Maria Virelli

Agenzia Spaziale Italiana · Earth Observation

This paper presents a novel Multi-Speed Dilated Convolutional Deep Neural Network (MSDC) architecture for accurate weather forecasting. The MSDC model employs a multi-scale parallel convolutional architecture to capture local features and long-term temporal dependencies in time series data. The model ingests input time series through multiple paral...

This paper provides an in-depth exploration of the Crop Module within the "EarTH Observation for the Early forecasT of Irrigation needS (THETIS)” project, specifically addressing challenges in precision agriculture. The study unfolds in the "Fortore" irrigation district (Southern Italy), focusing in particular on the 6/B district. The Crop Module,...

This paper reports on a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) for the early, medium, and short-term forecast of irrigation needs in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment. The SDSS is developed in the context of the "EarTH Observation for the Early forecasT of Irrigation needS (THETIS)” project supported by the Italian Space Agency (ASI). THETIS in...

Agricultural drought is one of the most critical effects of climate change. This work proposes a machine learning based approach for agricultural drought monitoring that integrates seven standard remote sensing indices computed from Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery, agricultural drought damage percentage assessed in situ and six meteo-climatic vari...

Satellite radar remote sensing techniques are non-invasive methodologies that can be effectively used for diagnostic purposes, measuring displacements, and monitoring cultural assets, architectural structures, and archaeological areas without injuring their integrity. The environmental condition and hydrogeological hazard in the Italian territory c...

SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellite interferometry is a helpful remote sensing technique for large areas analyses and monitoring, especially where the study area is difficult to access for practical or for legal reasons. As a result, the use of these techniques has significantly increased over the past three decades. Among the available differ...

This paper presents an innovative, parallel implementation of the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) approach to automatically and efficiently process large volumes of multi-temporal Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Interferometry (DInSAR) interferograms generated at the native full spatial resolution of the SAR images. The starting point of t...

According to the World Bank data catalogue, 6,862 records of reservoirs and their associated dams are present summing up a capacity of 6,197 km3 of water. They play a crucial role in providing potable and irrigation water and, therefore, it is of paramount interest to effectively monitor such critical infrastructures. An effective approach is based...

COSMO-SkyMed is the flagship Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite constellation of the Italian Space Agency (ASI) that, among the many civilian applications for which it was originally conceived, is nowadays successfully exploited for cultural heritage applications. Current capabilities offered by both the First and Second Generations satellite...

The monitoring projectof the Parco archeologico del Colosseo was inspired by the need to build up a system of protection and conservation, based on the principles of a sustainable exploitation. Within this framework, the Park has launched a static and dynamic monitoring project consisting of five fundamental levels of activities: (i) a database of...

The increasing availability of satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images is opening new opportunities for operational support to predictive maintenance and emergency actions. With the purpose of investigating the performances of SAR images characterized by different geometric resolutions for post-earthquake damage detection and mapping, we an...

Riassunto I dati satellitari Radar ad Apertura Sintetica (SAR) sono sempre più utilizzati per applicazioni di studio e monitoraggio di beni culturali, mediante analisi multi-temporali basate su tecniche di change detection e interferometria differenziale (DInSAR). COSMO-SkyMed è la costellazione SAR dell’Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, unica al mondo ad...

Aouelloul impact crater is located in Mauritania in the Adrar region, western Sahara Desert. The crater, that has a diameter of 390 m, rises around 20 m above the surroundings and 53 m above the crater floor and was discovered in 1938 from air by A. Pourquié but visited on the ground only 12 years later by Th. Monod in 1950.

The Liverpool Crater is located in the Arnhem Land Aboriginal Reserve of Northern Territory and is an eroded impact structure, which is partially exhumed. Named after the nearby Liverpool River, it consists of a circular ring of sandstone breccia ranging from 100 to 300 m wide and up to 50 m high and lies within flat-lying Paleoproterozoic sandston...

Montagnais is an impact crater located entirely beneath the surface of the Atlantic Ocean about 100 km south of the shoreline of Nova Scotia, completely hidden at any remote sensing observation. It was discovered in the mid-70s when oil company was looking for reservoir in that area.

Located less than 7 km S of Vaasa, Söderfjärden is a 6.6-km-wide impact structure just 1 km from the western Finnish coast within the 1.88 Ga old Svecofennian granitoids of ‘Vaasa granite’. A thousand years ago, it was still under water when emerged as circular bay on the thirteenth century.

The Zapadnaya impact structure, recognized in 1975, is placed in the western part of the crystalline basement rocks of the Ukrainian shield and about 65 km NE of the city of Vinnitsa. It is an extensively eroded crater, 3.2 × 2.23 km in diameter and up to 260 m deep.

The 23 km Lappajärvi impact structure is the largest of the geologically younger (Phanerozoic) impact structures on the Baltic shield. It is filled by the Lappajärvi lake, an unusual large basin in western Finland, elongated NS due to glaciation.

The Manicouagan structure of Quebec is a complex impact crater formed within crystalline metamorphic and igneous rocks of Canadian Shield from 1170 to 1700 Ma old, which were metamorphosed about 1000 Ma ago by Grenville Orogeny.

The Upheaval Dome of SW Utah originated by collapse of a transient cavity formed by an impact. This unique feature of Canyonlands National Park is eye-catching among geological features mostly formed from water erosion of sedimentary rock.

Suvasvesi N and S are part of a possible double crater with the second one, probably smaller, located south and correlates with the Haapaselkä open lake area. The hypothesis of the impact origin was first taken from morphological analysis of satellite images, even if none of the two craters is actually exposed.

At 100-km S of the southern edge of the Ungava Bay in Quebec, La Moinerie is a roughly circular complex impact structure with an 8 km diameter filled by a lake with the same name (Gold et al. 1978; Robertson and Grieve 1975). Highly eroded by glaciation, it still shows the remnant of the central peak identified with the central islands.

The buried Eagle Butte crater, not visible in either optical or radar images, is located in southern Alberta. This crater has little or no surface expression and was first proposed in 1962 due to the faulting pattern on the surface later recognized geophysically and only recently, in 2005, officially recognized as impact crater with the finding of...

The particularity of the Suavjärvi structure is that the evaluation of its age attests it as the oldest extraterrestrial impact scar known on the Earth. Its breccia is overlain by basal conglomerates of the Jatulian formation whose age is evaluated to be about 2300 Ma.

Located in Baden-Wurttemberg 70 km E of Stuttgart, the Steinheim crater is believed to be formed simultaneously with the 40 km far at ENE Ries structure due to the impact of a binary asteroid or to the split in two pieces of a single body, with ENE direction.

The Calvin structure is a complex impact crater shallowly buried below the land of south-western Michigan, where it has minimal or no surface expression in optical images.

The Amelia Creek Structure is located in the Davenport Ranges of the Northern Territory, Australia. Shock metamorphic features are developed on the southern, down-range side of the structure.

The Glikson structure is an aeromagnetic and structural anomaly located in otherwise nearly flat-lying sandstone, siltstone and conglomerate of the Neoproterozoic Mundadjini Formation in the Little Sandy Desert of Western Australia.

The dimensions of the elliptical Proterozoic Matt Wilson impact structure, in the Australian Northern Territory, are 7.5 by 6.3 km, corresponding to an aspect ratio of 1.2, with its long axis trending northeast–southwest; its shape implies the crater formed with a low angle collision.

The Mizarai impact structure formed during the very early Paleozoic, when an asteroid, estimated of about 300 m in diameter, struck the Earth where presently is the city of Mizarai.

The Tin Bider, located in the NE of the Algerian Tadmaït plain, is a multiringed structure of at least four concentric annular ridges at about 0.6, 0.9, 1.8, 2.9 km from the center, separated by troughs.

Discovered in late 1975, Veevers is a simple small well-preserved crater between the Great Sandy Desert and the Gibson Desert in Western Australia. It is 80 m in diameter and 10 m deep with the rim 4 m above the surroundings. Fragments of the meteorite, a medium octahedrite, have been recovered even if it struck mid-Tertiary iron-rich laterite whic...

Middlesboro structure in Kentucky is named after the city of Middlesboro that is nestled inside the crater rim. It is located next to the Triple Frontier area with Tennessee and Virginia, between Pine Mountain and the Cumberland Mountains in the Middlesboro Basin.

Dalgaranga is one of the smallest terrestrial impact craters 16 with 24 m diameter and, in 1923, the first such discovery known to have been caused by the impact of a meteorite in Australia (Bevan 1996). Thanks also to the extremely arid area where it is emplaced the crater is just a little eroded and its preservation state plus the 10Be/26Al expos...

The Mjølnir submarine crater is located in the Barents Sea on the Bjarmeland Platform, a shallow shelf characterized by a relatively undisturbed and complete Carboniferous–Quaternary stratigraphic section. The underlying crystalline basement is assumed to be of Palaeozoic age and is at depths of 7–9 km (Werner and Torsvik 2010).

Located on Devon Island in the Canadian Arctic, the Haughton impact structure was first explored in 1950s but only in 1975 defined as complex impact structure with central uplift after the finding of shatter cones (Robertson and Grieve 1975; Frisch and Thorsteinsson 1977). Today it is one of the most studied impact structures due to the high releva...

Despite being considered as an exposed crater, Haviland crater is now unrecognizable topographically since it has been completely excavated and subsequently filled in, so that it was possible to locate it thanks only to the family who lived close to the structure for ages (Nininger and Figgins 1933; Nininger 1971; Hodge 1979).

The shatter cones found in the late 2000s in an area at least 3 km² in extent 12 km northeast of Santa Fe, New Mexico, along with petrographic evidence of low shock-metamorphic levels indicate the presence of a so far unknown, deeply eroded impact structure that is between 300 Ma and 1 Ga in age and a minimum final crater diameter of ~6–13 km.

On September 15, 2007, at 19.45 h world time, a meteorite fall occurred on the Puna plateau south of Lake Titicaca near the border of Peru and Bolivia at 3.824 m altitude. The meteorite formed a crater 13–14 m in diameter, 1 m-high rim, and 5 m deep into reddish brown soil covering siltstones and shales of the Puno Group. Ejection occurred to a dis...

At 130 km SW of Ottawa, in the Precambrian, crystalline and metasedimentary late Precambrian or early Cambrian target rock lies the impact structure of Holleford (Beals 1960; Andrieux and clark 1969).

Located 130 km of the Balkhash Lake, the largest in Kazakhstan, Shunak is a well-preserved circular crater with a rim of upturned and twisted rocks.

Wolfe Creek is young enough to retain most of its structure. Nearly, the size of the Barringer crater is 880 m in diameter and its rim rises up to 35 m above the plain and 50 m above the crater floor. The rim is composed by vertical and overturned devonian sandstone and laterite, which are the target rocks, meanwhile, the crater got about hundred m...

Ile Rouleau is a roughly circular 1-km-wide island located in the southern sector of the elongated Lac Mistassini, the larger natural lake of Quebec (St. John 1968; Hodge 1994).

Recognized in 1931 near the Finke River, south to the Macdonnell Ranges, The Henbury Crater Field composed by thirteen plus one not confirmed. They span in diameter between 6 and 180 m with the largest located at the north and the smallest at the south end of the ellipse pattern.

The Marquez Dome in Texas is a shallow buried complex impact crater that early investigators interpreted as uplift overlying a salt dome. The salt diapiric origin has been ruled out by drilling and seismic reflection data within the area that presents exposure of Cretaceous sediments in a 1.2 km diameter disturbed zone, surrounded by shallow dippin...

Indications of impact that confirmed the nature of the Logoisk structure are the presence of shatter cones in the fragments of granite-gneisses and dolomites, the presence of planar structure and deformation lamellae in mineral, coesite and stishovite, and of microcrystal of impact diamond in impactite—suevites.

The Oasis structure is an eroded crater located in desert of Libya and named after an oil company.

Crawford crater is shaped like a pointed teardrop (8.5 × 3.5 km) and relief between the central basin and the average eastern rim is about 80 m. Its unusual shape imply a very low-angle impact with a possible impact trajectory towards NNE. The structure also seems to be part of low-angle multiple impact as a result of atmospheric break-up, along wi...

Located in a remote and difficult to access area in the Northern Territory, The Goyder impact structure has a deformed area exposed at the surface and marked by a 3 km diameter ring of fractured and faulted sandstone, which is interpreted as the eroded relic of a central uplift.

The Foelsche structure situated in northern Australia comprises a roughly circular outcrop of flat-lying Neoproterozoic Sandstone that coincides with a prominent circular magnetic anomaly discovered by aerial measures.

The Rock Elm Structure is a circular disturbed area, clearly recognizable in the radar image, about 6 km in diameter, located in otherwise undisturbed flat-lying Paleozoic sandstones and limestones about 300 m thick, which overlie Precambrian metasediments and felsic volcanics.

Lonar is the only fresh terrestrial impact structure formed in basalt lunar and Martian craters. It is a simple, bowl-shaped, near-circular 150 m deep crater occupied by a shallow salty lake while rim rises 20 m above the surroundings.

Located in the Gibson Desert of Western Australia, the 16 Connolly Basin is a 9-km wide impact crater filled with post-crater sediments.

Located 90 km straight east of the Deep Bay crater in the Saskatchewan region, the Gow crater is roughly circular lake with the prominent Calder Island, 1.5 km high and 35 m wide, defined as its central uplift.

The Wabar craters are located about 500 km southeast of Riyadh, and diameters of the three craters are 116 m, 64 m and 11 m, respectively. It is believed that these craters are located entirely within the sand sheet since the ejected material consists exclusively of shock-lithified dune sand and lacks limestone blocks.

Located 30 km S of Fort Stockton in Texas and about at an equal distance from the borders with Mexico and New Mexico, Sierra Madera is an impact structure of about 13 km in diameter.

The ~25-m-diameter Steen River impact structure is a not-exposed crater remnant of the largest known impact crater in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. The eroded crater lies buried under ~200 m of cover with no surface expression necessitating geophysical and drilling projects for its exploration.

Located approximatively at the same distance, 255 km, ENE to Oslo and NW to Stockholm, Siljan is the largest European impact structure with its, at least, 52 km of diameter, since other estimations are 65 and 75 km.

The Zeleny Gai structure is a small-buried crater on the Ukrainian shield covered by about 50 m of Cenozoic sand and clays.

Lumparn Bay fills a 9-km-wide impact crater. Limestone of 40 m overlays a—at least—50 m of breccia, solely composed of crushed Rapakivi granite (the target rock), that appears to occupy most of the seafloor over the whole bay (Abels et al. 1998).

The Maple Creek structure, discovered in the early 1990s south-southeast of Maple Creek, has a 6 km diameter and is barely recognizable at the surface and poorly visible in the radar image (Gent et al. 1992; Grieve et al. 1998).

The Vepriaj structure is in east-central Lithuania, north of Vilnius. It is not exposed, and no part of its structure is visible at any wavelength (Grieve 1991).

The Shoemaker impact structure is composed of two concentric low hills ring of iron-rich sedimentary rocks of Frere Formation and interrupts the prominent lines of the northwest-trending Frere Range.

Nicholson structure, in eastern Northwest Territories 30 km from the Nunavut border, is an impact crater filled by the Nicholson Lake.

The Tabun-Khara-Obo impact crater is situated in a remote part of the eastern Gobi Desert, about 470 km southeast of Ulaanbaatar, and it interrupts a northeast–southwest-striking sedimentary massif that is deeply etched by prevailing winds.

The Presqu’ile structure of central southern Quebec is emplaced on Archean crystalline rocks.

Karikkoselkä impact structure was discovered in 1995 because of the strikingly circular shape and unusual bathymetry of the lake with its 26 m unusual deep in an area where the average lake depth does not exceed more than about 15 m.

Located in Manitoba, between Manitoba Lake and Winnipeg Lake, which are 22 and 37 km far, respectively, the Saint Martin is a largely buried complex impact structure that has no topographic expression.

Located in Newfoundland and Labrador next to the Quebec border, Mistastin is a central peak basin structure. It hosts an elliptical 11 × 18 km lake of the same name, which in turn hosts the 120-m-high arc-shaped Horseshoe Island identified as the central uplift (Currie 1968; Hodge 1994; Robertson and Grieve 1975). Outward a 50-m-high rim surrounds...

The complex impact structure of Boltysh crater is formed on the Precambrian crystalline basement rocks of the Ukrainian shield and covered by quaternary sediments.

The heavily eroded structure of Ternovka lies in the southern part of the Ukrainian shield and was identified of impact origin in early 80 with the discovery of coesite, stishovite, impact diamond, and shatter cones.

The Beaverhead impact structure is located in USA on the border between Montana and Idaho. The crater is extremely eroded due to its age: U-Pb and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar data gave an age of 900 million years meanwhile trace fossil evidence provided an age of about 600 million years.

The 75-m-deep lake Paasselkä in SE Finland has a nearly circular shape and shows near its center a low magnetic relief revealed by ground magnetic data.

The Neugrund marine impact structure is located on the southern coast of the entrance to the Gulf of Finland, straight eastward of the Osmussaar Island.

Kelly West is an impact structure recognized in 1973 thanks only to the shatter cones presence, which, in turn, thanks their axes, and demonstrates the presence of the uplift: apices are rotated outward, away from the center of uplift, which shows brecciated quartzitic sandstone.

Wanapitei structure is an impact crater located NW of the Sudbury structure. It is filled by a lake, which has a half-circular shoreline, well identifiable in the image, in the northern part that became carved by glaciation in the southern sector.

Glover Bluff consists of three hills that rise about 35 m above the surrounding countryside. The crater area is located about 10 km NNW of the town of Westfield, Wisconsin. Aside from their geological interest (Ekern and Thwaites 1930), they have been important economically as the site of quarries that have mined the dolomite of Lower Ordovician ag...