Marco Pietra

• Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
• Full Professor at University of Bologna

Chronic enteropathy (CE) is a common complaint in canine gastroenterology. Recently, faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) gained attention as a treatment strategy. However, the efficacy and long-term impact of FMT is still unclear. Clinical index (CIBDAI), faecal microbiota and metabolome were monitored in 20 CE dogs refractory to diet before (T...

Objectives To describe clinical, ultrasonographic, pathological features and response to medical therapy of four dogs with intestinal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis. Methods Retrospective review of medical records of dogs with an ultrasonographic evidence of focal or multifocal intestinal wall thickening and a histological diagnosis of lipogranulo...

Objective To compare the outcome of the laparotomy‐assisted endoscopic removal (LAER) of gastrointestinal foreign bodies (FBs) with traditional enterotomy, and to determine which factors affected the ability to remove FBs. Study design Retrospective observational study. Sample population Dogs and cats ( n = 81) with gastrointestinal FBs. Methods...

Simple Summary Vitamin D deficiency and toxicity are common and well-recognized conditions in dogs. The metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is the main endogenous biomarker for the evaluation of vitamin D3 status. In this study, we developed a simple analytical method for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 quantification in canine serum. The method was validated fol...

Background Dogs with eunatremic, eukalemic hypoadrenocorticism (EEH) typically show signs of chronic gastrointestinal disease (CGD). Previous glucocorticoid administration (PGA) can give false‐positive results on the ACTH stimulation test (ACTHst). Hypothesis/Objectives To determine the prevalence of EEH in dogs with signs of CGD, and to identify...

Objectives Proximal duodenal ulceration is often characterised by continuous bleeding, and treatment is challenging. The aims of this study were to investigate the role of vascularisation in proximal duodenal ulceration and describe clinical aspects, endoscopic features and treatment in dogs. Material and Methods Polyurethane foam casts of gastrod...

Humans and dogs commonly share the same domestic environment. Europe, and Italy specifically, have a substantial and growing dog population. Potentially zoonotic parasites may be harbored even by dogs receiving regular veterinary care. Thus, transmission of zoonotic or potentially zoonotic parasites to owners and their families should not be undere...

Equine asthma is a common respiratory disease that may affect horses of any age. The diagnosis of severe equine asthma (SEA) (historically referred as recurrent airway obstruction or RAO) is based mainly on the history of the animal and clinical signs, which are further supported by the cytological examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). T...

Equine Asthma Syndrome (EAS) is a common respiratory problem that affects horses of any age. In the severe EAS form (historically referred to as recurrent airway obstruction or RAO) the diagnosis, based mainly on history and clinical signs, it is definitively confirmed by the cytological examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), also very us...

Background: Duodenal ulceration (DU) in dogs derives from different causes but has never previously been related to gallbladder agenesis (GA). GA is a rare congenital disorder in dogs and is considered a predisposing factor for DU in humans. Case description: A 5-month-old intact female Maltese was presented for acute vomiting and diarrhea. Abdo...

Simple Summary Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), which are lipid molecules made up of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), can be rapidly absorbed through enterocytes, bypassing the lymphatics, and appear as interesting energy sources used to manage common canine gastrointestinal disorders such as chronic enteropathies (CE). Virgin coconut oil (VCO) i...

Ultrasonographic morphometry of wall layers is commonly used in veterinary patients with suspected small intestinal disease, however published studies comparing this method with histopathology in horses are limited. This prospective, methods comparison study compared the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of small intestinal wall layers u...

Serotonin is crucial in gastrointestinal functions, including motility, sensitivity, secretion, and the inflammatory response. The serotonin transporter (SERT), responsible for serotonin reuptake and signaling termination, plays a prominent role in gastrointestinal physiology, representing a promising therapeutic target in digestive disorders. Sero...

Simple Summary Chronic intestinal inflammation in dogs is a challenging disease to manage. Most studies about prognostic factors and follow-up data are only available for small populations or with short-term follow-up. The aim of this study of 165 dogs with chronic intestinal inflammation was to identify clinical and haematological factors associat...

Simple Summary Molecular-based approaches are rapidly developing in medicine for the evaluation of physiological and pathological conditions and for the discovery of new biomarkers in prevention and therapy. Membrane fatty acid-based lipidomic analysis in healthy animals provides a benchmark to study disease conditions and was useful to evidence si...

Clinical signs of eunatraemic, eukalaemic hypoadrenocorticism (EEH) are non-specific, mimicking chronic gastrointestinal disease (CGD). Moreover, previous administration of glucocorticoids (PAG), commonly used in CGD dogs, can give false-positive results on the ACTH stimulation test (ACTHst). It is therefore important to exclude PAG and measure end...

Background Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) is used to evaluate vascularity of the gastrointestinal wall in neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. Objective To assess the feasibility of CEUS for the evaluation of duodenal perfusion in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Animals Forty‐two dogs with IBD and 20 clinically healthy dogs...

Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) toxicity caused by defective pet food formulations is a rare occurrence described in cats. Nevertheless, it poses a health risk, even though the affected pet food is not fed as the sole diet. Excessive vitamin D3 intake might cause hypercalcemia and soft tissue mineralization, which are findings that prompt clinicians t...

Simple Summary Canine chronic enteropathies are classified according to their response to diet, antibiotics, and immunosuppressant drugs, or to a lack of response to treatment. The aim of this study was to identify which factors, including P-glycoprotein activity (a membrane-bound protein involved in multiple drug resistance), could be related to t...

1,2-O-dilauryl-rac-glycero glutaric acid-(6′-methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) lipase activity has been proposed as a faster and less expensive test used in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (AP) compared to canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI), which is considered the most sensitive and specific serum test available for dogs. Elevations...

Colic is a common digestive disorder in horses and one of the most urgent problems in equine medicine. A growing body of literature has indicated that the activation of cannabinoid receptors could exert beneficial effects on gastrointestinal inflammation and visceral hypersensitivity. The localisation of cannabinoid and cannabinoid-related receptor...

Chronic enteropathies (CEs) in dogs, according to the treatment response to consecutive trials, are classified as food-responsive (FRE), antibiotic-responsive (ARE), and immunosuppressive-responsive (IRE) enteropathy. In addition to this classification, dogs with loss of protein across the gut are grouped as protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). At pre...

Simple Summary Severe equine asthma (EA) syndrome, formerly termed Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO) or heaves, is one of the most common respiratory diseases in adult horses and a frequent cause of poor equine performance. The affected animals may show periods of clinical remission followed by periods of exacerbation over months to years. Therefo...

Objective: To prospectively evaluate the clinical and prognostic importance of duodenal endoscopic and histologic findings, including duodenal mucosal counts of forkhead box P3-positive regulatory T cells (Foxp3+ Tregs), in dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE). Animals: 57 client-owned dogs with IRE. Procedures: The canine...

Simple Summary Antimicrobial resistance is a threat that poses a great risk to public health. It has been predicted that, by 2050, there will have been 10 million deaths worldwide due to drug-resistant infections. There is a crucial need in Veterinary Medicine to reduce the use of antimicrobials to slow down the process and incidence of antimicrobi...

Endoscopy represents a commonly employed technique for canine enteropathies. Different trials in human intestinal endoscopy have suggested that the introduction of water for luminal distension, in place of air, improves the visualization of the mucosal texture and decreases pain. The aim of the study was to compare water immersion (WI) vs. air insu...

Pulmonary capillariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the nematode Eucoleus aerophilus which affects wild and domestic carnivores. Currently, there are no anthelmintics approved for use in the treatment of dogs infected with E. aerophilus. The use of several anthelmintics has been reported in a few case reports and field efficacy studies in cats...

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a common event during general anaesthesia but is often underdiagnosed in veterinary medicine. The oesophageal pH in anaesthetised dogs undergoing endoscopic evaluation of the upper gastrointestinal tract (END group; n = 12) or orthopaedic surgery (ORT group; n = 12) was measured using an oesophageal probe. The dogs...

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as the functional receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome—Coronavirus−2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has been identified in the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and SARS-CoV-2 has been isolated in human and animal fecal samples. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression o...

Background: Homocysteine (HCY) was evaluated in healthy and chronic enteropathic dogs, however no studies on dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy are available. Objectives: The aim was to evaluate serum HCY concentrations and its prognostic role in dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy compared to healthy dogs. Method...

A growing body of literature indicates that activation of cannabinoid receptors may exert beneficial effects on gastrointestinal inflammation and visceral hypersensitivity. The present study aimed to immunohistochemically investigate the distribution of the canonical cannabinoid receptors CB1 (CB1R) and CB2 (CB2R) and the putative cannabinoid recep...

Intense exercise causes to organisms to have oxidative stress and inflammation at the gastrointestinal (GI) level. The reduction in intestinal blood flow and the exercise-linked thermal damage to the intestinal mucosa can cause intestinal barrier disruption, followed by an inflammatory response. Furthermore, the adaptation to exercise may affect th...

The increasing incidence of gastrointestinal tract pathologies in dogs and the worrisome topic of antibiotic resistance have raised the need to look for new therapeutic frontiers. Of these, the use of probiotics represents a potential therapeutic alternative. Lactobacillus kefiri (Lk) is a species of Lactobacillus isolated from kefir. Previous stud...

Hematuria, or preputial hemorrhagic discharge, is an extremely common clinical sign; it can be associated with a wide range of diseases, including, even if only rarely, penile foreign bodies. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the diagnosis and therapy involving migration from the preputial ostium or penile urethra of a foreign bod...

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in dogs, but prognostic factors are still largely unknown. The aim of this retrospective, single-centre, case series study was to determine overall survival time and identify the prognostic value of several clinical and clinicopathological variables in dogs with newly d...

Background Brachycephalic dogs have abnormal breathing patterns similar to those in humans with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Despite the fact that anatomic and functional alterations are well described in brachycephalic dogs, little is know...

Severe equine asthma (also known as heaves or RAO) is a chronic obstructive disease characterized by exaggerated contraction, inflammation, and structural alteration of the airways, when susceptible horses are stabled and fed hay [1]. Currently, the diagnosis of equine asthma relies on history, clinical signs and on the presence of lower airway inf...

This paper describes for the first time the isolation of S. lutetiensis in a cat with intestinal lymphoma. The Streptococcus bovis group has undergone significant taxonomic changes over the past two decades and, in 2002, Poyart et al. described two distinct novel species within the genus Streptococcus, Streptococcus lutetiensis, and Streptococcus p...

Objectives The aim of the study was to provide a detailed anatomical study of the feline bronchial and vascular structures by using CT angiography (CTA). Methods Adult cats with no respiratory clinical signs were enrolled in a CTA protocol to provide an anatomical study of the thorax. The dimensions, number of branches and branching pattern (monop...

Background Dietary interventions are thought to modify gut microbial communities in healthy individuals. In dogs with chronic enteropathies, resolution of dysbiosis, along with remission of clinical signs, is expected with treatment. Hypothesis/Objective To evaluate changes in the fecal microbiota in dogs with food‐responsive chronic enteropathy (...

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands, and the enzymes involved in endocannabinoid turnover. Modulating the activity of the ECS may influence a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. A growing body of evidence indicates that activation of cannabinoid receptors by endogeno...

In dogs and cats with chronic enteropathies the endoscopic examination of the digestive tract (EEDT) is part of a diagnostic work up including not only the evaluation of signalment, past history, physical exam, clinicalpathology and diagnostic imaging (particularly radiography and abdominal ultrasound), hut also the response to dietary and therapeu...

A 7-year-old intact male Rottweiler dog was evaluated for recurrent dysphagia and regurgitation. Physical examination was unremarkable and routine blood works were within normal limits. Computed tomography revealed a defined lesion in the caudal mediastinum arising from the oesophagus. The lesion was excised using intercostal thoracotomy and the hi...

The domestic cat (Felis catus) was used as a sentinel of exposure to polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in indoor urban environments y. Sera from 120 cats were pooled to form 30 different groups selected by age (<2 years; > 2 ≤ 8 years; > 8 years), sex, municipality (Bologna and Turin) and environment (indoor vs. outdoor). Test portions of 1 mL were analyz...

Supporting Information 1: Ingredients of the animal protein‐free diet used in this study.

Supporting Information 5: Clinical scores in FRE and HC dogs

Supporting Information 2: Drop‐in/drop‐off flowchart

Supporting Information 6: Abundance and statistical differences of different bacterial groups in faecal samples analysed with Illumina sequencing.

Supporting Information 4: Main findings of the abdominal ultrasound.

Supporting Information 3: Results of haematology and serum biochemistry assays in dogs with food‐responsive enteropathy (FRE).

Supporting Information 7: Abundance and statistical differences of different bacterial groups in faecal samples analysed with qPCR.

Saccharomyces boulardii is used to treat acute and chronic enteropathies in humans, but to date, no studies have evaluated the use of this yeast in dogs. The current study, a prospective non-randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, evaluated the effects ofS boulardiiin healthy dogs and dogs with chronic enteropathies (CE). Four healthy...

A 35-month-old female German shepherd weighing 33.2 kg was referred to our department with a 10-month history of sneezing and left nasal swelling. On clinical examination, the dog showed deformity of the left nasal plane in the absence of any cutaneous lesions or nasal discharge, and presented with nasal snoring noises during both the inspiratory a...

In the gastrointestinal tract, the tachykinin Substance P (SP) is involved in motility, fluid and electrolyte secretion, and blood flow and regulation of immunoinflammatory response. SP exerts its biological activity on target cells by interacting mainly with the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R). The present study aims to quantify the percentage of SP-...

Heat stress has a major impact on veal calves welfare and productivity. Prolonged exposure to warmer temperature is associated with several alterations of physiologic processes and increased systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is the most abundant plasma protein and, besides the regulation of osmotic pressure, car...

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences in the characteristics of short- and long-term surviving dogs with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) and to identify factors that predict its outcome. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 59 client- owned dogs with PLE diagnosed at three different hospitals...

Food-responsive enteropathy (FRE), idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and alimentary tract lymphoma (AL) are often the remaining differentials for cats presenting with chronic gastrointestinal (GI) signs. Differential diagnosis is further complicated by overlapping clinicopathological features and histopathological changes, however. In th...

Despite numerous studies carried out over the last 15 years in veterinary medicine, the pathogenesis of canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) has still not been completely elucidated. In particular, unlike what has been demonstrated in human medicine, the influence of serotonin on clinical signs in canine IBD has not yet been clarified. The objec...

Background: A novel flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS) (FreeStyle Libre, Abbott, UK) was recently developed for humans. It continuously measures the interstitial glucose (IG) concentrations for 14 days. Objectives: To assess the clinical and analytical accuracy of the FGMS in diabetic dogs. Animals: Ten client-owned diabetic dogs on insuli...

The final results of a survey on welfare of dairy cows in 7 Italian Regions are presented. The study has been performed on 943 farms in southern and central Italy to highlight critical and strong points concerning animal welfare in dairy systems, by using direct and indirect criteria. To assess animal welfare, a check-list based on 303 parameters h...

Although budesonide is frequently used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of canine respiratory and bowel inflammatory diseases, knowledge is lacking regarding its kinetics in this species. We developed and validated a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of budesonide and its metabolite 16α-hydroxypredn...

Background The authors report the first case of feline gastric actinomycosis associated with infection by Actinomyces hordeovulneris. Case presentationA 4-year-old, neutered male, semi-feral European cat, with a 1 year history of chronic vomiting, was referred to the clinic. Abdominal ultrasound examination identified a hypoechoic focal transmural...

Contents The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence that different protocols of urethral catheterization after pharmacological induction (Ur.Ca.P.I.) may have on the semen quality of the domestic cat. The study has been divided into two experiments: one in which different dosages of medetomidine administrated are evaluated and the second o...

A domestic shorthair cat was referred with a history of dyspnoea and lethargy that had arisen gradually within the last few days. The cat had been hit by an automobile 10 days earlier. A thoracic radiograph suggested stenosis of the intrathoracic trachea, proximal to the tracheal bifurcation. Endoscopic examination confirmed a narrowing of the trac...

This report describes a cat infected with the feline infectious virus and a 1 yr history of unilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge. Intraoral radiography and endoscopic examination revealed the presence of a large fragment of tooth root in the right nasal cavity. The cat had previously undergone maxillary canine tooth (104) extraction. The root wa...

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a specialized, thickened muscle region with a high resting tone mediated by myogenic and neurogenic mechanisms. During swallowing or belching, the LES undergoes strong inhibitory innervation. In the horse, the LES seems to be organized as a "one-way" structure, enabling only the oral-anal progression of food....

Pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism (PDH) is one of the most frequent endocrinopathies in dogs, but prognostic factors are largely unknown. The aim of this retrospective case series study was to determine the prognostic value of different clinical and clinicopathological variables evaluated in dogs newly diagnosed with PDH that were subsequently t...

Canine dermatomyositis is a hereditary disease described in collies and Shetland sheep dogs and their cross-breeds. A similar disease, called dermatomyositis-like disease, has been described occasionally in other breeds but never in the Rottweiler. We report on the clinicopathological findings associated with dermatomyositis-like disease in a Rottw...

A case of surgical resolution of type I or "sliding" hiatal hernia is reported. A seven-month-old kitten was presented because of abdominal discomfort, accelerated breathing after eating and chronic vomiting. The clinical examination was unremarkable. Thoracic radiographs and gastroscopy led to the diagnosis of type I hiatal hernia. The surgical re...

In human medicine the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is usually based on the measurement of capillary 3-b-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) with a hand held ketone sensor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if the measurement of capillary 3-HB could be useful to diagnose and monitor the treatment of canine DKA. Fifteen dogs with diabetic keto...

A 4-year-old, male French Brittany weighing 18 kg was presented for continuous disorexia associated with a large palpable mass in the cranial abdomen. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examination showed the presence of a mass close to the gastric wall. Percutaneous needle aspiration of the mass revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation. An explorator...

Introduction - A diagnostic improvement in the diagnosis of canine IBD has been found by applying the techniques of immunohystochemistry to highlight the lymphocyte population of intestinal mucosa. The aim of the study was to compare in 45 dogs with IBD the endoscopic features, serum folate and cobalamin values, and CD3+ lymphocytes concentration o...

The normal sonographic thickness of the individual layers (ie mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and subserosa-serosa) of the intestinal wall was evaluated in 20 clinically healthy cats. The mean thickness of the wall was 2.20 mm, 2.22 mm, 3.00 mm and 2.04 mm for duodenum, jejunum, ileum (fold) and ileum (between folds), respectively. The mean thickness...

Introduction - Adverse environmental conditions, such as high temperature and humidity, seem to affect the immune system in beef cattle, as already demonstrated in dairy cattle. Aim -The aim of this study was to evaluate the haematological changes (complete blood count), and the serum levels of 4 major cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) i...

Objective: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of budesonide in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Animals: 11 dogs (mean ± SD age, 5.7 ± 3.9 years; various breeds and body weights) with moderate or severe IBD. Procedures: Each dog received a controlled-release formulation of budesonide (3 mg/m(2), PO, q 24 h) for 3...

Objective: To noninvasively assess the influence of ingestion of a standard meal on gallbladder volume (GBV) in healthy cats. Animals: 10 healthy adult domestic shorthair cats (4 neutered females, 5 neutered males, and 1 sexually intact male). Procedures: Nonsedated cats were positioned in dorsal and left lateral recumbency to obtain ultrasono...

During an 18 day test, we measured the cytokine mRNA expression (Interleukin-1beta [IL-1beta], Interleukin-8 [IL-8], Interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma], Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha [TNF-alpha]) of cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [BALF] in five horses previously diagnosed with RAO, before and during challenge exposure, and after the desensitizatio...

Lung lobe torsion (LLT) is an uncommon pathology in small animal practice. In large breed dogs LLT effects are localized mainly to the middle lobe of the right lung. This report describes a case of left cranial lung torsion in a Bernese Mountain dog: the patient was referred with a two-day history of asthenia, anorexia, dyspnea and haemoptysis. No...

http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2011/20113292214.pdf A 13-month-old male Yorkshire terrier from Modena (Northern Italy) was submitted to physical examination because of coughing, diarrhea and progressive weight loss, which worsened in the last week of life. Depression and dyspnea were noted on clinical examination. Radiography of the tho...

An 8-year-old Italian saddle-horse gelding with a history of left guttural pouch empyema was referred to the clinic. Endoscopic examination showed a stenosis of the left pharingeal ostium that was treated with an endoscopic assisted electro-cauterization. Endoscopic follow-ups were performed before discharge and at six months after stenosis removal...

No endoscopic examination of the nasolacrimal duct has been described before. In contrast with other imaging techniques, endoscopy provides a direct inspection of the intralumen and ductal mucosa in standing sedation. To provide a reference against which the endoscopic and clinical features of obstructive nasolacrimal disease in the horse may be co...

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) represent a distinctive group of primary mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract identified immunohistochemically by expression of CD117. A 10-year-old neutered female domestic shorthair cat with a history of recurrent vomiting was examined. The presence of a gastric mass was recognized and a lapar...

Nasal diseases are very common in dogs and rhinoscopy is often required for a definitive diagnosis. Rhinoscopy, while superficial in nature, can guide the clinician to the final diagnosis. In this study, rhinoscopy was performed on 54 dogs with symptoms of chronic nasopharyngeal disease. The endoscopic diagnosis of neoplasia or chronic nasal inflam...

PRIMARY bacterial rhinitis is rare in dogs; it is usually secondary to nasal trauma, inhalation of an irritant, neoplasia, or viral, fungal or parasitic infections. Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus ( S zooepidemicus ), a common cause of respiratory infections in horses, has been

In recent years, gastric ulceration has been recognized as a common, possibly performance-limiting disease, of adult horses. The aim of this study was to compare endoscopic features, histological diagnosis, and mRNA levels of various cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-13) from horse gastric biopsies. Eleven horses suffering from equine gastric...

A not pregnant 4-year-old Jersey cow was presented with the sudden appearance of respiratory noise, nasal discharge and moderate respiratory difficulty. Upon physical examination a snoring-like noise, extended head and neck position, exaggerated abdominal effort, bilateral nasal discharge and left prescapular lymph node enlargement were noted. Sub-...

Two hundred and ninety seven horses from different areas of Italy (South, Center and North) were tested for serum antibodies to Neospora spp. by indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Antibodies were present in 28 horses (9.4%). The titres were: 1:50 (14/28) (4.7%), 1:100 (11/28) (3.7%) and 1:200 (3/28) (1%). This serological survey shows that...