About
140
Publications
20,004
Reads
How we measure 'reads'
A 'read' is counted each time someone views a publication summary (such as the title, abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text. Learn more
4,857
Citations
Introduction
Current institution
Publications
Publications (140)
Lacto-fermented fruits and vegetables (FVs) such as kimchi, sauerkraut, and fermented olives and nonalcoholic juices have a long history as dietary staples. Herein, the production steps and microbial ecology of lacto-fermented FVs are discussed alongside findings from human and laboratory studies investigating the health benefits of these foods. La...
Background & Aims
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease with a strong association with inflammatory bowel disease and variable disease progression. We aimed to gain insights into the role of fecal bile acids (BA) on disease progression by determining the relationships between fecal BA, diet, and gut microbes, w...
Introduction
Excess body fat elevates colorectal cancer risk. While bariatric surgery (BRS) induces significant weight loss, its effects on the fecal stream and colon biology are poorly understood. Specifically, limited data exist on the impact of bariatric surgery (BRS) on fecal secondary bile acids (BA), including lithocholic acid (LCA), a putati...
Extracellular electron transfer (EET) is a metabolic process that frequently uses quinones to couple intracellular redox reactions with extracellular electron acceptors. The physiological relevance of this metabolism for microorganisms capable of EET but unable to synthesize their own quinones remains to be determined. To address this question, we...
Lactobacilli and Acetobacter sp. are commercially important bacteria that often form communities in natural fermentations, including food preparations, spoilage, and in the digestive tract of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Communities of these bacteria are widespread and prolific, despite numerous strain-specific auxotrophies, suggesting th...
Little is known about how combining a probiotic with prebiotic dietary fiber affects the ability of either biotic to improve health. We hypothesized that prebiotic, high-amylose maize type 2-resistant starch (RS) together with probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NCIMB8826 (LP) as a complementary synbiotic results in additive effects on the gut...
Extracellular electron transfer (EET) is a metabolic process that frequently uses quinones to couple intracellular redox reactions with extracellular electron acceptors. The physiological relevance of this metabolism for microorganisms that are capable of EET, but unable to synthesize their own quinones, remains to be determined. To address this qu...
Although bacterial detection by 16S rRNA gene amplicon DNA sequencing is a widely-applied technique, standardized methods for sample preparation and DNA extraction are needed to ensure accuracy, reproducibility, and scalability for automation. To develop these methods for bovine bulk milk, we assembled and tested a bacterial cell mock community (BC...
Ecological theory states that the struggle for existence is stronger between closely related species. Contrary to this assertion, fermented foods frequently sustain conspecific individuals, in spite of their high levels of phylogenetic relatedness.
The importance of individual nutrients for microbial strain robustness and coexistence in habitats containing different members of the same species is not well understood. To address this for Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in food fermentations, we performed comparative genomics and examined the nutritive requirements and competitive fitness for L....
Although bacterial detection by 16S rRNA gene amplicon DNA sequencing is now a widely-applied technique, standardized methods for sample preparation and DNA extraction are needed to ensure accuracy, reproducibility, and scalability for automation. To develop these methods for bovine milk, we assembled a bacterial cell mock community (BCMC) containi...
The intestinal microbiota of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were investigated following consumption of diets containing refined high-amylose cornstarch (RS), waxy whole-grain flour from maize (WG), or high-amylose whole-grain flour (WG + RS) together with moderate (MF, 30% of energy) or high (HF, 42% of energy) levels of fat. Compared with control (CON)...
Energy conservation in microorganisms is classically categorized into respiration and fermentation; however, recent work shows some species can use mixed or alternative bioenergetic strategies. We explored the use of extracellular electron transfer for energy conservation in diverse lactic acid bacteria (LAB), microorganisms that mainly rely on fer...
Contagious bovine mastitis caused by Mycoplasma bovis and other Mycoplasma species including Mycoplasma californicum , Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma alkalescens, Mycoplasma arginini , and Mycoplasma canadense is an economical obstacle affecting many dairy herds throughout California and elsewhere. Routine bacteriological culture-based assay...
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus plantarum) is a lactic acid bacteria species found on plants that is essential for many plant food fermentations. In this study, we investigated the intraspecific phenotypic and genetic diversity of 13 L. plantarum strains isolated from different plant foods, including fermented olives and tomat...
Glucosamine (GLU) is a natural compound found in cartilage, and supplementation with glucosamine has been shown to improve joint heath and has been linked to reduced mortality rates. GLU is poorly absorbed and may exhibit functional properties in the gut. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of glucosamine on gastrointestinal functio...
Energy conservation in microorganisms is classically categorized into respiration and fermentation, however recent work shows some species can use mixed or alternative bioenergetic strategies. We explored the utility of a flavin-based extracellular electron transport (FLEET) system for energy conservation within diverse lactic acid bacteria (LAB),...
Lactobacilli and acetobacters are commercially important bacteria that often form communities in natural fermentations, including food preparations, spoilage, and in the digestive tract of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. Communities of these bacteria are widespread and prolific, despite numerous strain-specific auxotrophies, suggesting they ha...
The effects of arabinoxylan (AX)-rich rye bran based diet (RB) and antibiotics on digestion, fermentation and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) absorption were studied compared with an iso-dietary fibre (DF) cellulose based diet (CEL). Thirty female pigs (body weight 72.5 ± 3.9 kg) were fed a standard swine diet in week 1, CEL as wash-out for bran-ass...
The intraspecific phenotypic and genetic diversity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus plantarum) was examined for five strains isolated from fermented olives and eight strains from cactus fruit, fermented tomatoes, teff injera, wheat boza, and wheat sourdough starter sources. Carbohydrate utilization and stress tolerance chara...
The majority of research on the physiological effects of dietary resistant starch type 2 (RS2) has focused on sources derived from high-amylose maize. In this study, we conduct a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial investigating the effects of RS2 from wheat on glycemic response, an important indicator of metabolic health,...
Validated methods are needed to detect spoilage microbes present in low numbers in foods and ingredients prior to defect onset. We applied propidium monoazide combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing, qPCR, isolate identification, and pilot-scale cheese making to identify the microorganisms that cause slit defects in industrially produced Cheddar che...
Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) responses to a high-amylose resistant starch (RS) product were compared to those observed when RS was combined with whole grain (WG) and to controls with low RS intake in rats fed moderate or high fat diets. Regardless of fat intake, rats fed RS or WG + RS diets had higher cecum weights, higher intestinal quantities of...
Obesity-related metabolic syndrome has been linked with gut microbiome dysbiosis while dietary fibre (DF) and protein can modify the gut microbial ecosystem and metabolism. After 20-weeks of high-fat fructose-rich diet feeding for the development of obesity, forty-three 30-week old Göttingen Minipigs (31 ± 4.0 kg body weight) were allocated to one...
The draft genome of probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 202195, with the trademark PPLP-217, is comprised of 3,368,305 bp with a G+C content of 44.3% and no plasmids. The strain is able to grow on lactose, raffinose, and fructooligosaccharides.
Chronic gut inflammatory diseases are associated with disruption of intestinal epithelial barriers and impaired mucosal immunity. Human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV) causes depletion of mucosal CD4 ⁺ T cells early in infection and disruption of gut epithelium resulting in chronic inflammation and immunodeficiency. Although anti‐retroviral therapy...
Chronic gut inflammatory diseases are associated with disruption of intestinal epithelial barriers and impaired mucosal immunity. HIV-1 (HIV) causes depletion of mucosal CD4 ⁺ T cells early in infection and disruption of gut epithelium, resulting in chronic inflammation and immunodeficiency. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) is effective in sup...
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are essential for many fruit, vegetable, and grain food and beverage fermentations. However, the numbers, diversity, and plant‐specific adaptions of LAB found on plant tissues prior to the start of those fermentations are not well understood. When measured, these bacteria have been recovered from the aerial surfaces of pl...
The impact of plant development, environmental conditions at the time of inoculation, and inoculum concentration on survival of attenuated BSL1 Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain ATCC 700728 on field-grown romaine lettuce was evaluated over 3 years. E. coli 700728 was inoculated onto 4- and 6-week-old romaine lettuce plants in the Salinas Valley, CA,...
Health care is increasingly focused on health at the individual level. In the rapidly evolving field of precision nutrition, researchers aim to identify how genetics, epigenetics, and the microbiome interact to shape an individual's response to diet. With this understanding, personalized responses can be predicted and dietary advice can be tailored...
Milk undergoes sustained contact with the built environment during processing into finished dairy products. This contact has the potential to influence the introduction, viability, and growth of microorganisms within the milk. Currently, the population dynamics of bacteria in milk undergoing processing are not well understood. Therefore, we measure...
Dairy‐associated microbes are important determinants of food quality and safety and are essential for the production of fermented dairy products. Built upon over 130 years of dairy food microbiology research, this chapter focuses on the microbial ecology and systems biology of dairy products from the perspective of culture‐independent metagenomics...
Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 700965 was isolated from cheese in 1939 and is used as an indicator strain for plantaricin production. The complete genome was determined using both long (PacBio) and short (Illumina) read data resulting in a single, circular chromosome with 3,015,426 bp, a G+C content of 45%, and five plasmids.
High red meat intake is associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), whereas dietary fibers, such as resistant starch (RS) seemed to protect against CRC. The aim of this study was to determine whether high-amylose potato starch (HAPS), high-amylose maize starch (HAMS), and butyrylated high-amylose maize starch (HAMSB)—produced by an organoc...
Lactic acid bacteria produce a variety of antimicrobial peptides known as bacteriocins. Most bacteriocins are understood to kill sensitive bacteria through receptor‐mediated disruptions. Here, we report on the identification of the Lactobacillus plantarum plantaricin EF (PlnEF) receptor. Spontaneous PlnEF‐resistant mutants of the PlnEF‐indicator st...
Bovine mastitis is an economic burden for dairies worldwide. Mycoplasma species, and especially Mycoplasma bovis, are among the most important causative agents, and rapid, precise, and low-cost methods for Mycoplasma detection are urgently needed. For this purpose, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays wer...
We report the draft genome sequence for Enterococcus plantarum strain TRW2, isolated from the phyllosphere of romaine lettuce. The draft sequence consists of 3,383,441 bp, with a G+C content of 35.8% and 3,218 protein-coding genes. None of the 22,190 known antibiotic resistance genes were detected.
We investigated the Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriocin plantaricin EF (PlnEF) system for its contributions to L. plantarum mediated benefits in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. C57BL/6J mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) were administered a rifampicin resistant mutant of L. plantarum NCMIB8826 (NICMB8826-R) or an isogenic ΔplnEFI mutant strain, L...
Validated methods are urgently needed to improve DNA sequence-based assessments of complex bacterial communities. In this study, we used 16S rRNA PCR amplicon and gDNA mock community standards, consisting of nine, dairy-associated bacterial species, to evaluate the most commonly applied 16S rRNA marker gene DNA sequencing and analysis platforms use...
Whole grain components have been shown to have a beneficial role concurrent with and independent of purified resistant starch (RS2) through intestinal fermentation when delivered as a fermentable dietary fiber. As Americans consume less than half of the recommended amounts of fiber, determining if a lower fiber dose can still provide benefits throu...
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions in developed nations and is characterized by a group of factors that raise the risk for developing heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. It has previously been shown that ingestion of certain strains of Lactobacillus are associated with improvement in MetS risk factors, howeve...
Obesity is a prevalent chronic condition in many developed and developing nations that raises the risk for developing heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Previous studies have shown that consuming particular probiotic strains of Lactobacillus is associated with improvement in the obese and diabetic phenotype; however, the mechanisms of these benef...
We investigated whether sucrose metabolism by probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum influences the intestinal survival and microbial responses to this organism when administered to mice fed a sucrose-rich, Western diet. A L. plantarum mutant unable to metabolize sucrose was constructed by deleting scrB, coding for beta-fructofuranosidase, in a rifampic...
DNA sequencing and analysis methods were compared for 16S rRNA V4 PCR amplicon and gDNA mock communities encompassing nine bacterial species commonly found in milk and dairy products. The communities were examined using Illumina MiSeq and Ion Torrent PGM DNA sequencing methods followed by the QIIME 1 (UCLUST) and Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorit...
Host diet is a major determinant of the composition and function of the intestinal microbiome. Less understood is the importance of diet on ingested strains with probiotic significance. We investigated the population dynamics of exogenous Lactobacillus plantarum and its interactions with intestinal bacteria in mice undergoing switches between high-...
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus has a long history of use in yogurt production. Although commonly cocultured with Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus in milk, fundamental knowledge of the adaptive responses of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus to the dairy environment and the consequences of those responses on the use of L. delb...
Strains of Lactococcus lactis isolated from plant tissues possess adaptations that support their survival and growth in plant-associated microbial habitats. We previously demonstrated that genes coding for a hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase/polyketide synthase (NRPS/PKS) system involved in production of an uncharacterized secondary metabolite...
Background
Traditional Beninese fermented food Degue is widely consumed in Benin and other countries in West Africa. It was originally made from milk and millet flour, but currently other cereals are used as well. Nowadays, Degue production occurs by spontaneous fermentation in individual households and information about the microorganisms involved...
Scope:
We examined the intestinal and systemic responses to incorporating a type 2 resistant starch (RS) into a high fat diet fed to obese mice.
Methods and results:
Diet-induced obese, C57BL/6J mice were fed a HF diet without or with 20% (by weight) high-amylose maize resistant starch (HF-RS) for six weeks. Serum adiponectin levels were higher...
In this study, we examined Sicilian-style green olive fermentations upon the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae UCDFST 09-448 and/or Pichia kudriazevii UCDFST09-427 or the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Lactobacillus plantarum AJ11R and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides BGM3R. Olives containing S. cerevisiae UCDFST 09-448, a strain able to hydrolyze pe...
Fermented foods and beverages, among the most ancient agricultural products, remain an important part of diets throughout the world. Although lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may dominate, production of fermented foods and beverages depends on a variety of bacteria, molds, and yeasts. Beyond their direct importance in fermentations, LAB alter foods in wa...
Chronic HIV infection results in impairment of gut-associated lymphoid tissue leading to systemic immune activation. We previously showed that in early SIV-infected rhesus macaques intestinal dysfunction is initiated with the induction of the IL-1β pathway in the small intestine and reversed by treatment with an exogenous Lactobacillus plantarum st...
In a previous study we reduced bacterial genera that ferment RS with AB treatment then stopped AB prior to feeding RS. Subsequent fermentation of RS was good even without a transplant of microbiota from other rats fed RS and prior reduced bacterial genera increased (EB14). We now report use of the same AB (neomycin 0.5 g/L and ampicillin 1g/L in dr...
Dietary resistant starch has been shown to have profound effects on gut microbiota resulting in enhanced short chain fatty acids, elevated gut peptides and improved metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the serum metabolomic response to dietary purified resistant starch and resistant starch in the form of whole‐grain flour in...
Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome are associated with a dysbiotic microbiome and unregulated immune activation. Thus, identifying dietary strategies enriching for members of the microbiota that correct for these deficiencies in the indigenous microbiota is useful for managing and preventing those chronic conditions. This app...
The capacity to distinguish between living and dead cells is an important, but often unrealized, attribute of rapid detection methods for foodborne pathogens. In this study, the numbers of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 after inoculation onto Romaine lettuce plants and on plastic (abiotic) surfaces were measured over time by culturing,...
Aims:
This study examined the fermentative growth and polyol production of Lactobacillus florum and other plant-associated lactic acid bacteria (LAB).
Methods and results:
Sugar consumption and end-product production were measured for L. florum 2F in the presence of fructose, glucose, and both sugars combined. The genome of L. florum was examine...
The role of the food delivery matrix on probiotic performance in the intestine is not well understood. Because probiotics are often provided to consumers in dairy products, we investigated the contributions of milk to the health-benefiting performance of Lactobacillus casei BL23 in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) - induced murine model of ulcerative...
We found that incubation of probiotic Lactobacillus casei BL23 in milk at 4 °C prior to ingestion increased its survival in the mammalian digestive tract. To investigate the specific molecular adaptations of L. casei to milk, we used tandem mass spectrometry to compare proteins produced by L. casei BL23 at 4 °C in milk to those in exponential and s...
Lactic acid bacteria have been isolated from living, harvested, and fermented plant materials; however, the adaptations these
bacteria possess for growth on plant tissues are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated plant habitat-specific traits
of Lactococcus lactis during growth in an Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue lysate (ATL). L. lacti...
Unlabelled:
The aerial surfaces of plants, or phyllosphere, are microbial habitats important to plant and human health. In order to accurately investigate microbial interactions in the phyllosphere under laboratory conditions, the composition of the phyllosphere microbiota should be representative of the diversity of microorganisms residing on pla...
HIV causes rapid CD4+ T cell depletion in the gut mucosa, resulting in immune deficiency and defects in the intestinal epithelial barrier. Breakdown in gut barrier integrity is linked to chronic inflammation and disease progression. However, the early effects of HIV on the gut epithelium, prior to the CD4+ T cell depletion, are not known. Further,...
BALB/c mice were fed milk or Lactobacillus casei BL23 in milk for 14 d and fecal samples were collected at d 0, 4, and 7 as well as 1 and 8 d after the last administration. According to high-throughput DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes extracted from the fecal microbiota, the bacterial diversity in the fecal samples of all mice increased over ti...
Commercial probiotic strains for food or supplement use can be altered in different ways for a variety of purposes. Production conditions for the strain or final product may be changed to address probiotic yield, functionality, or stability. Final food products may be modified to improve flavor and other sensory properties, provide new product form...
Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 is a surrogate microorganism used in place of pathogens for validation of thermal processing technologies and
systems. We evaluated the safety of strain NRRL B-2354 based on its genomic and functional characteristics. The genome of
E. faecium NRRL B-2354 was sequenced and found to comprise a 2,635,572-bp chromosome...
Certain strains of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis contribute beneficially to animal health and food production, while others are associated with nosocomial infections. To
determine whether there are structural and functional genomic features that are distinct between nonclinical (NC) and clinical
(CL) strains of those species, we an...
We investigated the effects of host diet on the intestinal persistence and gene expression of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 in healthy and health-compromised, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-treated mice. Mice fed either a low-fat chow diet (CD) or high fat and sucrose Western diet (WD) received 10(9) L. plantarum WCFS1 cells for five co...
The human gastrointestinal tract contains a highly complex ecosystem that harbors various microorganisms, which together create a unique environment within each individual. There is growing awareness that dietary habits are one of the essential factors contributing to the microbial diversity and community configuration that ultimately affects human...
Chronic immune activation despite long-term therapy poses an obstacle to immune recovery in HIV infection. The role of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in chronic immune activation during HIV infection remains to be fully determined. APCs, the frontline of immune defense against pathogens, are capable of distinguishing between pathogens and non-path...
Monocyte and myeloid dendritic cell inflammatory response to lactobacilli. (A) Frequencies of monocytes producing IL-6, IL-12/IL-23p40, and TNFα in response to L. plantarum WCFS1 (HIV− n = 23, HIV+ n = 43), L. gasseri 1SL4 (HIV− n = 7, HIV+ n = 23), and L. casei BL23 (HIV− n = 7, HIV+ n = 23) as measured by multicolor flow cytometry. (B) Frequencie...
Enhanced inflammatory response by APCs from HIV-infected patients to commensal L. rhamnosus GG and L. reuteri F275 dampened by blocking p38-MAPK. Frequencies of APCs from HIV-negative controls (n = 4) and HIV-infected patients (n = 7) producing IL-6, IL-12/IL-23p40, and TNFα in response to (A) L. rhamnosus GG and (B) L. reuteri F275 determined by m...
Similar phosphorylation of NFkB in HIV-infected patients and HIV-negative controls following stimulation with L. plantarum WCFS1. Frequencies of monocytes and mDCs with phosphorylated NFkB following stimulation with L. plantarum WCFS1 as determined by phosflow (HIV− n = 7; HIV+ n = 11). Each dot represents an individual subject and bars indicate me...
Leafy green produce has been associated with numerous outbreaks of foodborne illness caused by strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7. While the amounts of culturable E. coli O157:H7 rapidly decline after introduction onto lettuce in the field, it remains to be determined whether the reduction in cell numbers is due to losses in cell viability, cell i...
Effect of increasing PMA concentration on detection of live and dead cells by real-time PCR. Live or isopropanol-inactivated dead cells of E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 700728 (5×106 CFU) were incubated for 30 min in 0, 50, or 100 µM PMA prior to real-time PCR with the lpfA primer set. Each bar represents the mean ± stdev for three independent replicates.
(...
Standard curves for detection of E. coli O157:H7 with hlyA primers (A) and lpfA primers (B). DNA was extracted by boiling as described in the Materials and Methods from a stationary phase culture of E. coli O157:H7 diluted to a cell density of 106 CFU/ml. Real-time PCR was performed for each dilution in triplicate. The limit of detection for E. col...
Ct values for real-time PCR measurements performed using different annealing temperatures and gene targets of
E. coli
O157:H7 ATCC700728 and
E. coli
K12.
(DOCX)
The developmental and temporal succession patterns and disturbance responses of phyllosphere bacterial communities are largely unknown. These factors might influence the capacity of human pathogens to persist in association with those communities on agriculturally-relevant plants. In this study, the phyllosphere microbiota was identified for Romain...
Correlation between Proteobacteria and Firmicutes abundances in the Romaine lettuce phyllosphere.
The phyla are inversely correlated with an R2 of 0.93. A total of 223 plants were examined during E09, L09, E10, and L10.
(TIF)
Rank abundance of the top 20 taxonomic groups at the genus level.
The ranked average percentage of the most abundant taxa across all samples (n=223) is shown. The samples are ranked in order of abundance from left to right on the x-axis. When sequences were unable to be classified to a genus, the next most specific designation is shown (i.e. Family...
PCoA of UniFrac community distances between E. coli O157:H7 inoculated and control plants.
Differences between inoculated and control plants are highlighted at each timepoint in all four trials. Unweighted UniFrac community distance data was used to make the E09 14 dpi drip-irrigated PCoA, the remaining analyses used the weighted UniFrac data. All...
Comparison of microbiota on control plants examined in 2010.
PCoA plots of weighted UniFrac community distances of control plants in the L10 trial. Plant samples are colored according to days post inoculation (dpi) (A) and control group type (unsprayed controls (control) vs. peptone sprayed controls (control + peptone) (B).
(TIF)
Microbial diversity at the genus level in the Romaine lettuce phyllosphere.
The top 20 most abundant taxonomic groups at the genus level are listed. The relative abundance for each of the 20 groups is shown for each plant, listed from 7 dpi (left) to 21 dpi (right) for the four field trials. When sequences were unable to be classified to a genus, t...
Classification of unknown 16S rRNA sequences from the Enterobacteriaceae family.
The similarity of 16S rRNA sequences from OTU’s classified as belonging to unknown genera of Enterobacteriaceae (numbers) and representative Enterobacteriaceae genera (Genus_species) is investigated here. Those OTU’s that grouped together and not closely related to kno...
