Maria Johanna Schouten

• PhD
• Professor (Associate) at University of Beira Interior

Schouten, Maria Johanna (2022) Documentos pré-1975 sobre Timor: antigos, mas não antiquados, in: Ricardo Roque (ed.) Timor Etnográfico. Etnografias coloniais portuguesas no século XX. In this book various authors, on the basis of of diverse ethnographic material dating from the colonial period, consider the relationship between anthropology and col...

Overview of the main activities and achievements of the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), considered in the context of the gender policies in Europe and the factors and developments promoting or thwarting gender equality. EIGE, as an Agency of the European Union, collects, processes and disseminates data on gender relations and aims to...

Resumo: The time parents dedicate to the routine transport of their children has increased significantly since the second half of the twentieth century. This change was triggered by various developments, including new forms of parenthood, the central place the car has come to occupy in society and the tendency to urban dispersion. The article addre...

Preface to a study of political processes at local and regional level in Indonesia, highlighting the areas of Sumenep (eastern Madura) and Manado (northern Sulawesi) in the first years of the new millennium, following the collapse of the authoritarian regime of president Suharto. The processes of decentralization and the measures intended to bring...

In this farewell lecture, given at the University of Beira Interior (a translation of the original Portuguese version), some topics related to the question of culture contact are addressed. These include the various ways in which other cultures are observed and judged, with special attention paid to the approach taken by the social sciences; practi...

This article examines today’s perception among Indonesians of the Portuguese presence in Eastern Indonesia during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Despite evidence of the often violent pursuit of supremacy and material benefit by European navigators, the local population has different understandings of the past. An assessment of these from...

In May 2002, when its independence was formally established, Timor-Leste became the latest of the former Portuguese colonies that had to come to terms with its colonial heritage. But this was not its only challenge, as this territory had been occupied by its neighbour Indonesia in the period 1975-1999, entailing misery for the population and an ‘In...

Abstract. In Portugal and elsewhere in the world, the movement promoting gender equality has known advances and setbacks over the past century. While acknowledging and outlining the major favourable developments, this paper discusses mainly some tendencies in the opposite direction, in particular those that highlight and encourage, from an early ag...

of Schouten 2017: Gender in the history of cultural anthropology This text discusses, in a historical perspective, the status of women in anthropology, on the one hand as objects of study and, on the other hand, as professionals in this discipline. In the social sciences, for many decades, attention was directed to the lives of men and the male per...

Summary of Schouten 2017: Gender in the history of cultural anthropology This text discusses, in a historical perspective, the status of women in anthropology, on the one hand as objects of study and, on the other hand, as professionals in this discipline. In the social sciences, for many decades, attention was directed to the lives of men and the...

Schouten, Maria Johanna 2017 – From Pretty Woman to Pretty Women. Preface to the book Pretty women (by Dewi Nusantari), pp. 3-10. Malang: Citra Mentari Preface to the book Pretty women by Dewi Nusantari, referring the cross-cultural variety of the ideal of female beauty, and indicating how patriarchy is a major factor in inciting women to make sacr...

Muslims have welcomed modern technology and especially ICT, using it for secular as well as religious ends. Satellite television and in particular internet provides the possibility to reinforce links within the Muslim community worldwide. Gender segregation, which is in varying degrees common among many Muslims, implies that women are usually releg...

The spatial transition of individuals and their families between the different contexts of home, work/school, and leisure activities, as well as the time spent during this «interface», are attracting growing attention from sociologists. The main subject of the present study relates to the transportation of children to and from day-care, school or e...

Preface to an anthropological study about the city of Manado (Indonesia). Attention is paid to its geostrategic location and the diversity of its population, in a historical perspective. Includes reflections on anthropological practices and analysis.

The spatial transition of individuals and their families between the different contexts of home, work/school, and leisure activities, as well as the time spent during this «interface», are attracting growing attention from sociologists. The main subject of the present study relates to the transportation of children to and from day-care, school or e...

In the nineteenth century, diverse geological, biological and anthropological features of the Island of Timor were explored and interpreted. Those explorations were often the by-product of travels with quite different goals, such as reconnaissance voyages to Australia, research in other parts of Southeast Asia, whale-hunting, or the administrative...

Apresentação powerpoint com imagens que ilustram uma palestra sobre a destruição de cidades em contexto de guerra. O foco é na Segunda Guerra Mundial, e o papel das mulheres nas tentativas de sobreviver e reconstruir as cidades, depois da guerra. Com referências a obras da literatura alemã.

Over the past one hundred years, the movement towards gender equality has known advances and setbacks, in Portugal and all over the world. While acknowledging and outlining the major favourable developments, this paper discusses mainly some tendencies in the opposite direction, in particular those that increasingly emphasize and encourage, from an...

Over the past one hundred years, the movement towards gender equality has known advances and setbacks, in Portugal and all over the world. While acknowledging and outlining the major favourable developments, this paper discusses mainly some tendencies in the opposite direction, in particular those that increasingly emphasize and encourage, from an...

This article presents an analysis of public policies implemented in Portugal between 2008 and 2013 affecting the older segments of the population, specifically those aged 50 years and over. Research on this period is relevant because it was a time of economic and financial crisis and concomitant changes in government policy. By making a content ana...

Anthropology and Sociology. Textbook for the Medicine Course at the University of Beira Interior. Livro didático, com resumos da matéria, excertos de textos e questões para debate, utilizado na Unidade Curricular Antropologia e Sociologia no Mestrado Integrado em Medicina na Universidade da Beira Interior.

Several studies have documented the importance of social networks for quality of life (QL) in old age. This article presents a review and critical analysis of the literature on the relationship between the social networks of the elderly and their QL/well-being. A survey using interdisciplinary search engines [Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Scholar Googl...

Powerpoint presentation displaying images to illustrate a talk on culture and colonial politics in 19th-century Minahasa (northern Sulawesi) at the Studium Generale, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado. Special attention is given to the words and works of Eduard Douwes Dekker, secretary of the Residency Manado and later the author of the iconic piece...

Powerpoint presentation displaying images to illustrate a talk on culture and colonial politics in 19th-century Minahasa (northern Sulawesi) at the Studium Generale, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado. Special attention is given to the words and works of Eduard Douwes Dekker, secretary of the Residency Manado and later the author of the iconic piece...

Atendendo à problemática da articulação entre os contextos familiar, privado e profissional, foca-se neste texto a interface, ou seja, a transição ou deslocação no espaço de pessoas de um desses contextos para um outro. O tema principal em estudo é o transporte dos filhos que frequentam o infantário, a escola ou as ATL, bem como as perceções e estr...

Presentation of a study which examined the relationships between technology use and time allocation in households, focusing the gender factor. The research was carried out in two different regions in Portugal and involved a questionnaire survey among 430 couples, various focus group sessions and in-depth interviews. Three of the main results are d...

Este estudo analisa as mudanças nos modos de vida das famílias de agricultores pluriativos e exclusivamente agrícolas do noroeste de Portugal, a partir dos anos 1980, mediante a obtenção de rendimentos oriundos da migração de, pelo menos, um dos membros da família, para outro país da União Europeia, e o estreitamento do mercado de trabalho e do con...

Neste texto é problematizado o desequilíbrio, por género, na participação em tarefas domésticas, assim como o grau de genderização de algumas dessas tarefas. Para a análise, será fulcral contemplar a questão da identidade de género, assumindo que essa se constrói, em parte, pela realização de certas atividades. Não só será considerado o tempo despe...

Resumo A versão dos habitantes de Minahasa (Indonésia) sobre a presença histórica portuguesa na sua região contrasta com a versão oficial dos historiadores. Focando as narrativas sobre certos edifícios, será explorada a construção da memória coletiva que confere forte influência aos portugueses, e o uso desta ideia na Minahasa contemporânea. Abs...

http://www.lasics.uminho.pt/ojs/index.php/cics_ebooks/article/view/1714/1648 As a result of medical advances and technological developments, childbirth in Europe has been transformed from a physiological process usually taking place in the home, to a pathological, clinical event. This publication is concerned with what constitutes a normal birth i...

Discussion of the political and scientific background of ethnographic writing about Timor in the second half of the nineteenth century, with a focus on the zones under Dutch colonial rule. The civil servant Johann Gerard Friedrich Riedel pursued ethnographic, geological, biological and other interests, in Timor and nearby islands as well as in othe...

barometro.com.pt/archives/935

The objectives of this text: 1. To identify types of networks of women 50 years and over, who provide support to their parents in different European settings. 2. To consider the association of specific network types and familialism regimes.

Discussion of the processes of communication in Southeast Asia, in the 16th-18th centuries, between the Portuguese seafarers and the local population, mainly traders and political rulers. Central is the role of the interpreters, as intermediaries ad as translators not just of language but also of customs and etiquette. In addition, the special posi...

Introdução ao livro Saúde: sistemas, mediações e comportamentos, indicando diversos tópicos de investigação na Sociologia da Saúde em Portugal. Contém breves introduções aos diversos capítulos do livro.

This paper is based on the results of a research project carried out among families in the districts of Castelo Branco and Braga, which involved the application of a survey, focus group sessions and semi-directive interviews. The relation between gender and time allocation was one of the major areas of analysis. In this text, attention is directed...

Une grande majorité des femmes au Portugal perçoit la maternité comme un objectif principal de leurs vies, bien que le fait d’avoir des enfants demande beaucoup de sacrifices au niveau économique et de temps. Au Portugal, contrairement à d’autres pays européens et/ou méditerranéens, les femmes ne diminuent ou n’interrompent pas très longtemps leur...

In book: Saúde: sistemas, mediações e comportamentos, Publisher: Humus, Editors: Alice Delerue Matos e Maria Johanna Schouten 2012

Une grande majorité des femmes au Portugal perçoit la maternité comme un objectif principal de leurs vies, bien que le fait d’avoir des enfants demande beaucoup de sacrifices au niveau économique et de temps. Au Portugal, contrairement à d’autres pays européens et/ou méditerranéens, les femmes ne diminuent ou n’interrompent pas très longtemps leur...

The gendered techniques of household work Summary Despite its low status, domestic work requires the learning and use of various difficult skills, it requires time and physical and mental energy and involves the employment of utensils specific to a particular cultural environment. The variations in the types, methods and norms of household work are...

This paper addresses a project in progress, which envisages an account and understanding of the ways of employment of technology in the domestic space. According to the principal thesis adopted, gender is assumed as the structuring variable in the ways of appropriation and negotiation of spaces and times, and technology contains the distinctive ord...

http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/22134379-90003612 rituals Toraja anthropology book review

The article examines the factors that influence women’s options for motherhood, whether or not in combination with a professional career, in respectively Latvia and Portugal. The central question ties in with major concerns among policymakers in Europe, such as the low fertility rate in all of Europe and the ambition to attain a higher educational...

Die überseeische Expansion brachte europäische Seefahrer, Händler, Missionare, Forscher und Kolonisten mit einer Vielzahl von Sprachen in Kontakt, die in Europa zuvor weitgehend unbekannt waren. Für die Kommunikation mit außereuropäischen Bevölkerungen jenseits einfacher Formen wie Gabentausch und Zeichensprache waren multilinguale Vermittler unabd...

In the first two centuries of the development of modern science, in particular in the areas of biology, medicine and physical anthropology, “women” were considered an interesting study object, since they deviated from the norm, which was the male, and their inferiority to men was considered to be scientifically demonstrable, and thus a justificatio...

Breve apresentação da obra de Pramoedya Ananta Toer, notával escritor Indonésio, com atenção pela sua crítica à condição de mulheres no seu país, em vários períodos no século XX.

Capítulo sobre a diversidade de perceção e uso do tempo, conforme a cultura e o género. Tema central é o dilema de conciliação entre exigências e projetos profissionais por um lado, e interesses familiares e pessoais por outro lado. Sugerem-se novas políticas sociais, aduzindo como exemplo certas iniciativas na cidade da Covilhã. This text is abou...

In the wake of the fall of the authoritarian regime of Suharto in 1998, Indonesia went through rapid processes of democratization and decentralization. However, this was also a period of conflict and violence, in particular motivated by religious and ethnic diversity. Minahasa, the area focused in this article, is surrounded by regions where confli...

Report on research in Portugal in the framework of the project RoMann (The role of men – articulation of professional and private lives in small and medium enterprises in Germany, France, Hungary and Portugal). The first part of this report is dedicated to theoretical considerations of gender and the family, and to specific Portuguese conditions i...

In particular since the nineteenth century, in the western world female sex workers have been considered as a particular, inferior, type of woman. They do not correspond to the dominant norm of female sexuality as being restricted and disciplined (Foucault), not to the moral standpoint that sexuality should not be subject to commodification. In thi...

This text addresses the theories and justifications the Portuguese colonial regime used to support its actions in eastern Timor, especially during the nineteenth century. Special attention is paid to Governor Afonso de Castro (1859-1863) who, in pursuit of his ideals of civilization, made use of «savage» Timorese customs such as headhunting. A simi...

Muslims have welcomed modern technology and especially ICT, using it for secular as well as religious ends. Satellite television and in particular internet provides the possibility to reinforce links within the Muslim community worldwide. Gender segregation, which is in varying degrees common among many Muslims, implies that women are usually releg...

The first Portuguese travelers in the Malay archipelago already observed that gender was less important for social differentiation than in the western world. The colonial regime, and the Islamic respectively the Christian religion have emphasized the specific gender roles, allotting to women the caring tasks. This role has been reinforced during th...

This approach to the phenomenon of female prostitution focuses on the impact the negative image of sex workers has on their own self-image and on their status in society. In this context, notions about stigma (Goffman) are examined and divergent opinions about the commodification of sexuality, drawing on authors such as Simmel and Appadurai, are di...

Short annotated bibliography of some fundamental works about gender, published in the twentieth century. Folheto com listagem indicando e caraterizando algumas obras fundamentais, publicadas no século XX, relativamente ao estudo do género. Gender feminism bibliography

Apresentação concisa da investigação na antropologia física, cultural e na linguística realizada em Timor e os seus resultados, até ao início do século XXI

This paper focuses on eastern Indonesia, and in particular on the Minahasa region of northern Sulawesi. It examines the links of this region with others in the archipelago, as well as with the state, from the early modern period through to the present, and tests the usefulness of the concepts of 'centre' and 'periphery' in understanding the nature...

Com base em obras etnográficas sobre diversas zonas da Europa, problematiza-se a associação generalizada das mulheres com o espaço privado e dos homens com o espaço público.

Este texto aborda a história, nos séculos XIX e XX, das atitudes da população e dos enquadramentos jurídicos em relação à prostituição feminina, nalguns países ocidentais.

Review of a book focusing on women active in Christian religious missionary work in Africa, Asia and Oceania in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. This theme is discussed with a view to the changing gender ideologies of middle-class Europeans at the time, the major sponsors of the missions.

The Dutch and the Portuguese, who claimed the suzerainty over diverse zones on the island of Timor, in 1859 divided the island between them in an official agreement, which subsequently underwent several adaptations. Portuguese Timor was far away from the rest of the Portuguese-controlled territories in Asia and Africa, and so it was very dependent...

Artigo, baseado em documentos escritos, relativamente à prática da antropologia (física e cultural) em Timor Português, nos séculos XIX e XX, indicando como o «saber» é influenciado pelo «poder» (neste caso, colonial).

Review of a book presenting eyewitness reports and backgrounds to diverse aspects of the referendum in East Timor in favour of its independence from Indonesia (1999). Discussion of the preparation and aftermath, with particular attention to the violence occurring in this period.

The notions regarding power in many cultures of Indonesia are related to ideas of centrality and also of immobility. Especially the Javanese norms are well recognizable in Indonesian presidents. In this article diverse manifestations of power and legitimation of power are highlighted. The main argument relates to the Minahasa region of northern Sul...

Review article concerning three books on the history of east Timor: - René Pélissier (1996) Timor en guerre: le crocodile et les Portugais (1847-1913). Orgeval: Pélissier. - Monika Schlicher (1996) Portugal in Ost-Timor. Eine kritische Untersuchung zur Portugiesischer Kolonialgeschichte in Ost-Timor, 1850 bis 1912. Hamburg: Abera Verlag. - Arnold K...

REVIEWS OF MARIA J.C. SCHOUTEN Leadership and Social Mobility in a Southeast Asian Society: Minahasa, 1677-1983. Leiden: KITLV Press. 1998. XIV + 334 pages. ISBN 90 6718 109 9 By Babcock, Timothy G., in The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 1(2000)1: 148-150. Barnes, R.H., in The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 5(1999)3: 486-487....

Draft paper prepared on the eve of independence of Timor-Leste (1999) looking back at the anthropological studies made in the island, in particular by Portuguese anthropologists authorized by the Estado Novo regime.

Review of a study on the history of the Portuguese presence and actions in eastern Timor, in connection with relevant developments in Portugal. (1850-1912).

Discussion du rôle de médiateurs des personnes d’origine mixte (européenne avec asiatique ou africaine) habitants des places fortes bâties par les portugais, les espagnoles et les hollandais en Indonésie orientale, surtout pendant les siècles XVI et XVII.

Teaching programme Cultural Anthropology for undergraduate students sociology. 1998

Programme of the subject «Cultural Anthropology I » for undergraduate sociology students, at the University of Beira Interior 1997-1998. Discusses the role of the teaching of anthropology in the degree course of sociology and explains the didactic methods applied. Major themes in this subject are poltiical anthropology and economic anthropology. Co...

Review of a book consisting of several essays, each of which discusses gender relations among a specific ethnic group in the Southeast Asian culture area (including Madagascar).

Introduction to a book on the rapidly changing region of Southeast Asia, focusing on diverse ti«opics such as culture, literature, linguistics, gender, economy and geopolitics.

Warfare and wealth were the major means for acquiring status in precolonial Minahasa (northern Sulawesi, Indonesia). Although the egalitarian character of society has changed since then, it is argued in this book that the quest for power and prestige is an ungoing concern among Minahasans and that the ways to attain it have changed little. This is...

The ideal of «domesticity» (the limitation of married women’s work to household and caring tasks in the household, and the enhacement of this work) developed fast among the middle classes of nineteenth-century Europe and North America, and thereupon was also exported by European powers to their colonies. This article focuses on the Dutch strategies...

Discussion of the economic and social history of Minahasa (northern Sulawesi), focusing on the cultivation and marketing of cash crops in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Coffee, coconut (copra) and clove were the dominant export agricultural products, each in a different period. Also, there was variety in the areas within Minahasa in which...

An analysis of reputation and status in Minahasa (Indonesia) in relation to socio-economic development. Two periods in the economic history of the region of Sonder are distinguished. In the colonial era, it was among the poorest in Minahasa, while after the independence of Indonesia it developed into a «dollar region» thanks to the lucrative clove...

Cross-cultural exploration of the practice of headhunting in various tribal societies in insular Southeast Asia and in South Melanesia, as described by ethnographers since the nineteenth century. Various motives for this practice, as well as beliefs and rituals attached to it nd the gende role involved, are discussed. With data from fieldwork among...

http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_1987_num_34_1_2376 Discussion of colonial policy in Minahasa (northern Sulawesi) in the 19th century. The focus is on a troubled episode around 1890 which not only revealed the harsh conditions of the indigenous population but also the Dutch attitude of superiority towards the r...

This paper addresses a project in progress, which envisages an account and understanding of the ways of employment of technology in the domestic space. According to the principal thesis adopted, gender is assumed as the structuring variable in the ways of appropriation and negotiation of spaces and times, and technology contains the distinctive ord...

- Chris Ballard, Jeroen A. Overweel, Topics relating to Netherlands New Guinea in Ternate Residency memoranda of transfer and other assorted documents. Leiden: DSALCUL, Jakarta: IRIS, 1995, x + 146 pp. [Irian Jaya Source Materials 13.] - Timothy P. Barnard, Daniel Perret, Sejarah Johor-Riau-Lingga sehingga 1914; Sebuah esei bibliografi. Kuala Lumpu...

- Peter Boomgaard, R.H. Barnes, Sea hunters of Indonesia; Fishers and weavers of Lamalera. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, xxii + 467 pp. - Sini Cedercreutz, Janet Carsten, The heat of the earth; The process of kinship in a Malay fishing community. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, xv + 314 pp., plates, figures, maps, bibliography, index. - Freek Colom...