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Publications (105)
A new species belonging to the genus Decaphora Franganillo, 1931, Decaphora tocatl spec. nov., is described from Jalisco, Mexico. The new species expands the known distribution of the genus and constitutes the westernmost record. Including the species described herein, three of the six currently known Decaphora species occur in Mexico.
Phonotimpus pennimani and P. talquian (Phrurolithidae) are common spider species inhabiting leaf litter in tropical environments of Chiapas, Mexico. This study summarizes laboratory and field observations on their natural history. Both species were observed preying on Tomoceridae springtails in the field and exhibited a preference for springtails i...
Here we provide a casual observation of egg sac shape, clutch size, and the time of hatching of the spider Euryopis californica Banks, 1904 (Theridiidae).
Se registra por primera vez a Pippuhana calcar (Bryant, 1931) (Anyphaenidae) en México, con especímenes recolectados en Chamela, Jalisco.
In this note, we describe the predation of camel spiders by spiders based on observations made during fieldwork in Northwest Mexico.
En este trabajo, proporcionamos el primer listado de especies de arañas para el estado de Sinaloa, México. Después de la revisión de literatura y de las arañas recolectadas en distintas localidades del estado, el listado comprende 31 familias, 82 géneros y 118 especies. Las familias Salticidae (17 especies), Araneidae (15) y Theridiidae (13) son la...
Guilds have been used to assess how vegetation or environmental perturbations influence the community structure of animal communities. Spiders use a variety of hunting strategies. In arid environments they are the main predators of arthropods. Despite this, spider guilds have not been studied in desert ecosystems. Our study was carried out in one a...
The trapdoor spider genus Eucteniza Ausserer, 1875 is distributed in North America, with most diversity in Mexico. In this work, a new species is described from the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, Mexico: Eucteniza cuixmala sp. nov., was collected from a dry tropical deciduous forest in the western coast of Mexico. The species is descr...
A new species of the spider family Caponiidae, Aamunops kalebi sp. nov., is described from Chiapas, Mexico. Additionally, we provide new distributional or natural history and morphological remarks of three caponiids collected from South and Southern Mexico: Roddenberryus sargi (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899), R. spock Sánchez-Ruiz & Bonaldo, 2023,...
Cuatro Ci´enegas basin is an international recognized wetland within the Chihuahuan Desert. Some of the water bodies within the area have been subject to unsustainable management practices. Here we study the impact of water extraction on beetles, ants and spiders. Our study started with the drying up of the main water bodies in mid-2011. The water...
Biological collections at CIBNOR were created more than three decades ago with aim of documenting and preserving the representative biological heritage of regional biodiversity. The collections considered in this work preserve specimens of different taxonomic groups such as mammals, fish, crustaceans, higher plants, arachnids, and marine dinoflagel...
The oecobiid spider Oecobius juangarcia Shear, 1970 was described more than
fifty years ago based on specimens of both sexes collected from Oaxaca, Mexico.
Since the vulva was neither described nor illustrated in the original description, we
redescribe and illustrate O. juangarcia based on specimens from Chiapas, Mexico.
Furthermore, we provide the...
A new species of the Plectreurys castanea species group from Los Angeles County, California, United States, is described, diagnosed, and illustrated. Males of P. palacioscardieli sp. nov. are characterized by the shape of the apical division of the bulb. A brief discussion of the restricted distribution and resemblance to other species of the same...
In this work, we provide novel geographic information about five species of spiders belonging to the families Corinnidae, Filistatidae, Gnaphosidae, and Salticidae We record for the first time Attinella dorsata (Banks, 1895) (Salticidae), Filistatinella hermosa Magalhaes & Ramírez, 2017 (Filistatidae), and Micaria jeanae Gertsch, 1942 (Gnaphosidae)...
Se documentan 11 nuevos registros de arañas recolectadas en Sonora, Noroeste de México. Los nuevos registros pertenecen a las familias Deinopidae: Deinopis sp.; Filistatidae: Filistatinella sp. y Filistatoides sp.; Mimetidae: Mimetus sp.; Oecobiidae: Oecobius maculatus Simon, 1870; Oonopidae: Opopaea deserticola Simon, 1982; Oxyopidae: Hamataliwa h...
Aim: Desert springs or oases are the only permanent mesic environments in highly
water-limited arid regions. Oases have immense cultural, evolutionary and ecological
importance for people and a high number of endemic and relic species. Nevertheless,
they are also highly vulnerable ecosystems, with invasive species, overexploitation
and climate chan...
A new species of the genus Diguetia Simon, 1895, D. balandra sp. nov. is described, the male of D. signata Gertsch, 1958 is described for the first time and D. dialectica Chamberlin, 1924 stat. reval. is raised to the species level and redescribed based on specimens from Baja California Sur, Mexico. Diguetia imperiosa Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 is reco...
Se proporcionan siete nuevos registros estatales (incluyendo dos nuevos registros nacionales) de arañas en las familias Agelenidae, Gnaphosidae, Lycosidae, Oxyopidae y Trachelidae recolectadas en el Archipiélago Madrense de Sonora, México. Además, proveemos fotografías de los órganos copuladores de las especies estudiadas.
In this work we redescribe and rediagnose both sexes of the flattie spider Selenops minutus F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900. In addition, we provide the first record of S. minutus from Mexico.
A new phrurolithid species, Scotinella elpotosi sp. nov., is described from San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Males of this new species are characterized by the long and filiform embolus, and females by the W-shaped copulatory ducts. Additionally, based on delimitation of the genus Phrurolithus C. L. Koch, 1839 made by previous authors, we propose the trans...
Resumen: Se registra por primera vez la presencia de Scytodes lugubris (Thorell, 1887) en el estado de Sonora y el noroeste de México, a partir de cuatro hembras adultas y tres juveniles recolectados en los alrededores de la ciudad de Hermosillo. Palabras clave: Araneae, Scytodidae, introducida, noroeste de México. First record of the spitting spid...
We provide information of eight new records of spiders from Central and Southern Mexico. The new records are Stemmops bicolor O. Pickard-Cambridge, Stemmops lina and Wirada mexicana Campuzano & Ibarra-Núñez from Hidalgo, Stemmops cambridgei Levi, Mazax pax Reiskind and Mazax ajax Reiskind from Campeche, Ariamnes mexicanus (Exline & Levi) from Chiap...
While foraging, it is critical for a predator to detect and recognize its prey quickly in order to optimize its energy investment. In response, prey can use low-cost energy strategies such as crypsis and immobility that operate early in the detection–attack sequence. Mesopredators, such as spiders, are themselves attacked by visually oriented preda...
Se proporciona una lista con 77 especies de arañas del Área Natural Protegida (ANP) Médanos de Samalayuca, agrupadas en 51 géneros y 21 familias. Las familias con mayor número de especies fueron Salticidae, Thomisidae, Gnaphosidae y Philodromidae. También se aportan cinco nuevos registros de especies de arañas para la República Mexicana y ocho para...
Aims:
The oases of Baja California Peninsula (BCP) have been proposed as important hotspots of biodiversity that hold an exceptional richness in the middle of desert conditions. We tested the effect of habitat and anthropogenic disturbance on communities of cavity-nesting taxa, with specific emphasis on bees, wasps, and their natural enemies.
Met...
Species within the same trophic level show different strategies to avoid competition. Among these mechanisms, differences in body size, spatio-temporal segregation, and diet preference often leads to a niche partitioning. Nonetheless, little attention on coexisting predatory insects and their network interactions has been paid. In this study, we an...
In this study we compare the arachnofauna of the region known as Churince, in the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (CCB), with the spider communities found in other localities of the North American deserts. We also compare the communities found in the main vegetation types of study site. The spiders of North American deserts were grouped according to biogeogr...
Se dan a conocer 11 nuevos registros de arañas para la Región del Cabo, península de Baja California. Dos son nuevos registros para México (Tennesseellum gollum y Araneus illaudatus); dos géneros (Edricus y Pozonia) y siete especies son nuevos registros para Baja California Sur (Eustala emertoni, Arctosa minuta, Frontinella pyramitela, Chrysso albo...
Some sphecid wasps apparently show tolerance to urban habitats. However, resilience to man-made environments may have harmful consequences when behavioral errors can lead to ecological traps. We report failures in nesting construction of Sceliphron jamaicense by erroneous choosing of building material (i.e. mud). We found a proportion of nests (1.2...
Presenta resultados de estudio de la abejas que anidan en cavidades, usando para estos nidos trampa en distintos ambientes de la Península de Baja California, México
We analyzed distributional data of 59 species of funnel-web spiders (Araneae: Agelenidae) of Mexico. We constructed individual tracks for the species analyzed, based on published and unpublished records, and based on their overlap we obtained 9 generalized tracks. Three generalized tracks belong to the Californian Nearctic dominion (Nearctic region...
ABSTRACT. Four new records of spiders for Mexico (Herpyllus schwarzi, Nodocion rufithoracicus, Phrurotimpus woodburyi and Thanatus altimontis) and four for the state of Coahuila (Euagrus chisoseus, Herpyllus propinquus, Latrodectus hesperus and Titanebo
mexicanus) are presented. An updated list of 178 spider species of Coahuila in 100 genera and 32...
The female of Phonotimpus separatus Gertsch & Davis (the type species of the genus) is redescribed from a specimen collected at the type locality, and two new species of Phonotimpus from Mexico are described: P. pennimani sp. nov. and P. talquian sp. nov. A more detailed description of P. separatus is provided to better distinguish them from relate...
Examination of old Sceliphron jamaicense (Fabr.) nests at 4 localities near the tip of the Baja California peninsula showed levels of brood success (i.e., the fraction of fully provisioned, closed cells producing viable adult offspring) between 24.6% and 58.1% per site. Failure was predominantly at the pupal stage at all localities. Successful cell...
Orchid bees are a conspicuous component of the neotropical bee fauna, with a few species reaching the northernmost natural distribution for the group in northwestern continental Mexico. Among them, Euglossa viridissima Friese is here reported for the first time in the Cape Region of the Baja California peninsula, Mexico, where no species of the gro...
Se describen 2 especies nuevas de Melpomene Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 de México: Melpomene chamela sp. nov. (hembra) de Jalisco y Melpomene solisi sp. nov. (macho y hembra) de Nuevo León, así como la hembra de Melpomene elegans Pickard-Cambridge, 1898. Se incluye una diagnosis actualizada de género.
The Western Hemisphere genus Novalena Chamberlin & Ivie 1942 (Araneae: Agelenidae) is revised. The genus now includes a total of 53 species, of which 40 are new species from USA, Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica: N. ajusco sp. nov. (♀), N. alamo sp. nov. (♂), N. alvarezi sp. nov. (♀), N. atzimbo sp. nov. (♀), N. bosencheve sp. nov. (♂), N. chamber...
Four new genera of funnel-web spiders of the family Agelenidae C.L. Koch, 1837 from the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico are described and illustrated. Bajacalilena gen. nov. is represented by B. bolzerni sp. nov. and B. clarki sp. nov. Cabolena gen. nov. is represented by C. huiztocatl sp. nov., C. kosatli sp. nov., and C. sotol sp. nov. Callidal...
Califorctenus gen. nov. (Araneae: Ctenidae) a new genus and a new species (Califorctenus cacachilensis sp. nov.) from the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico are described and illustrated. Califorctenus gen. nov. can be diagnosed by the morphology of the male palp, with embolus cylindrical and elongated, locking lobes of embolus positioned retrolat...
We report the presence of the giant palm borer Dinapate wrightii in an oasis of Baja California Sur, Mexico. This beetle is considered a serious pest of the native desert palms of California and Arizona, U.S. It was reported almost 8 decades ago only with the remains of a specimen collected at 500 km forward of the Baja California. This finding ext...
We report the presence of the giant palm borer Dinapate wrightii in an oasis of Baja California Sur, Mexico. This beetle is considered a serious pest of the native desert palms of California and Arizona, U.S. It was reported almost 8 decades ago only with the remains of a specimen collected at 500 km forward of the Baja Cali-fornia. This finding ex...
The phylogeographic structure of some species distributed across the Baja California Peninsula has been traditionally hypothesized as resulting from vicariant events thought to have occurred between 1-3 Mya. Climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene have also been shown to influence the distribution patterns of species, and vicariant patterns ma...
Homalonychus selenopoides Marx, 1891 is endemic to the Sonoran Desert in Mexico and the southwestern United States. Despite its wide distribution in the desert, nothing is known about its phenology. For this study, we collected 464 immature and adult spiders and 67 egg sacs during late 2007 and throughout 2008. In the field, the life cycle is annua...
The genus Rualena Chamberlin & Ivie 1942 (Araneae: Agelenidae) is revised and a new genus, Hoffmannilena, is de-scribed. Four new species are described for Rualena: R. cedros sp. nov. (♂ ♀), R. parritas sp. nov. (♂ ♀), R. thomas sp. nov. (♂ ♀), and R. ubicki sp. nov. (♀). The males of R. alleni Chamberlin & Ivie 1942 and R. avila Chamberlin & Ivie...
Vegetation structure and floristics have a strong influence on the relative abundance of spider guilds and functional diversity of terrestrial arthropods. Human activities have transformed much of the temperate woodlands. The aim of this study was to test five predictions related to the guild distribution and functional diversity of the ground spid...
The genus Modisimus Simon 1893 (Pholcidae) is distributed across the Americas from Venezuela to the USA, including the Caribbean Antilles, with an endemic species in the Galapagos Islands and one cosmopolitan species (World Spider Catalog 2015). Until now, 81 species of Modisimus have been described, of which 17 species are found in Mexico (World S...
A spider inventory from 4 oases at the xeric and mesic environments was undertaken. Ground and vegetation spiders were captured with pit fall traps and collected by sweeping and beating. Thirty four families, 130 genera and 243 species were captured which represent 63.2% of the species recorded for the Baja California Peninsula. One genus and 11 sp...
We analyzed the distribution and diversity patterns of ground dwelling spiders in the main plant associations of the protected area known as Churince, in the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin, Coahuila, Mexico. Spiders were collected with pitfall ramp traps during the years 2011 and 2012. We found 29 families and 144 morpho-species. The most abundant families...
A new parasitic relationship between the mite Dinothrombium oparbellae (André, 1949) (Acari: Trombidiidae) and the spider Syspira longipes Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Miturgidae) in Baja California Sur, Mexico is recorded.
Rothilena (Araneae: Agelenidae: Ageleninae), a new genus of funnel-web spiders endemic to the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico, and six new species (Rothilena griswoldi sp. nov., Rothilena cochimi sp. nov., Rothilena pilar sp. nov., Rothilena golondrina sp. nov., Rothilena sudcaliforniensis sp. nov., and Rothilena naranjensis sp. nov.) are descr...
The genus Physocyclus (Pholcidae) is widely distributed in North and Central America, with the exception of the Antilles (Platnick 2013). Physocyclus species are found in various environments, including xeric shrub zones and tropical deciduous forests. The genus is also common in caves and rock shelters, including deep caves with complete darkness...
We provide information of ten new records of spiders for the state of Baja California: Xysticus californicus, X. pearcei, Tmarus angulatus and Habronattus oregonensis are new records for Mexico; Mecaphesa californica, Hibana cambridgei, Thiodina hespera and Oxyopes scalaris are new records for Baja California. Xysticus locuples and Titanebo mexican...
We studied the life cycle of the spider Syspira tigrina (Araneae: Miturgidae) by indirect methods. This species is endemic to the North American deserts and locally abundant; nevertheless, information on its biology is scarce. We did monthly collections for over a year at La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. We found that adult spiders were more ab...
Spiders possess peculiarities that make them attractive for the study of evolutionary phenomena such as adaptation and specialization. Among these processes, reproductive behavior (particularly courtship) is a main factor, allowing or preventing recognition between potential partners. Spiders sense their environment and communicate using chemical,...
We studied the life cycle of the spider Syspira tigrina (Araneae: Miturgidae) by indirect methods. This species is endemic to the North American deserts and locally abundant; nevertheless, in-formation on its biology is scarce. We did monthly collections for over a year at La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. We found that adult spiders were more a...
We studied the life cycle of the spider Syspira tigrina (Araneae: Miturgidae) by indirect methods. This species is endemic to the North American deserts and locally abundant; nevertheless, information on its biology is scarce. We did monthly collections for over a year at La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. We found that adult spiders were more ab...
The beach wolf spider, Arctosa littoralis, inhabits areas near water. A technique based on 454 sequencing was used for obtain microsatellite loci for the wolf spiders. Fourteen polymorphic microsatellites were designed and tested as specific markers for the species. All markers were genotyped on 36 individuals from Las Playitas on the Baja Californ...
This is the first record of a cactus, Pachycereus pringlei (giant cardon), which is a dominant species of the xerophyllous scrub in the Baja California peninsula, as a host of Scyphophorus acupunctatus (agave weevil). Based on observations and the sampling of adults and larvae, it was possible to establish that this weevil causes at least 3 types o...
Homalonychus selenopoides Marx 1891 is endemic to the coastal plains of the Sonoran Desert in the state of Sonora, Mexico and the southwestern United States. Although the species was described more than a century ago, nothing is known about its behavior. We collected spiders in the southern Sonoran Desert to study their reproductive behavior, which...
The caponad spider genus Nopsides Chamberlin was established on the basis of juvenile specimens from Isla Cerralvo in the Gulf of California. Adult males and females of the type (and only known) species, N. ceralbonus Chamberlin, are described for the first time, and the species is newly recorded from the Mexican mainland as well as the Baja penins...
The wolf spider Pardosa sierra was described and illustrated by Banks in 1898 based on specimens from the Sierra de la Laguna, Baja California Sur. Later, two morphologically similar species, P. atromedia Banks 1904 from Claremont, California, and P. sura Chamberlin & Ivie 1941, also from California, were described. However, the latter two species...
Seasonal distribution, specific richness, and diversity of xeric shrub ground spiders were studied at a site in the Cape Region. Weekly collections of spiders were made in 19911992 using pitfall traps. We captured 4 322 specimens in 53 families. Families with the highest number of individuals were: Miturgidae (42%) Oonopidae (23.5%), Caponiidae (...
Seasonal distribution, specifi c richness, and diversity of xeric shrub ground spiders were studied at a site in the Cape Region. Weekly collections of spiders were made in 1991-1992 using pit-fall traps. We captured 4 322 specimens in 53 families. Families with the highest number of individuals were: Miturgidae (42%) Oonopidae (23.5%), Caponiidae...
Geomorphologic and climatologic changes of the Baja California Peninsula created many oases. In six of these habitats, scorpions were studied to understand their diversity. Pitfall traps and hand collections were used in samples from 2002 through 2005; 16 species of scorpions were identified. The richest site contained 14 species and had the highes...
The first known male of the whip spider Phrynus asperatipes (Wood) is described from two oases and other regions of Baja California Sur, México. It differs from the females as follows: males have the carapace (6.5–7.9 mm) and abdomen (11.0–12.4 mm) smaller than females. Also on an average, the femora (2.3 mm) and tibiae (7.2 mm) of the antenniform...
Se establece la sinonimia entre tres especies de arañas linífidas del género Frontinella F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1902, con base en datos de campo sobre la asociación entre machos y hembras, registros de apareamientos, y datos de la morfología de especimenes recientemente colectados. Se concluye que F. caudata Gertsch & Davis 1946 y F. lepidula Gert...
Spider species diversity has been associated with vegetation structure and stratification but there are few studies comparing the spider distribution in different shrubs and trees. In this study we analyzed the species distribution of the spicier community of I I shrub and tree species in two different study sites in a Mexican tropical dry forest....
A new species of spider of Creugas, collected in wetlands of Baja California Sur is described and illustrated.
Natural history of nesting of the wasp Ammophila aberti Haldeman during autumn 2006-2007 in BajaCalifornia Sur, Mexico is described. While this wasp has been found in Mexico, this is the first record of thisbehavior in the subtropical, arid zone of North America. Acomparison with nesting observations in other places wasmade. Two species of ants are...
Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) tridentatum tridentatum Packard (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) is a spider-hunting wasp in mesic and xeric habitats in the arid Baja California peninsula of Mexico. Spider (Araneae) prey were collected every 2 weeks from wasp trap nests. Individuals of the family Araneidae were the most abundant prey (60.9%), followed by Therid...
Se describe la hembra y se redescribe el macho de Dendryphantes melanomerus Chamberlin, 1924 de la vegetación hidrófi ta y matorral xerófi lo de Baja California Sur, México. Se proporcionan nuevos registros para México de Habronattus divaricatus (Banks, 1898), Habronattus hallani (Richman, 1973), Metacyrba taeniola (Hentz, 1846), Paramarpissa grisw...
The first known female of the spider Dendryphantes melanomerus Chamberlin, 1924 is described and the male is redescribed from the wetland vegetation and xeric shrubland of Baja California Sur, México. New records of Habronattus divaricatus (Banks, 1898), Habronattus hallani (Richman, 1973) Metacyrba taeniola (Hentz, 1846), Paramarpissa griswoldi Lo...
Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie de araña corredora Creugas comondensis sp. nov. basada en especimenes colectados en oasis del estado de Baja California Sur.
The first known males of the spider Plectreurys arida Gertsch are described from the xeric shrub habitats and houses of Baja California Sur, México. Males have a smaller carapace and abdomen than females. The length and spination formula of the first leg differ from females; the first legs are longer, and the chelicerae have stridulating grooves in...
The first known males of spider Loxosceles mulege Gertsch & Ennik from the xerophilous shrub vegetation zone of Baja California Sur, Mexico, are described.
Pardosa parallela Banks, 1898 is made the type species of the new genus Camptocosa. Camptocosa parallela new combination is re-described from fresh material, and a new species C. texana, is described from Texas.
Se describe Oecobius hoffmannae de un oasis de la península de Baja California, México, araña que se caracteriza por presentar un pedipalpo con rádix bicúspide, apófisis radical truncada y conductor cóncavo en vista lateral.
Género nuevo de arañas lobo de México y sur de Estados Unidos, y descripción de una especie nueva de Texas (Araneae: Lycosidae) Abstract. Pardosa parallela Banks, 1898 is made the type species of the new genus Camptocosa. Camptocosa parallela new combination is re-described from fresh material, and a new species C. texana, is described from Texas....
The spider Homalonychus theologus is endemic to desert zones from southwestern California to southern Baja California Peninsula. Until now little has been published about its biology. In this paper we describe the reproductive and self-burying behavior and some aspects of the ecology of the species. Courtship behavior is between levels I and II, an...
During the autumns of 1994 to 1996, 355 adult specimens belonging to 61 species of spiders were collected from five wetlands and one intermittent spring in southern Baja California. Wandering spiders were dominant, with 36 species and 63% of total abundance. Differences in floristic richness between sites also were related to variations in the arac...
Infection rates of Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas (in the blood-sucking bug Dipetalogaster maximus [Uhler]) were determined from specimens collected at 12 localities in the Cape Region of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Eight collection sites were located in the tropical dry forest, two in desert shrub, and two in the ecotone between these two communities....
Studies of the life cycle and the feeding and reproductive behavior of a kissing bug, Dipetalogaster maximus (Uhler), were performed under laboratory conditions that mimic natural environmental conditions in Baja California Sur. The ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded and the insects fed on blood from a domestic dove. Courtship...
As a part of a study of the natural resources of Socorro Island, some ecologicai aspects of the land crab, Gecarcinus planatus, were studied. Density of crabs was established using mark-recapturemethods. During February 1990, crabs density per hectare varied from 755 individuais (SD = 30.36) to 1,645.25 (SD = 45.56). Food habits were established by...
Nine of thirty California quail (Callipepla californica achrustera) captured in autumn of 1992, 17 km west of La Paz, Baja California Sur, México, were parasitized by louse flies. We identified eight Microlynchia pusilla and three Stilbometopa impressa from 30 quails in the ratio of 2.75:1. These are the first records of S. impressa for Cape Region...
A study was conducted from March, 1992 to February, 1993 of the spider fauna and its seasonal variation in a mango and citrus grove in an ejido in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Spider fauna was sampled 11 times/month along a 50 m transect. A total of 1,699 spiders in 41 species were obtained, of which 55% were wandering spiders and 45% were aerial w...
