing among interested stakeholders. In particular, it acts as a proponent of ???pluralistic licensing??? and verifies it in three simulat...

This paper presents results from spectrum occupancy measurements in the 2.3-2.4 GHz band at Turku, Finland. The band is currently under study in European regulation and standardization for mobile communication systems. We review the recently introduced Licensed Shared Access (LSA) concept as a potential means for making the 2.3-2.4 GHz band availab...

This paper examines the new Licensed Shared Access spectrum sharing case in Finland. Functionality of mobile communication market and architecture define how mobile subscribers behave both technically and economically. If the mobile services fit together, interfaces between elements and services are the key. Definition of interfaces exists between...

This text simulates sharing conditions between incumbent spectrum user and mobile network operator (MNO) at the frequency band 2.3 - 2.4 GHz. The probability of interference between radio systems helps to determine appropriate frequency planning rules and specific limits for system performances. Due to rapid technology development in mobile devices...

For over a decade the quest for new means to improve the efficiency of spectrum use has motivated researchers all over the world to come up with innovative concepts for spectrum sharing. During this time, several concepts have been created and investigated, however, only a small part of them has raised industry interest or stimulated further discus...

The high mobile data traffic growth requires investments in radio access networks. Network capacity expansion can be achieved by increasing the number of base stations, increasing the network spectral efficiency and obtaining additional spectrum. This study assumes a constant number of base station to compare two potential future network deployment...

This paper investigates key stakeholders' incentives for the hybrid use of the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) spectrum for broadcasting and mobile broadband using novel Supplemental Downlink (SDL) Carrier Aggregation (CA) technique from the dynamic capabilities perspective of strategic management. So far broadcaster (BC) community has lacked true incen...

In the CORE+ project (http://core.willab.fi) VTT has been leading LSA (Licensed Shared Access) Controller development and trials together with NSN, Centria (Univ. of Applied Sciences Ylivieska), University of Oulu and University of Turku. CORE+ also have been involved in LSA related regulation and standardisation activities. We are interested on...

Enhanced antenna technologies will be key enabling factors in the development of 5th-generation (5G) systems that will achieve significant improvements in system capacity. This paper presents a practical performance evaluation of an active antenna system (AAS) that can lead to high-capacity gain with vertical sectorization (VS). Active antennas hav...

Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom) studies the connections between infocommunications and cognitive experiences. This paper presents a practical performance evaluation of an active antenna system (AAS) based on tests performed in a field trial environment with a cellular high-speed packet access (HSPA) network. Cellular networks face the cha...

Predictions on the growing mobile traffic have motivated investigations on spectrum sharing concepts to unlock spectrum for mobile use in regulatory and research fora all over the world. This paper presents an overview of recent spectrum sharing regulatory and research development in Europe and US that are aiming to make new spectrum available for...

This paper presents a demonstration of the new Licensed Shared Access (LSA) concept using a TD-LTE access network in the 2.3 GHz spectrum band in Finland. In the demonstrated trial, the TD-LTE network shares the spectrum of an incumbent spectrum user, who is focused on programme making and special events (PMSE) services. The demonstrator implements...

As the demand for mobile traffic continues to grow rapidly, finding exclusive bands for mobile network operators in a harmonized manner becomes increasingly challenging. New European spectrum regulatory development aims at allowing future cellular networks to access shared spectrum bands under the licensed shared access regime as a complementary ap...

This paper presents results from spectrum occupancy measurements in the 2.3-2.4 GHz band at Turku, Finland and Chicago, USA. The band is currently under study in European regulation and standardization for mobile communication systems. We review the recently introduced Licensed Shared Access (LSA) concept as a potential means for making the 2.3-2.4...

One of the critical challenges for secondary use of licensed spectrum is the accurate modeling of primary users' (PUs') stochastic behavior. However, the conventional hidden Markov models (HMMs) assume stationary state transition probability and fail to adequately describe PUs' dwell time distributions. In this letter, we propose a non-stationary h...

Spectrum sharing between an existing incumbent spectrum user and an LTE/LTEAdvanced network with conditions that resemble exclusive licensing have become an appealing solution for mobile network operators to respond to the growing traffic and spectrum demand in a timely manner. While traditional exclusive licensing continues to be the preferred opt...

This paper presents the results from a live field trial of the new Licensed Shared Access (LSA) concept using a TD-LTE network in the 2.3 GHz spectrum band in Finland. In the trial a live LTE network shares the spectrum from incumbent programme making and special events (PMSE) service including cordless cameras without causing harmful interference....

This demonstration presents a live spectrum sharing trial of the new Licensed Shared Access (LSA)/ Authorised Shared Access (ASA) concept. The trial shows the feasibility of the LSA/ASA concept and demonstrates how a mobile network operator (MNO) could take a new shared LSA/ASA band into use in a straight forward manner in response to the growing t...

This paper presents business models for mobile network operators (MNOs) in the new Licensed Shared Access (LSA) concept. The LSA concept allows spectrum sharing between an incumbent spectrum user and an LSA licensee under the supervision of the regulator with rules and conditions that guarantee predictable quality of service (QoS) levels to all inv...

This paper reviews recent spectrum sharing models under study in the spectrum regulation and wireless communications research domains. An overview of different spectrum regulator forums and directions is presented and their activities related to the development of spectrum sharing models are reviewed. Special emphasis is put on the recent European...

The aim of this chapter is to showcase several important contributions towards identification of techniques for spectrum sharing and coexistence. It is envisaged that such novel techniques may be of value in various regulatory considerations. They might assist in shaping technical conditions that will govern the access to radio spectrum by CR techn...

This paper presents directional and cooperative spectrum occupancy measurements in the 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific and medical band. Spectrum occupancy characterises the efficiency of spectrum use in terms of identifying the proportion of time that a given frequency channel is occupied. Directional spectrum occupancy measurements are carried out...

As the amount of mobile data continues to grow rapidly, finding frequency bands without incumbent usage for mobile network operators (MNOs) in a harmonized manner becomes increasingly challenging. This motivates the search for new methods to increase the efficiency of current spectrum usage by exploring the new possibilities to allow multiple servi...

This paper describes the current efforts underway to set up matched long-term continuously running spectrum observatories in the US (in Chicago and Blacksburg) and in Turku, Finland. The measurement equipment setup is described, along with the architecture for the networked database used to aggregate, archive and share the spectrum measurement data...

This paper presents a novel decision-making system for the selection of methods to obtain knowledge of spectrum availability in future mobile communication systems equipped with cognitive radio system (CRS) capabilities. The proposed decision-making scheme selects the methods to obtain knowledge of spectrum availability between control channels, da...

Cognitive radio system (CRS) technology can help respond to the growing mobile traffic demand by improving network resource usage and gaining access to new shared spectrum bands. This article presents a cognitive radio trial environment (CORE) consisting of cognitive engines (CEs) to control different radio systems [e.g., long-term evolution (LTE)...

Opportunistic use of the 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band has recently received a growing interest. Numerous measurement campaigns have been conducted to analyze the spectrum use in the ISM band in several locations. However, the parameter setting in measurements regarding the bandwidth and time resolution has not been analyze...

Spectrum sharing is becoming a necessity in future cellular networks due to the increasing traffic demand and challenges of getting exclusive spectrum. This article reviews the spectrum sharing framework that consists of regulatory, technology, and business domains. For future mobile network operators, sharing of spectrum with other operators or wi...

We introduce the concept of “pluralistic licensing”, which we describe as the award of licenses under the assumption that opportunistic secondary spectrum access will be allowed, and that interference may be caused to the primary with parameters and rules that are known to the primary at the point of obtaining the license. A key aspect of the conce...

This paper presents a modular decision flow for the selection of radio access technique (RAT), carrier frequency, and bandwidth for opportunistic networks that are operator governed temporary extensions of mobile communication network infrastructures. In this study the emphasis is placed on finding an optimal (band, RAT) combination for each opport...

This paper gravitates on the spectrum channel allocation problem where each compounding node of a cognitive radio network is assigned a frequency channel for transmission over a given outgoing link, based on optimizing an overall network performance metric dependant on the level of interference among nearby nodes. In this context, genetically inspi...

This paper presents a framework for including cognitive management functionalities in the spectrum selection process for Opportunistic Networks (ONs).The framework is based on a decision making functionality interacting with a knowledge management block that stores and processes information about the spectrum use. Different approaches for spectrum...

Opportunistic networks with cognitive management systems can improve the resource use in future wireless communication networks by forming local clusters that are temporary extensions of the infrastructure and governed by the operator. This paper presents a decision making system that selects the techniques for obtaining spectrum availability infor...

A mobile cloud is a collaborative cluster of wireless devices exploiting their multiple air interfaces. It operates cognitively, i.e, collects information from the operating environment, from the results of its own operations etc., and then acts based on observations in order to fulfill the needs of the users. A cognitive engine is required for dec...

In this paper we define a framework for combined frequency, bandwidth, and radio access technique (RAT) selection for wireless operator governed opportunistic network (ON). The proposed framework presents a decision flow that can select bandwidth, frequency and RAT for one or several ONs. ON can be used e.g. when the operator network needs capacity...

Cognitive radio is often considered as means to achieve more efficient use of radio spectrum. The achievable gain, however, is highly dependent on the characteristics of the traffic existing on the band cognitive radio uses for transmission as well as on the method that cognitive radio uses to obtain the information on the availability of the spect...

The common control channel problem has become one of the main research challenges in a dynamic spectrum access (DSA) based ad hoc network without a global common channel. The basic question lies in how the control channels of the network are aligned in a reliable and distributed way with minimum management overhead. We propose in this paper a novel...

This paper proposes a autocorrelation-based method to classify traffic patterns of primary channels in cognitive radio systems to allow a more accurate prediction of the future idle times. The classification algorithm uses binary information collected by spectrum sensing. It searches periodicity from the sensed binary pattern using a discrete autoc...

This paper presents a novel iterative hybrid algorithm for subcarrier and power allocation in a cognitive orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) downlink. In the considered setup a primary base station forwards information to K distant receivers by using a single OFDM waveform, whereas a secondary base station – subject to stringent...

When autonomous cognitive radios (CRs) have to search multiple potential channels for spectrum opportunities, they face competition from one another to access the channel. The end result of this competition is reduced CR throughput due to collisions among CRs that transmit in the same channel. In this context, the channel sensing order, i.e., the o...

This paper presents a novel architecture and approach for obtaining spectrum availability information in future cognitive radio systems (CRS). CRS can opportunistically access spectrum by identifying unoccupied channels while keeping higher priority systems on the same channel free from harmful interference. Knowledge of the current state of the sp...

Reliable spectrum sensing is one of the key technologies for enabling spectrum coexistence. In this paper, co- operative spectrum sensing based on the Welch periodogram is studied in frequency selective fading environment for quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. Parameter selection for...

This paper presents a novel resource allocation procedure for OFDMA downlinks, which stems from an hy- bridization of the Harmony Search and the Differential Evolution heuristic algorithms. In this setup it is known that optimum subcarrier and power allocation is achieved through 1) assigning each subcarrier to the user with highest channel gain at...

This paper studies the maximum number of users that can be allocated in the same frequency band in case of using beamforming in a transmitter and a receiver by simulations. With the use of smart antennas the spectrum can be used efficiently, and at the same time the quality of service (QoS) of secondary users is increased in comparison with omnidir...

Opportunistic Networks are temporary, localized, operator-governed network segments that are created under certain circumstances. Opportunistic Networks can be used as coordinated extensions of the infrastructure in order to provide solution to matters such as coverage and capacity extension, infrastructure supported opportunistic ad-hoc networking...

Cognitive radio systems have recently emerged as potential enablers of more efficient use of various resources in future wireless communication systems. Cognitive radio systems can obtain knowledge of their operational environment and internal state, adapt their operations to optimize performance, and learn from the results. This report presents th...

2010 3rd International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies, ISABEL 2010. Roma, Italy, 7-10 Nov. 2010, Article number 5702856 This paper presents cooperative spectrum occupancy measurements in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. Spectrum occupancy describes the efficiency of spectrum use in terms of the proportion of time th...

This paper outlines the application of the heuristic Harmony Search (HS) algorithm for efficient spectrum allocation in cognitive radio networks under a minimum Bit Error Rate (BER) criterion. Our proposed algorithm provides a higher degree of diversity in the search process by virtue of its particular improvisation procedure, as opposed to evoluti...