Maria Angeles Cadarso

University of Castilla-La Mancha · Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences of Albacete

Tourism is very vulnerable to climate change and the disruption of Covid-19, facing two challenges: fighting climate change pursuing its carbon emissions goals, and recovering from the complex pandemic effects. We contribute to the incomplete understanding of tourism emissions pandemic impact and in different post-covid recovery scenarios. Using of...

What would the effect on the employment and environmental footprint be if Spanish households substituted imported fresh fruits and vegetables with local production? Are the impacts similar over the entire year? Is it possible to find a general pattern that allows for straightforward household consumption decisions promoting sustainability? In this...

The tourism sector is one of the most affected by COVID-19 pandemic. The global shutting down of non-essential sectors and the maintained global mobility restrictions have led to the industry’s partial closure worldwide. Tourism could play a leading role as the driver for achieving the sustainable development goals (SDG) and as an engine of wealth...

The extension of Shell’s landmark sentence to all the foreign affiliates of multinational enterprises (MNEs) would imply a global emissions reduction of 2.76 GtCO2. Between 28% and 43% of the total 2030 emissions reduction target of not exceeding 2°C would be achieved. While 91% of multinational affiliates’ output belongs to high-income countries,...

Relevant energy questions have arisen because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic shock leads to emissions’ reductions consistent with the rates of decrease required to achieve the Paris Agreement goals. Those unforeseen drastic reductions in emissions are temporary as long as they do not involve structural changes. However, the COVID-19 consequ...

Achieving the Paris Agreement goals calls for higher ambition across actors. In this article, we address the carbon emission responsibility of the city of Bogota from a consumption-based perspective, by assessing the carbon footprint for the whole city. We use an environmentally extended multiregional input-output model where a survey-based input-o...

Education has long been praised for its economic benefits, which stem from the developed technical skills and improved health conditions it promotes. Nonetheless, improving the quality of education, including sustainability, has become a policy focus since the Tbilisi Declaration and, more recently, in the Sustainable Development Goals. How to incr...

The territory-based conception of environmental commitments disregards the crucial role of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the global generation of greenhouse gases. Such a misconception discourages MNEs from pledging own emissions reduction goals as global agents and exempts their origin country of any responsibility for the emissions they gen...

To meet the Paris Agreement, Mexico is committed to reduce unconditionally 25% of its greenhouse gases emissions for the year 2030. Since the strategy to achieve the mitigation goals needs an increase in renewable energy sources, Mexico’s national climate change policy package has already been launched, including the deployment of 13.5 GW of wind,...

Environmentally extended input-output models have emerged as a new macro level approach to compile tourism carbon footprint inventories. Set against the traditional bottom-up method, this paper explains how environmentally extended input-output models can assist to address multiple aspects of tourism carbon management, and to review current applica...

Although European countries have made great efforts to reduce their territorial carbon emissions, global emissions are still growing. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating within Europe, as transnational institutions, can make significant contributions in translating European efforts into global emissions reduction. Here, we estimate the carbo...

El comercio internacional permite trasladar entre países el impacto ambiental asociado a la producción. En este artículo, se evalúa la huella de carbono del comercio internacional español entre 2000 y 2014 utilizando un modelo multirregional input-output. Aunque la economía española mantuvo una balanza negativa en los 15 años analizados, a partir d...

A fair path to achieve a sustainable world would imply reducing the eventual negative effects linked to the production process while increasing economic output, which is referred to in the literature as impact decoupling. This article aims to assess whether global consumption chains are currently on the decoupling path or not, from a social point o...

Abstract In parallel with the increasing availability of multiregional input–output (MRIO) tables, there has been a growing concern on IO modelling at lower levels of spatial disaggregation, to reflect the particular features of cities better. The urbanization process is one of the salient characteristics of the current stage of globalization, so i...

Global value chains (GVC) describe the functioning of international trade today. A widely used way to measure GVC is the input-output analysis. However, many developing countries are not covered in the main multi-regional input-output (MRIO) databases, hindering the measurement of GVC in regions like South America. The purpose of this paper is to a...

Sustainable development, in its wider sense, i.e., economic, social and environmental, has emerged as one of the key challenges for humankind in the 21st century. Solar photovoltaic (PV) emerges as a key technology to meet not only the climate targets but also those related to social progress and economic growth. This paper's main objective is to c...

Multinational enterprises (MNE) need to be a part of the solution in the fight against climate change, as claimed by investors and consumers, reducing emissions within their operations and supply chains. This paper measures the carbon footprint of U.S. MNE foreign affiliates (US-MNE) operating beyond the U.S. borders. Using a multiregional input-ou...

Proximity and in-season consumption criteria have been suggested as solutions for fruits and vegetables consumers to drive the economy to a more sustainable development. Using a new concept, seasonal avoided footprint by imports, we disentangle the role of period and country of origin. Although, as a general rule, consumers could reduce its footpri...

Over the years, European leaders have proudly waved a social flag as one of the European Union’s (EU) constituent and differentiating elements. This commitment is assessed here through the social footprint of the European 2007–2013 multiannual financial framework among the EU countries and, worldwide, using an extended multiregional input–output mo...

International trade leads to emissions burden shifting and threatens mitigation targets. Multiregional input–output (MRIO) and bilateral trade input–output (BTIO) models are widely used to analyse emissions embodied in trade and global value chains. Especially, the last one is used in analysing border tax adjustment (BTA) on the carbon content of i...

div> The effect of delocalization on a national economy has been widely studied, however subnational delocalization remains as an unvisited field for researchers. This paper studies the effects of fragmentation and the subsequent localization outside or abroad on the level of industrial and services employment in Madrid region. We work with Madrid...

The new European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) was purposely established to “contribute to the promotion of sustainable rural development throughout the EU community”. This paper addresses the sustainability of the EAFRD from a triple bottom line perspective in a multiregional input-output model. This framework allows us to study...

The increasing concern about the environmental performance and sustainability of firms and organizations also involves educational institutions. If universities aim to become leaders in sustainability aspects, they must adopt strategies that involve the entire university system. As a useful tool for this purpose, the objective of this study was to...

This paper develops and explains an input-output model to quantify the carbon footprint linked to residents' and visitors' tourist consumption in the Spanish economy between 1995 and 2007, thus offering a rare longitudinal review of a national carbon footprint. Two measures are calculated: a domestic one similar to the producer responsibility crite...

We develop a multiregional input–output model to evaluate the importance of international trade of agricultural products as well as their food-miles emissions on the proposed extended carbon footprint (ECF) measure of Spanish agriculture in 2000–2008. This measure of ECF incorporates the virtual carbon embodied (domestic, imported and international...

Spain faces the challenge of 80-95% greenhouse gas emissions reduction by 2050 (European Energy Roadmap). As a possible first step to fulfil this objective, this paper presents a two-level analysis. First, we estimate the carbon footprint of a hypothetical nuclear facility in Spain. Using a hybrid multi-regional input-output model, to avoid truncat...

A recent paper (1) states that a cultural shift and a transformative change is needed that changes consumption patterns to reduce human pressure on the environment (the environmental footprint of humanity), keeping it within planetary boundaries. The excellent paper of Santi et al. (2) addresses one of the new forms of consumption that could help i...

In this paper, we propose broadening the concept of tourism's carbon footprint to include not only emissions embodied in tourism consumption but also emissions linked to the investments of the tourism sector. The measure proposed, the whole carbon footprint, implies allocating the emissions linked to the production of capital goods required for tou...

Lin et al. (1) measure pollution embodied in Chinese–US international trade using an atmospheric chemical transport model and find that moving manufacturing offshore to China had an overall beneficial effect on public health in the United States but at the expense of air quality over the western region of the United States and air quality in Chines...

In 2008, Spain exceeded by 20.9% the CO2 emissions allowed by the Kyoto Protocol for 2012. The financial and economic crisis has transformed these figures: as production fell so did energy demand and with it CO2 emissions. Will the Spanish economic crisis allow Spain to fulfill its commitments? With this in mind, we have developed an extended input...

The aim of this paper is to define a shared responsibility criterion for analysing the impact of international trade on CO2 emissions applied to sectors. With the approach proposed it is possible for sectors in a country to account for only a part of the emissions associated with exported and imported goods. The agents considered as responsible for...

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of offshoring on the level of employment for 42 Mexican manufacturing industries from 1988 to 2004, a period of significant offshoring. Following recent literature on the topic, offshoring is measured by intra-industry imports of inputs, using matrices of input-output tables. The impact of intra-in...

Firms must take two fundamental decisions: how and where to produce. Traditional measures of offshoring include information on both decisions but cannot distinguish between them. In this article, we attempt to distinguish the evolution of the requirement of inputs per unit of output (how to produce) from the delocalization of production to others c...

The growing offshoring process is the result of the fragmentation of production processes and the creation of global supply chains. This process has increased final and intermediate imports, but also the distance that goods travel in different stages until they reach the final consumer, as well as the requirements of transport per unit of output an...

Offshoring is a rising phenomenon with great impact during the last fifteen years on the Spanish industry. A commonly accepted variable to measure this process is the level of imported intermediate products per unit of output. The evolution of this ratio captures not only the substitution of domestic for imported inputs, but also a generalised chan...

The aim of this paper is to analyse the participation of the EU in the changes in international trade and the extent these countries are involved in those international production chains. In order to do so, we have calculated two measures of vertical specialisation, by industry and by product, measuring the content of imported inputs in exports for...

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of foreign outsourcing, particularly to Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, on the level of employment in Spain. Outsourcing is calculated using domestic and import-use matrices of input–output tables for 92 Spanish manufacturing industries, and data on imports from the National Customs A...

One common question linked to the environmental concern is whether our development system is sustainable. Our aim in this paper is to analyse the environmental sustainability in terms of CO2 emissions of a process characterising present modern economies: the growing offshoring of production). This offshoring is usually oriented towards developing c...

It is not possible to understand the globalisation process without studying the growing expansion of international trade in intermediate goods. The outsourcing measures used in this paper are calculated from input-output tables and allow us to explain the evolution of intra -and inter- industrial trade for the Spanish manufactures in 1995-2000. Ver...

No se puede entender la globalización sin estudiar la creciente expansión del comercio internacional de bienes intermedios. Las medidas de outsourcing aquí utilizadas a partir de la tablas input-output permiten explicar la evolución del comercio intra-industrial e inter-industrial de la industria española entre 1995 y 2000. La especialización verti...

Longer life expectancy and lower fertility rates will lead to an ageing population in most Western countries. This is thought to make earnings-based defined-benefit pay-as-you-go pension schemes unviable in the near future. Some economists suggest shifting towards a capitalized funded system grounding their proposal on the following advantages: (i)...

El objetivo de este trabajo es definir unos criterios para la determinación de ramas importantes en una economía, atendiendo a su facultad de ejercer de motores de la misma, superando ciertos inconvenientes de otros procedimientos seguidos con anterioridad. Con estos criterios y partiendo de un modelo multiplicador-acelerador general se pretende de...

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of offshoring on the level of employment for 42 Mexican manufacturing industries from 1988 to 2004. Following recent literature on the topic, offshoring is measu red by intra-industry imports of inputs, using matrices of input-output tables. The impact o f intra-industry offshoring in developed cou...

Resumen Las proyecciones demográficas apuntan a un claro envejecimiento de la población en un horizonte 2000 – 2050. De aquí suele inducirse que habrá problemas para pagar las pensiones, dado que el cociente entre pensionistas y ocupados va a aumentar, sobre todo a partir de 2020. Con la finalidad de evitar problemas de solvencia financiera, alguno...

We point out in this paper, first, that the problem of non-uniqueness in structural decomposition techniques has two sources: the different weights in the different decomposition forms and also the different number of determinants included in the additive decomposition. Second, that the 'joint effect' should be considered if one would like to avoid...