Marcos Ryotaro Hara

University of São Paulo | USP

The subfamily Gonyleptinae is the second largest in Gonyleptidae, harboring over 100 species. Gonyleptinae is polyphyletic, nestled in the clade K92, and despite its richness, several species of that subfamily have not had their chemicals of the defensive secretions analyzed. Among these are Gonyleptes curticornis (Mello-Leitão, 1940) and G. horrid...

The subfamily Gonyleptinae is the second largest in Gonyleptidae, harboring over 100 species. Gonyleptinae is polyphyletic, nestled in the clade K92, and despite its richness, several species of that subfamily have not had their chemicals of the defensive secretions analyzed. Among these are Gonyleptes curticornis (Mello-Leitão, 1940) and G. horrid...

Opiliones are highly diverse in the Neotropics. Because of biological constraints, most harvestmen communities are associated with humid forests, exhibiting a high species diversity and endemism in these habitats. Drier formations, such as the Caatinga biome in northeastern Brazil, are less diverse and still considered under-sampled for the order....

During a study of Discocyrtus Holmberg, 1878 and related genera, several species of alleged Pachylinae, mostly Discocyrtus, from southern Brazil were suspected of belonging in Roeweriinae. Herein, a maximum parsimony phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters was performed to test this hypothesis. Accordingly, the following taxonomic changes...

Species of the genus Sadocus Sørensen, 1886 are conspicuous gonyleptids that occur in Chile and Argentina. Here, the genus is revised for the first time and the cladistic analysis based on morphological characters does not corroborate its monophyly unless a phylogenetically unrelated species is excluded (explained further on). A new classification...

From an ecological and evolutionary standpoint, troglobitic organisms are of special interest because they have evolved in, and are restricted to, the subterranean environment. Iandumoema Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997 stands out for being the only Brazilian harvestmen genus with more than one troglobitic species, with three species described from caves in M...

As part of an ongoing revision of the largest gonyleptid subfamily, Pachylinae, we examined Juticus furcidens Roewer, 1943. This is an elusive species mentioned only in catalogues after its description. In this paper, we redescribe it according to modern standards, including its male genitalia for the first time, which exhibit typical features of t...

Gonyleptid systematics has changed considerably in recent years, thanks to the increasing number of opilionologists and use of new data sources to infer relationships. This scenario promotes revisions of yet unrevised or recently proposed su-praspecific groups. In an ongoing revision of the Gonyleptidae subfamilies Pachylinae, Ampycinae and some sp...

Three new species of the Chilean Pachylinae genus, Nanophareus Roewer, 1929 are described: N. bicornutus sp. nov. (Valle de Aconcagua, Zapallar, V Región de Valparaíso), N. maipu sp. nov. (La Rinconada, Quebrada de la Plata, Maipu, Región Metropolitana-Santiago), and N. polyhastatus sp. nov. (El Abanico, VIII Región de Bio-Bío). These three new spe...

Harvestmen have a pair of scent glands that open through ozopores. The literature suggests a link between the morphology of the ozopore area and the emission of a defensive secretion. A previous study on a species that aggregates in open areas, where individuals are probably more easily spotted by predators, showed that this defensive secretion cau...

A new family of Laniatores, Gerdesiidae fam. nov., is proposed based on molecular and morphological evidence. Data also indicate that this new family is the sister family of Tricommatidae. Gerdesiidae fam. nov. has a disjunct distribution, occurring in northern South America (Peru, Brazilian Amazon) and at a spot in south-eastern Brazil (Minas Gera...

A new family of Laniatores, Gerdesiidae fam. nov., is proposed based on molecular and morphological evidence. Data also indicate that this new family is the sister family of Tricommatidae. Gerdesiidae fam. nov. has a disjunct distribution, occurring in northern South America (Peru, Brazilian Amazon) and at a spot in south-eastern Brazil (Minas Gera...

The monotypic genus Temucus Roewer, 1943, originally placed in Pachylinae (Gonyleptidae) is transferred to the Cranainae (Cranaidae) and synonymized with Phalangodus Gervais, 1842, therefore Phalangodus palpiconus (Roewer, 1943) comb. nov. is proposed. The synonymy is based on the following features: (i) the outline of dorsal scutum type alpha; (ii...

We describe for the first time the behavior “Intense Leg Tapping (ILT)” being used in a prey-predator context between the Neotropical harvestman Mischonyx cuspidatus (Roewer 1913) and the syntopic spider Ctenus ornatus (Keyserling 1877). Previously, the harvestman's repeated fast dorsoventral movements of legs II had only been described during cons...

Fonckia Roewer, 1913 is revised and two new species are described in it: Fonckia contulmo sp. nov., from Monumento Nacional Contulmo, Araucanía, Chile, diagnosed mainly by the enlarged tubercles on the lateral margins of the dorsal scutum, between the median region of scutal area II and the posterior margin of the scutal area III; and Fonckia sosia...

The Chilean genus Nanophareus Roewer, 1929 is revised and three new species are described: N. araucanus sp. nov. (type locality: Parque Nacional La Campana, Valparaíso, Chile); N. bipartitus sp. nov. (type locality: Parque Nacional La Campana, Valparaíso, Chile); N. bosqenublado sp. nov. (type locality: Parque Nacional Fray Jorge, Coquimbo, Chile)....

As part of an ongoing revision of the family Gonyleptidae, we have identified many species that are synonyms of previously described species or misplaced in this family. This article summarizes these findings, adding previously unavailable information or correcting imprecise observations to justify the presented taxonomic changes. The following ne...

Praelibitia Roewer, 1956 and its type species, Praelibitia titicaca Roewer, 1956, are respectively synonymized with Platygyndes Roewer, 1943 and its type species Platygyndes titicaca Roewer, 1943, and furthermore the genus is transferred from the Gonyleptidae to the Cosmetidae. On the basis of domed and unarmed ocularium, increased number of granul...

Eusarcus Perty 1833 is one of the oldest described genera of Pachylinae, comprising 36 species distributed from northeastern to southern Brazil (including the central west region), northeastern Argentina, eastern Paraguay and Uruguay. The genus is reviewed and a new classification is proposed based on a cladistic analysis. A cladistic analysis was...

We herein propose transfer of the two monotypic genera Globibunus (type-species G rubrofemoratus Roewer, 1912) and Rivetinus (type-species R. minutus Roewer, 1919) to the subfamily Zamorinae (Agoristenidae) and Ramonus (type- species R. conifrons Roewer, 1956), previous placed in Agoristenidae, to the Prostygninae (Cranaidae) based on several chara...

We herein propose transfer of the two monotypic genera Globibunus (type-species G. rubrofemoratus Roewer, 1912) and Rivetinus (type-species R. minutus Roewer, 1919) to the subfamily Zamorinae (Agoristenidae) and Ramonus (typespecies R. conifrons Roewer, 1956), previous placed in Agoristenidae, to the Prostygninae (Cranaidae) based on several charac...

Males of the Neotropical harvestman Ampheres leucopheus (Mello-Leitão 1922) were observed guarding egg-batches attached to the undersurface of leaves. As recorded for other paternal harvestmen, males of A. leucopheus guard egg-batches containing eggs in different developmental stages as well as newly hatched nymphs. This is the second case of pater...

FIGURE 2. Rivetinus minutus Roewer 1919. Male (paratype): A, habitus, dorsal view; B, idem ventral view; C, idem, left lateral view; D, left cheliceral segments II – III, frontal view; E, right pedipalp, ectal view; F, right femur IV, ventral view; G, right pedipalp, distal femur – tarsus, dorso-mesal view; H, right leg IV, prolateral view. A – C a...

FIGURE 5. Hypothesis of relationship among genera of Agoristenidae. Strict consensus tree (L: 118; Ci: 0.44; Ri: 0.69) of 34 equally parsimonious trees (L: 115; Ci: 0.45; Ri: 0.71). Black circles are unique synapomorphies and white circles, homoplastic synapomorphies. Numbers above circles are the character number, and below circles are the charact...

FIGURE 3. Ramonus conifrons Roewer 1956. Male (holotype): A, habitus, dorsal view; B, idem ventral view; C, right lateral view; F, right pedipalp, ectal view; G, idem, distal femur – tarsus, dorso-mesal view; H, right trochanter – femur I, retrolateral view. Female (paratype): D, habitus, dorsal view; E, dorsal scutum, right lateral view. D, E are...

FIGURE 1. Globibunus rubrofemoratus Roewer 1912. Male (holotype): A, habitus, dorsal view; B, idem, ventral view; C, idem, right lateral view; D, left pedipalp, ectal view; E, idem, patella – tarsus, dorso mesal view; F, right leg I, dorsal view; G, idem, right trochanter – patella IV; H, idem, right tibia – tarsus IV. A – C at same scale; D and E...

FIGURE 4. Distal part of penis: A – C: Globibunus rubrofemoratus Roewer, 1912, A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, right lateral view. D – E: Rivetinus minutus Roewer, 1919, D, dorsal view; E, right lateral view. F – G: Ramonus conifrons Roewer, 1956, F, dorsal view; G, right lateral view. A – C, at same scale; D and E at same scale; F and G at sam...

A new species of Pickeliana Mello-Leitão, 1932, P. albimaculata sp. nov., is described from Jussari, Bahia, Brazil. It can be easily distinguished from the already described species by the presence of white spots on mesotergal area I and anal opercle. It is similar to P. pickeli Mello-Leitão, 1932 by the presence of a large, ventro-apical pointed t...

Iandumoema setimapocu sp. n. is described from the cave Lapa do Zu, Coração de Jesus, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The new species is closely related to Iandumoema uai Pinto-da-Rocha, 1996 in the subfamily Pachylinae, from which it dif- fers by the following features: Male femur IV straight; the male apophysis on coxa IV directed obliquely backward;...

Hara, Marcos Ryotaro, Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo (2008): A new species of Brazilian troglobitic harvestman of the genus Iandumoema (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae). Zootaxa 1744: 50-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181607

FIGURE 2. Iandumoema setimapocu sp. n. Male (holotype): A, right leg IV, dorsal view; B, idem, prolateral view; C, idem, ventral view. Female (paratype): D, right leg IV, dorsal view; E, idem, ventral view. A – C at same scale, D – E at same scale. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 4. Known records for troglobitic harvestmen in Brazil.

FIGURE 1. Iandumoema setimapocu sp. n. Male (holotype): A, habitus, dorsal view; B, idem, ventral view; C: idem, right lateral view; D, right trochanter IV, dorsal view; E, right pedipalp, ventral view. Female (paratype): F, habitus, dorsal view; G, right trochanter IV, dorsal view. A and F at same scale, D and G at same scale. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Iandumoema setimapocu sp. n. Distal part of penis: A, dorsal view; B, left lateral view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

The arachnids of the order Opiliones (harvestmen) produce substances used in defense. In the present paper, we analyzed 22 species of Gonyleptidae to explore the use of defensive substances in taxonomy and evolutionary biology. Thirty-seven different compounds were detected, 18 of which were preliminarily identified. These compounds were mapped ont...

The arachnids of the order Opiliones (harvestmen) have a pair of scent glands opening at the sides of the body, the substances of which are used in defense. Several types of behavioral, morphological and chemical defensive mechanisms have been assigned to the order as a whole, although some of these tactics were restricted to particular groups. Onl...

O gênero Eusarcus Perty, 1833 é um dos mais antigos descritos para Pachylinae, com 30 espécies. O gênero é revisado e uma classificação é proposta baseada em uma análise cladística. Dezoito espécies são reconhecidas como válidas, 12 descritas foram descobertas e 4 espécies foram transferidas para Eusarcus. O gênero se distribui na região nordeste e...