Marco Pellegrini

• MD
• Researcher at University of Ferrara

Importance Recently, it was proved that the large language model Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4; OpenAI) can fabricate synthetic medical datasets designed to support false scientific evidence. Objective To uncover statistical patterns that may suggest fabrication in datasets produced by large language models and to improve these synth...

Purpose To report the visual and anatomical outcomes of Descemet membrane epiretinal graft for refractory full-thickness macular holes (MH). Methods This interventional case series included patients with refractory MH who previously underwent standard pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling for repair of MH with no success. D...

Aims/Purpose: Recently, our group demonstrated how the Large Language Model GPT‐4 can fabricate fake ophthalmology data sets, designed to support false scientific evidence. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify peculiar statistical patterns of AI‐generated data sets, (2) to attempt at enhancing the quality of fabricated data for elimin...

Aims/Purpose: Recently, our group demonstrated how the Large Language Model GPT‐4 can fabricate fake ophthalmology data sets, designed to support false scientific evidence. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify peculiar statistical patterns of AI‐generated data sets, (2) to attempt at enhancing the quality of fabricated data for elimin...

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate anatomical and functional outcomes of the Smaller-Incision New Generation Implantable Miniature Telescope (SING IMT™) in patients with bilateral advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: This non-comparative retrospective single-surgeon interventional case series included patients...

Background/Aims To explore the outcomes of conjunctival flap (CF) followed by keratoplasty in patients with severe infectious keratitis (IK) unresponsive to medical treatment. Methods This is a retrospective monocentric study including 29 eyes of 29 patients with IK resistant to antibiotic treatment associated with stromal ulcer deepening to ≥50%...

Purpose To report the visual and refractive outcomes of trocar-assisted sutureless intrascleral three-piece intraocular lens (IOL) fixation, and to compare the accuracy of different IOL power formulas in this setting. Methods Twenty eyes of 20 patients who underwent trocar-assisted sutureless three-piece IOL scleral fixation were included. Two tro...

Introduction: The aim of the study was to systematically review the evidence from randomized controlled trials that evaluate the efficacy and safety of perfluorohexyloctane in the treatment of dry eye disease. Methods: Literature search was conducted on PubMed and Scopus in April 2024 with the search strategy ("perfluorohexyloctane" or "NOV03" o...

Background/Objectives: Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a retinal disorder leading to irreversible central vision loss. The pro-re-nata (PRN) treatment for nAMD involves frequent intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF medications, placing a burden on patients and healthcare systems. Predicting injections needs at each monitoring...

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is one of the major causes of vision impairment that affect millions of people worldwide. Early detection of nAMD is crucial because, if untreated, it can lead to blindness. Software and algorithms that utilize artificial intelligence (AI) have become valuable tools for early detection, assisting...

Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate the tangential retinal displacement occurring following macular hole surgery, and to assess the impact of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling size on the extent of the retinal movement. Methods This retrospective study included patients with full-thickness macular hole undergoing 25-gauge pars...

Photobiomodulation (PBM) has become a promising approach for slowing the progression of early and intermediate dry age-related macular degeneration (dAMD) to advanced AMD. This technique uses light to penetrate tissues and activate molecules that influence biochemical reactions and cellular metabolism. This preliminary analysis is aimed at assessin...

Purpose: Corneal neurotization (CN) is a novel, potentially curative surgical procedure for the treatment of neurothophic keratopathy (NK). Patients with severe NK can present with corneal opacification requiring optical keratoplasty, which would likely fail without a proper trophic support of corneal nerves in the recipient cornea. Methods: Thi...

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether vital blue dyes could enhance the contrast of intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) during macular surgery. Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing elective pars plana vitrectomy for vitreomacular interface disorders were enrolled. Intraoperative OCT was performed with...

Background: To compare conventional internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling versus inverted flap technique in small idiopathic macular hole. Methods: Retrospective, multicentre cohort study including consecutive eyes with a ≤250 μm idiopathic macular hole treated with primary vitrectomy. The primary outcome was best-corrected visual acuity (BCV...

Sequence variants in Eyes Shut Homolog (EYS) gene are one of the most frequent causes of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Herein, we describe an Italian RP family characterized by EYS-related pseudodominant inheritance. The female proband, her brother, and both her sons showed typical RP, with diminished or non-recordable full-field e...

X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) is a rare, incurable, vision-threatening, genetic disease. In this study, we aimed to reveal the real-world burden of this disease from the viewpoint of retina specialists and geneticists involved directly in XLRP care and to identify unique insights that may not otherwise be available through typical clinical s...

Purpose: To assess the feasibility and the diagnostic accuracy of the new tool, DEvice© (AI, Rome, Italy), for screening patients with dry eye disease (DED). Methods: This study was performed at the University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro. Enrolled patients were classified as affected by DED (group 1) or not (group 2) using an already validated tool (...

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Bio-Hyalur LVD compared to Viscoat® ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD) in patients undergoing routine cataract surgery. Setting Two tertiary eye care hospitals in Italy Design Prospective randomized clinical trial Methods This study compared the outcomes of Bio-Hyalur LVD versus Viscoat® ophthalm...

Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate anatomical and functional outcomes of the Smaller-Incision New Generation Implantable Miniature Telescope (SING IMT™) in patients with bilateral advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods This non-comparative retrospective single-surgeon interventional case series included patients with...

Sequence variants in Eyes Shut Homolog ( EYS ) gene are one of the most frequent causes of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Herein, we describe an Italian RP family characterized by EYS -related pseudodominant inheritance. The female proband, her brother, and both her sons showed typical RP, with diminished or non-recordable full-fiel...

Purpose To evaluate prevalence and characteristics of pathological ocular surface findings in healthy patients undergoing cataract surgery using a noninvasive ocular surface workup and a validated questionnaire. Design Prospective single-centre study (sub-analysis clinical trial no. NCT05754437). Methods Healthy patients undergoing senile catarac...

Background Despite increasing evidence shows that optimising ocular surface before cataract surgery is fundamental in patients with pre-existing dry eye disease (DED) to achieve the desired postoperative outcomes, the prophylactic treatment of healthy patients undergoing surgery aiming at preventing iatrogenic DED is worth investigating. Methods T...

Purpose: To report the clinical outcomes of large diameter deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) and converted two-piece microkeratome-assisted mushroom keratoplasty (MK) for herpetic corneal scars. Methods: In this single-centre study, large diameter (9 mm) DALK was attempted in consecutive patients with herpetic corneal scars. In case of...

Since its first introduction more than 30 years ago, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized ophthalmology practice, providing a non-invasive in vivo cross-sectional view of the structures of the eye. Mostly employed in the clinical setting due to its tabletop configuration requiring an upright patient positioning, the recent advent o...

Background The purpose of this study was to present a modified surgical technique involving pars plana vitrectomy with large chorioretinectomy for eyes with rupture of the globe due to severe ocular blunt trauma. Methods This retrospective study included consecutive patients with rupture of the globe due to blunt trauma who were treated at the Kin...

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to report the clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, management and outcomes of microsporidial keratitis in post-keratoplasty eyes. Methods: This is a retrospective review of three patients diagnosed with microsporidial stromal keratitis in post-keratoplasty eyes between January 2012 and December 20...

Purpose: To compare the refractive results of combined Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) and cataract surgery in eyes with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) with and without topographic hot spots. Setting: "Villa Igea" Hospital, Forlì, Italy. Design: Interventional case series. Methods: In this single-center study, 5...

Purpose: To present a case of hematocornea occurring in a post-penetrating keratoplasty (PK) eye and to report the outcomes of deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) performed by simple stromal peeling. Observations: A 45-year-old female presented with hematocornea in the left eye that previously underwent PK 26 months prior for keratoconus....

Dry eye disease (DED) is the most common ocular surface disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. Due to its chronic nature, the management of DED still represents a challenge in the ophthalmic practice. Nerve growth factor (NGF), which is expressed along with its high-affinity TrkA receptor on the ocular surface complex, has been widely stu...

Background: To evaluate the association between COVID-19 vaccination and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods: This multicentre self-controlled case series included patients with RVO seen in five tertiary referral centres in Italy. All adults who received at least one dose of the BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, mRNA-1273 or Ad26.COV2.S vaccine and h...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the choroidal vascularity analyzing en face optical coherence tomography (OCT) images in patients with unilateral central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). We retrospectively evaluated 40 eyes of 20 CSC patients and 20 eyes of 10 gender- and age-matched healthy individuals. The sample consisted of: (1) CSC affect...

Purpose: To investigate the new Hoffer QST (Savini/Taroni) formula (HQST) and compare it to the original Hoffer Q (HQ) and 4 latest generation formulas. Setting: I.R.C.C.S. - G.B. Bietti Foundation, Rome. Design: Retrospective case series. Methods: Refractive outcomes of the HQST, Barrett Universal II (BUII), EVO 2.0, HQ, Kane and RBF 3.0 fo...

IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate the changes that a recently developed at-home device using low-level light therapy (LLLT) produced in signs and symptoms of patients with dry eye disease (DED) owing to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).Methods In this prospective study, patients with DED owing to MGD not successfully responding to first-lin...

Purpose: The aim of the study was to present the rates of corneal transplant rejection from 2018 to 2022 at both Moorfields Eye Hospital UK, and Ospedali Privati Forli (OPF) "Villa Igea", Italy and evaluate the purported association between COVID-19 vaccination and rejection. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of rejection cases presen...

Purpose: To report the outcomes of our modified large-diameter (9 mm) big-bubble deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) technique with improved success rates of pneumatic dissection in post-radial keratotomy (RK) eyes. Setting: Ospedali Privati Forlì, "Villa Igea", Forlì, Italy. Design: Retrospective case series. Methods: Modified big-bu...

IntroductionTo analyze outcomes on objective ocular surface parameters and subjective symptoms of serial weekly sessions using the Activa mask in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).Methods This is a prospective study including patients with symptomatic MGD who were treated with four weekly sessions using the Activa mask (SBM Sistemi, T...

Purpose: The aim of the study was to present the rates of rejection from 2018 to 2021 and evaluate the purported association between COVID-19 vaccination and corneal graft rejection. Methods: Cases of corneal graft rejection diagnosed between January 2018 and December 2021 were reviewed. The conditional Poisson regression model of the self-contr...

To investigate whether diurnal changes in noninvasive ocular surface parameters and subjective symptoms occur in healthy subjects wearing face mask who were analyzed before and after 8 h of continuous use. In this prospective cross-sectional study, healthy volunteers attending the same workplace environment underwent a noninvasive ocular surface wo...

Background To evaluate the effects on ocular surface signs and symptoms of serial sessions of heating and vibrating eye mask followed by intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy for the treatment of dry eye disease owing to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Methods Consecutive patients with MGD whose signs and symptoms were not satisfactorily controlle...

Advanced keratoconus may require keratoplasty when the patient can no longer achieve functional vision with glasses and contact lenses. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) has become the surgical treatment of choice due to its undisputed advantages over penetrating keratoplasty including the reduced risk of intraoperative complications, the...

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a serious complication that may occur in patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). GVHD occurs because of the immunological reaction between the donor’s T cells and the recipient’s antigens; GVHD may develop in different tissues, including the eye. Corneal perforation is an uncommon...

Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes of various lamellar keratoplasty techniques performed at our Institution in children aged 14 years or younger over the last decade. Methods: This single-centre study reviewed 72 eyes that underwent lamellar keratoplasty for various indications. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) was performed in 19 eyes,...

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to present the rates of corneal transplant rejection from 2018 to 2022 at both Moorfields Eye Hospital UK, and Ospedali Privati Forli (OPF) “Villa Igea”, Italy and evaluate the purported association between COVID-19 vaccination and rejection. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of rejection cases presenti...

Retina specialists (n = 20) and geneticists (n = 5) in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom were interviewed to provide insights on real-world patients (n = 80) with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP). Survey respondents reported that their patients with XLRP often required assistance as their independence decreased over time, fr...

Introduction: Recently, there has been a progressive shift from simple water-adding medications towards complex multi-action combined formulas aimed at disrupting different mechanisms within the dry eye disease (DED) vicious cycle. This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of Trimix eye drops (Off Health Italia, Italy), a combination of v...

Purpose : The adoption of antiseptic prophylactic strategies is important for patients receiving IVTs to prevent endophthalmitis onset, by avoiding the administration of antibiotics and their associated risk of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a novel ocular spray containing Biosecur citr...

Purpose: To analyze the accuracy of newer IOL power formulas in long and short eyes measured by the sum-of-segments biometry. Setting: Private practice, Lynwood, California, USA. Design: Retrospective observational study. Methods: 595 eyes scheduled for cataract surgery had their eyes measured using the sum-of-segments biometry. The expected...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of low-level light therapy (LLLT) and intense pulsed light (IPL) for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Methods: Forty eyes of 40 patients with MGD were randomized to receive either LLLT or IPL. Four weekly sessions of LLLT (MY MASK-E, Espansi...

Purpose To report the feasibility and the successful outcomes of a pediatric neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) owing to congenital corneal anesthesia (CCA) treated with allogeneic serum eye drops obtained from the mother as the only therapy. Observations A 18-month-old girl with generalized pain insensitivity presented with a large epithelial defect i...

Background The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of intraocular lens power (IOL) formulas for cataract surgery after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK). Methods This retrospective study included eyes which had previously undergone DALK and underwent standard phacoemulsification with monofocal IOL implantation between January...

Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) involves selective replacement of diseased corneal stroma while preserving normal healthy endothelium. Despite several well-recognized advantages, the uptake of DALK has remained sluggish with an adoption rate that has plateaued over the past decade. Misconceptions such as the rarity of complications of pe...

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease that represents one of the most common ophthalmologic conditions encountered in everyday clinical practice. Traditional diagnostic tests for DED, such as subjective questionnaires, tear film break-up time and the Schirmer test, are often associated with poor reproducibility and reliability, which ma...

Background To date, there is still no consensus regarding the effect of binocular treatment for amblyopia. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the available evidence to determine whether binocular treatment is more effective than patching in children with amblyopia. Methods Four electronic databases (PubMed, Sc...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of preoperative music exposure on intra- and post-operative pain during cataract surgery. This study was conducted alongside a prospective single-masked randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02892825). Patients undergoing first eye cataract surgery were included and randomly as...

IntroductionThe control of conjunctival microbial load is crucial for patients receiving intravitreal injections (IVTs) in order to reduce the risk of endophthalmitis. The purpose of this work was to assess the antimicrobial activity of a new commercial ocular spray containing Biosecur citrus extract (Oftasecur®, Off Health, Florence, Italy).Method...

Purpose The aim of the present study was to use Google Trends for evaluating the association between the internet searches of the term “conjunctivitis” and the daily new cases of COVID-19. Methods The relative search volume (RSV) of conjunctivitis from January 1 to April 16, 2019 (control group), January 1 to April 16, 2020 (first wave), and Octob...

Purpose: To investigate the short-term effects on tear film parameters and ocular symptoms of a novel eye mask producing heat and vibration developed for the treatment of dry eye disease owing to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Methods: This is a pilot study including the first 20 consecutive patients (6 males, 14 females; mean age 52.4 ± 16....

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and predictability of cataract extraction with toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) or mushroom penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Setting: Villa Igea Hospital, Forlì, Italy. Design: Prospective case series. Methods: Toric IOL implantation was offered to pati...

Ultrasound cyclo plasty (UCP) is a recently developed surgical technique for glaucoma allowing a selective and controlled coagulation of the ciliary body. We herein investigated the long-term efficacy and safety of UCP for the treatment of glaucoma. This prospective study included patients with primary and secondary glaucoma. All surgeries were per...

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence, timing and risk factors of corneal neovascularisation (NV) after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) for corneal ectasia. Methods This study included 616 eyes who underwent DALK between 2012 and 2020 in two tertiary referral centres. In one centre topical corticosteroids we...

The ocular surface represents a finely regulated system that allows the protection of the eye. It is particularly susceptible to different treatments for intraocular tumours, such as uveal melanoma and conjunctival cancers. Traditionally, the management of ocular tumours depends on the characteristics of the lesion, and is based on a combination of...

Purpose: The aim of this study is to describe techniques, results, and open issues of corneal neurotization (CN) for the treatment of neurotrophic keratopathy (NK). Methods: An overview of the most important studies of CN is provided. The 2 main surgical approaches (namely, direct CN and indirect CN) with specific advantages and disadvantages ar...

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate choroidal vascular changes in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) treated with aflibercept injection over a 3-month period. Methods Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography scans of 60 eyes with treatment-naïve nAMD and 60 unaffected fellow eyes were re...

Background Hemodynamic changes have been observed in patients with Graves’ disease. The aim of our study was to evaluate choroidal vascular change using the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Methods In this cross-sectional observational study, 40 patients affected by TAO were recruited. For...

Objectives To investigate subclinical or clinical abnormalities in retinal and choroidal vascular plexuses in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) by means of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). Methods A total of 20 consecutive SSc patients were recruited and compared to 20 healthy subjects. Quantitative analysis of vessel density...

Introduction Neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) is a degenerative corneal disease originating from a damage to the trigeminal innervation. Corneal neurotization (CN) is a recently introduced surgical procedure consisting of the transfer of normally functioning nerves into the anesthetic cornea. Two main approaches are feasible: i) direct nerve transfer...

Purpose: This study was conducted to analyze the profile and publication rate of abstracts in indexed journals presented in the cornea section at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting and to further identify potential predictive factors for better outcomes. Methods: Abstracts accepted for presentation at the 201...

Purpose: To investigate the correlation between postoperative corneal astigmatism (PCA) and values of intraoperative keratoscopy analyzed with a newly developed automated technique in patients undergoing big-bubble (BB) deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK). Methods: Photographs of keratoscope rings taken at the end of BB-DALK were analyzed...

Purpose The purpose of this research was to evaluate the incidence, risk factors and complications of ocular graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a large single center study. Design Retrospective observational case series. Methods This study included 283 patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) between 2005 and 2020. O...

Purpose. To evaluate the diagnostic performance of a novel noninvasive automated workup employed for the diagnosis of dry eye disease (DED). Methods. One hundred patients with mild to moderate DED and 100 matched control subjects were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Ocular surface examinations were carried out by means of IDRA Plus (SBM Sis...

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive diagnostic instrument that has become indispensable for the management of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). OCTA allows quickly visualizing retinal and choroidal microvasculature, and in the last years, its use has increased in clinical practice as well as for research into the...

Glaucoma is one of the principal causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Yet, intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main modifiable risk factor for disease progression. In the never-ending challenge to develop new and effective drugs, several molecules have been tested as anti-glaucoma agents thanks to their pressure-lowering capabilities. Among th...

Purpose A case of bilateral choroidal metastasis from an adenoid cystic carcinoma of the submandibular gland is described. Case description A 45-years-old woman with a history of metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma presented with visual impairment in both eyes. Fundus images showed bilateral creamy-white choroidal masses. Optical coherence tomogra...

Objective: To review the clinical features of acute acquired concomitant esotropia in myopia and the results of augmented bilateral symmetrical medial rectus recession. Methods: The medical charts of 50 patients diagnosed with acute acquired concomitant esotropia associated with myopia between 2013 and 2018 were reviewed. The dose-response was calc...

Purpose To compare ocular redness score calculated automatically between glaucoma patients and healthy controls, and to assess the associations between this score and both demographical and clinical characteristics. Methods Glaucoma patients under different topical medications and matched controls were enrolled in this observational cross-sectiona...

There is an ongoing debate on whether encircling scleral buckling (SB) procedure for the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) may cause an impairment in choroidal blood flow. The aim of this study was to compare choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT) between eyes that had undergone encircling SB wit...

Purpose The effect of long-term glycemic variability upon corneal sub-basal nerve plexus (CSNP) morphology analyzed by in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) has been poorly investigated in the setting of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Our purpose was to analyze the association between morphometric parameters of CSNP and new markers of glycemic varia...

Lactoferrin is a naturally occurring iron-binding glycoprotein, produced and secreted by mucosal epithelial cells and neutrophils in various mammalian species, including humans. It is typically found in fluids like saliva, milk and tears, where it reaches the maximum concentration. Thanks to its unique anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobi...

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility and the initial outcomes of a novel standardized surgical technique of femtosecond laser- (FSL-) assisted big-bubble deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (BBDALK) for eyes with keratoconus. Methods: This prospective interventional case series included 11 consecutive FSL-assisted BBDALK procedures performed for...

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of cyclopentolate 1% administered as a spray in pediatric patients between 3 and 6 years old. Methods: In this prospective, randomized, parallel group study, healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive cyclopentolate 1% as a single drop or a single puff into closed eyes. Results: Ther...

Nutritional optic neuropathy is a cause of bilateral, symmetrical, and progressive visual impairment with loss of central visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, dyschromatopsia, and a central or centrocecal scotoma. The clinical features are not pathognomonic, since hereditary and toxic forms share similar signs and symptoms. It is becoming increa...

Purpose Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy (ASPPC) is an uncommon and distinct manifestation of ocular syphilis necessitating immediate treatment. ASPPC is attributed to disruption of the choriocapillaris, retinal pigment epithelium, and photoreceptors. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) can evaluate choriocapillaris...