Marat O. Gallyamov

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• Professor
• Professor at Lomonosov Moscow State University

In the present work we suggest a new approach to the thin-film design of active layers for electrodes of fuel cells with phosphoric acid electrolyte in a polymer matrix. A fluoropolymer binder is introduced into common Pt@C active layer materials using supercritical (SC) CO2 as a solvent. Unique wetting properties of this non-hazardous and environm...

Responsive bottle-brush macromolecules undergo vapour-induced spreading and dewetting cycles on facetted SrTiO3 surfaces with a saw-toothed topography. The macromolecular transformations are followed by environmental scanning force microscopy in real time. A set of the wafers with different groove periods are tested as the substrates for the transf...

The modern state of SFM research on polymer nano-objects including single chains is discussed in comparison with other similar high-resolution microscopy techniques. The range of problems to be solved preferentially by SFM is highlighted. Promising methodology to describe quantitatively the morphology of macromolecular objects is proposed. The main...

В настоящем учебном пособии систематически изложены вопросы тестирования гидрофобных/гидрофильных свойств поверхностей полимерных материалов или композитов на их основе, модифицируемых или синтезируемых с использованием либо сверхкритических флюидов, либо, в целом, растворителей под высоким давлением. Иллюстрируются накопленные результаты применени...

In this work, the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of uniform and mechanically stable chitosan/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) films from a biphase H 2 O/CO 2 medium under high pressure was proposed. This solvent has a pronounced sterilizing ability and spontaneously self-neutralizes during decompression, becoming a fully biocompatible medium. In such...

Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) based on polymer matrices impregnated with liquid lubricants are multifunctional and provide a wide range of useful properties such as low adhesion of water and other liquids, selectivity, high corrosion resistance, etc. However, these properties vanish quickly due to the gradual depletion of lubrica...

In modern life, people face a wide number of sticky problems when adhesion is highly undesirable: water and dirt stick to clothes, useful materials stick to the walls of their containers and cannot be fully used, water sticking and freezing on airplane wings affects handling and can be dangerous, biological liquids can stick and form clots inside m...

Conductive additive, one of the most important components of a battery, is an indispensable key material in the high-current charging and discharging processes of lithium-ion batteries. The most fundamental reason for adding appropriate conductive additives in the electrode is to improve the poor conductive performance of the electrode-active mater...

Основная проблема современной полимерной науки — поиск путей дальнейшего развития полимерной цивилизации, к которой, несомненно, относятся живые организмы на Земле, без вредных последствий для этой самой цивилизации и планеты в целом. В обзоре рассмотрены подходы к решению проблемы накопления полимерных отходов в окружающей среде, а также обсуждены...

The work presents the synthesis and characterization of fluorinated cyclophosphazenes, which are readily soluble in supercritical CO2 and can be used as textile finishing chemicals in a supercritical CO2 deposition process. The reaction of hexachlorocyclophosphazene with sodium alcoholate of 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-1-octanol was per...

The main known patterns of thermal and/or catalytic destruction of high-molecular-weight organosilicon compounds are considered from the viewpoint of the prospects for processing their wastes. The advantages of using supercritical fluids in plastic recycling are outlined. They are related to a high diffusion rate, efficient extraction of degradatio...

Methods for creating various 3D morphologies of composites based on chitosan and copper nanoparticles stabilized by it in carbonic acid solutions formed under high pressure of saturating CO2 were developed. This work includes a comprehensive analysis of the regularities of copper nanoparticles stabilization and reduction with chitosan, studied by I...

The process of hydrolytic polycondensation of diethoxymethylsilane in water under pressure was investigated without the use of organic solvents in non-catalytic conditions and in carbonic acid. It is demonstrated that in both cases the process of the formation of methylsiloxane polymers proceeds with 100% conversion of the monomer and complete pres...

This review considers the key advantages of using supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent for systems with organosilicon compounds. Organosilicon polymeric materials synthesis as well as the creation and modification of composites based on them are discussed. Polydimethylsiloxane and analogues used as polymerization stabilizers and nucleation pro...

The creation of metal oxide aerogels is a demanded and developing area of science. Aerogel materials have a high specific surface area and can be used in a wide range of applications from catalysis to filtration. Iron oxide aerogels, which are used in power engineering, electronics, catalysis, and medical applications, are of particular interest. I...

An important scientific task is the search for inexpensive and environmentally friendly methods for the production of chitosan oligomers. In the present work, the possibility of chitosan decomposition in the presence of peroxycarbonic acid solutions under high CO2 pressure was investigated. This medium contains self‐neutralizing carbonic acid used...

A novel top-down approach to the graphene synthesis combining electrochemical ion intercalation and supercritical fluid intercalation is proposed. Potentiostatic intercalation of BF4⁻ anion into highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite in a subcritical electrolyte based on a CO2/acetonitrile mixture in a specially designed 3-electrode high-pressure elect...

Recycling of plastic waste, in particular polypropylene, represents one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity. Despite the promise of chemical methods for recycling polypropylene, they usually require a high temperature and are energy-intensive. In this work, we investigated the oxidative thermolysis of polypropylene in aqueous media. Thi...

Composites based on chitosan coatings and metal ions are attracting great attention due to their antibacterial properties and biocompatibility. It is known that the presence of chitosan helps to stabilize the growth of metal films or individual nanoparticles during their deposition. In this work chitosan coating obtained from an aqueous carbonic ac...

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries have attracted the attention of the industry due to their low cost, good environmental friendliness, and competitive gravimetric energy density. However, zinc anodes, similar to lithium, sodium and other alkali metal anodes, are also plagued by dendrite problems. Zinc dendrites can penetrate through polymer membranes, and...

We address the effect of exposure to sc CO2 on the properties of Nafion membranes. A simple model is proposed to describe the pressure-induced reorganization of the phase-separated matrix. The model predicts that the cylindrical ionic pores in Nafion restructure under pressure applied: wider pores shrink in diameter to a larger degree than narrower...

Renewable energy systems need efficient and cheap storage devices and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRB) may become one of them. However, better performance of VRB membranes yet should be achieved. Novel composite Celgard‐based films coated with PIM‐1 for aqueous electrolyte VRB applications are presented. Two types of the composites with differen...

Thermal oxidation of polyethylene was carried out in oxygen-enriched sc CO2 and in pure oxygen under a pressure of 215 and 14 bar, respectively. Oxygen to polymer weight ratio was varied. At lower oxygen content, the products were brown to dark brown pastes; at higher oxygen content, the products were dark yellow to dark-brown liquids. For the olig...

In this paper for the first time, a comparison was made of the electrochemical activity of graphene oxides synthesized by modified Hummer's, Brodie and electrochemical methods in aprotic media. Electrodes based on these GOs exhibit electrochemical activity in an aprotic solvent of propylene carbonate with 0.1 M (C4H9)4NClO4 electrolytes in the pote...

For the first time, electrochemical synthesis of graphene-based particles with a specified morphology has been demonstrated. It has been revealed that parameters of the electrochemical synthesis make it possible to control the degree of oxidation and lateral size of graphene-based particles.

New multiarm stars have been synthesized based on polylithium derivatives of high-generation carbosilane dendrimers. In the synthesis of multiarm stars based on the eighth-generation dendrimer, steric hindrances were observed even during the synthesis of a polylithium initiator. Subsequently, this led to chain transfer reactions between growing arm...

In the present work, a novel one-stage approach to the creation of omniphobic surface using supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent is proposed. Poly(perfluorohexyl ethyl methacrylate - hydroxypropyl methacrylate) copolymer cross-linked with hexamethylene diisocyanate is used as a polymer matrix, and polyoxaperfluorobutyl bromide (oil) is used as...

In this work, a process of thermal decomposition of metal carbonyls in oxygen-enriched supercritical carbon dioxide was studied. Manganese, iron, cobalt, and tungsten carbonyls were found to be soluble in supercritical CO2 at relatively mild conditions. For each metal carbonyl studied in this work, the thermal decomposition led to the formation of...

The paper presents a new method for modifying polyolefin membranes using chitosan deposition in order to apply them as a separator in the redox flow batteries with an aqueous electrolyte. Chitosan is deposited from an aqueous carbonic acid under high pressure of saturating carbon dioxide, which allows to increase the affinity of the composite membr...

The functionalization of the bacterial cellulose (BC) surface with a chitosan biopolymer to expand the areas of possible applications of the modified BC is an important scientific task. The creation of such composites in the carbonic acid solutions that were performed in this work has several advantages in terms of being biocompatible and eco-frien...

The creation of biocompatible composite hydrogels from renewable biopolymers with stabilized functional platinum nanoparticles seems to be an important scientific task. The formation of such hydrogels in a unique medium of carbonic acid under high pressure CO2 is promising due to its sterilizing ability under pressure, biocompatibility after decomp...

The aim of the current study was to investigate the growth mechanisms of the silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in chitosan macrogels and microgels acting both as reductants and stabilizing agents in self-neutralizing, biocompatible, and environmentally benign carbonic acid solutions. The chitosan-hydroquinone microgels loaded with Ag NPs incorporated i...

Amphiphilic diblock copolymers (DCs) of 2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorostyrene (PFS) and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) of different composition and molecular weights were prepared by two‐step reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and first used for preparation of superhydrophobic coatings for cotton/polyester fabrics. Th...

An approach for deposition of a multifunctional coating on the surface of cotton fabric using supercritical carbon dioxide is explored. Polyphosphazene-based microspheres to be used for deposition are synthesized, their thermal behavior is studied using thermogravimetric analysis. The morphology of hydrophobic polymer and polyphosphazene microspher...

We have demonstrated that variation of the precursor concentration during hydrothermal synthesis of carbon nanodots is an efficient mean to tune the yield of the products keeping their optical properties the same. Moreover, we found that the nature of the precursor determined the sensitivity and selectivity of detection of metal ions in the solutio...

A novel method for introduction of tungsten oxide nanoparticles into a Nafion membrane following the infiltration concept is presented. Non-polar supercritical carbon dioxide is used as a solvent for impregnation of tungsten metalorganic precursor into phase-separated polymer structure. Uniformly distributed 2–4 nm particles of tungsten oxides are...

In this paper, we perform a systematic analysis of the structural organization of bacterial cellulose (BC). We report four types of organization of the BC mass, produced by Gluconacetobacter hansenii that occur depending on cultivation conditions. Two of those, particularly, plywood type one and layers of micro-sized tubes were observed and describ...

For the first time, the electrodeposition of platinum from a carbon dioxide-based supercritical electrolyte with the addition of acetonitrile as a co-solvent and tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate salt was studied. Dimethyl (1,5-cyclooctadiene) platinum is used as a precursor. It has been established that as a result of potentiostatic electrodepo...

A new approach to the thermal oxidation of polypropylene in oxygen-enriched supercritical carbon dioxide is presented. Several parameters are revealed to affect the oxidation process, namely, the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide, the presence of Mn2O3 nanoparticles and oxygen to polypropylene mass ratio. It is demonstrated that the use of c...

A novel approach to synthesize metal oxide aerogels is presented. The monolith aerogel structure is formed using dimanganese decacarbonyl as a precursor at elevated temperatures directly in supercritical CO2. Unlike previously described and developed sol–gel approaches, the proposed synthetic route requires only several hours without any necessity...

Electrochemically active nanocrystalline tungsten oxide was synthesized in supercritical carbon dioxide from tungsten hexacarbonyl at 150 °C and 400 bar in the presence of oxygen (partial pressure of 15 bar). The supercritical fluid is a solvent for the precursor (i.e., this is a sc solvothermal synthesis route), whereas the admixed gaseous oxygen...

In the present work, a promising method was proposed for purification of fragments of animal bone tissue from high-molecular weight compounds in bi-phase media containing high-pressure CO2 for the first time, namely, in solutions of carbonic and peroxycarbonic acids. The effectiveness of this purification was confirmed by SEM and IR spectroscopy. I...

A method has been developed for the fabrication of a polymer-inorganic composite material based on the Celgard polymer matrix by means of the introduction of silica nanoparticles with amino groups into the polymer structure through impregnation of porous structure with solutions of the aminosilane precursor in supercritical СO2. The presence of ino...

In the present work various sets of vinyl- and hydride-containing precursors are explored for aerogels synthesis via hydrosilylation route directly in supercritical CO 2 . The means to control the target mechanical properties of aerogels by changing the precursors composition are proposed. Aerogels with Young's modulus as low as 3.6 kPa can be obta...

In this work, a novel method of producing polyolefin-silica composite membrane with enhanced wettability and tailored pore sizes was presented. The supercritical CO 2 was used as the medium for intercalation of the silica precursor into the polymer matrix, which allowed obtaining a uniform distribution of SiO 2 nanoparticles in the material structu...

A method has been developed for the fabrication of a polymer-inorganic composite material based on the Celgard polymer matrix by means of the introduction of silica nanoparticles with amino groups into the polymer structure through impregnation of the porous structure with solutions of the aminosilane precursor in supercritical СO2. The presence of...

A promising method was proposed for the first time for purification of animal bone tissue fragments from high-molecular weight compounds in biphase media containing high-pressure CO2 (solutions of carbonic and peroxycarbonic acids). The efficiency of this purification was confirmed by SEM and IR spectroscopy. It turned out that, during the exposure...

A novel 6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Heptafluoro-5,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)octyl methacrylate monomer is synthesized. Corresponding homopolymers and copolymers with hydroxyethyl methacrylate are obtained by means of radical polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide using azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The resulting homopolymers are highly soluble in s...

In this paper, we report our attempts to elaborate the method of purification and simultaneous sterilization of bacterial cellulose films by means of processing them under high pressure, including supercritical conditions for carbon dioxide, for future application in medicine. Bacterial cellulose films were produced by Gluconacetobacter hansenii. T...

It has been shown that the pretreatment of Celgard polyolefin membranes in the presence of peroxycarbonic acid, which is formed upon saturation of a hydrogen peroxide solution with carbon dioxide under high pressure, improves the characteristics of composites that are obtained on their basis by depositing a polydopamine layer via oxidative polymeri...

Branched perfluorohydrosiloxane with CF3CF2CF2C(CF3)2(CH2)3 groups at the silicon atom was synthesized by a sequence of chemical reactions. The resulting compound was used as a modifying agent for carbosilane dendrimers of the 3rd and 6th generations. Dendrimers with perfluorohexyl terminal groups in surface layer are characterized by a complex of...

In this work, a novel method of preparing manganese oxide nanoparticles from an organometallic precursor dissolved in supercritical carbon dioxide (sc CO2) was presented. Using the new approach, nanomaterials mostly consisting of manganese oxides in β-MnO2 and ε-MnO2 phases with small-sized (~ 40 nm) grains and low polydispersity index (~ 0.12) can...

Possible prospects of application of porous polymer matrices with closed pores as selective protonconducting membranes are discussed. Such systems are well known; however, their application to mass transfer is traditionally underestimated. Nevertheless, precisely such structures are attractive as membranes of redox flow batteries. In the present pa...

Comb-shaped copolymers of perfluorohexylethyl methacrylate and methacryloxypropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane are synthesized by radical polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide, solubility of the copolymers in supercritical carbon dioxide is studied, and hydrophobic properties of thin films obtained via precipitation of the copolymers fr...

In this paper a promising approach to implement the hydrolysis/condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) inside Nafion membrane using supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent is suggested. Since sc CO2 is a non-polar fluid, TEOS transport towards the hydrophilic channels of the Nafion should occur mostly through hydrophobic fluorinated domains of t...

Carbon quantum dots have been prepared in a Nafion® matrix via the hydrothermal treatment of organic precursors, and the swelling and ion transport properties of the prepared composite materials have been characterized.

Porous poly(2,5-benzimidazole) membranes for vanadium redox battery applications were prepared using supercritical CO2 assisted phase inversion method. Membrane morphology, electrolyte uptake, proton and vanadyl ion transport properties as well as membrane performance in single cells of VRBs are studied. Highly selective ABPBI membranes with fibrou...

A novel method of membrane preparation for use in vanadium redox flow batteries by preswelling of poly(2,5-benzimidazole) films in organic solvent followed by supercritical CO2 assisted solvent removal is proposed. Influence of the organic solvent type on the morphology, proton, and vanadyl ion transport properties is studied. The performance of th...

Chitosan-based hydrogels with stabilized Ag nanoparticles were synthesized in the aqueous solutions of carbonic acid, i.e. water saturated with CO2 under pressure in hundreds of bars. Such a medium is biocompatible and self-neutralizing at decompression. The influence of various parameters, such as chitosan molecular weight, molar ratio of chitosan...

Hydrothermal treatment of aqueous solution of ascorbic acid has resulted in the formation of soluble and insoluble products. The soluble product (carbon quantum dots) has exhibited pronounced fluorescent properties. The insoluble product consists of densely aggregated 1–2 μm particles. The increase in the hydrothermal treatment duration has resulte...

The hydrosilylation approach to silicone aerogels synthesis in supercritical CO2 was thoroughly investigated in this work. Commercially available functionalized PDMS was used as a hydride-containing component that was cross-linked using a set of PDMS-based divinyls with various lengths. It was demonstrated that when the density of the CO2 is close...

A novel method of creation durable water- and oil- repellent coatings on flexible substrates (such as textiles) by simultaneous deposition of perfluoroalkyl methacrylate/hydroxyalkyl methacrylate statistical copolymers with a diisocyanate crosslinking agent from solutions in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) is proposed. The morphology of fluro...

In this review we discuss the usage of supercritical fluids for processing (synthesis, modification, forming, etc.) of polymeric materials for electrochemical applications. Our primary focus is on the literature that reveals the benefits of this approach for processing electronically conductive polymers. Recent literature on ion-conductive polymers...

A method for synthesizing platinum nanoparticles on a dispersed substrate using supercritical carbon dioxide was applied on substrates of various chemical natures: silicon carbide, titanium nitride, and tin dioxide. On all the substrates, materials with narrow uniform platinum nanoparticle size distributions were obtained. The platinum nanoparticle...

A series of composite proton-exchange membranes have been prepared via sol-gel modification of commercial Nafion membranes with [N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl]trimethoxysilane. The structure and physico-chemical properties (water uptake, ion-exchange capacity, vanadyl ion permeability, and proton conductivity) of the prepared composite membranes h...

The process of non-catalytic hydrolytic polycondensation of dialkoxydiorganosilanes under elevated pressure has been investigated. It is shown that non-catalytic hydrolytic polycondensation of diethoxydimethylsilane in an autoclave proceeds with complete monomer conversion for 10 min forming predominantly linear oligomers. Complete conversion of di...

In this article, we study the stability of chitosan coatings applied on glutaraldehyde-stabilized bovine pericardium when exposed to biodegradation in vivo in the course of model subcutaneous tests on rats. The coatings were deposited from carbonic acid solutions, that is, H2O saturated with CO2 at high pressure. Histological sections of treated pe...

For the design of hydrophobized conductive gas diffusion layers of the electrodes of polymercontaining fuel cells, of great interest is the method for the formation of a fluoropolymer film from fluoropolymer solution in supercritical carbon dioxide. The present work describes the systematic studies on the carbon-fabric-deposited Teflon AF 2400 coat...

The main promising opportunities for the advantageous combination of organosilicon compounds and supercritical carbon dioxide both as a solvent and as a reagent in chemical processes are analyzed. The main processes of polymerization and modification of polymer matrices that are performed in supercritical СО 2 with the use of organosilicon material...

Hydrolytic polycondensation of methytrialkoxysilanes under the pressure in water and in carbonic acid was investigated. It is shown, that both processes proceed with full conversion of the monomer to form a low molecular soluble polymethylsilsesquioxanes. However, they have a different structure: in water branched compounds were produced and in car...

The possibility to synthesize stereoregular tris-cis-tris-trans- dodeca[(phenyl)(hydroxy)]cyclododecasiloxane (tris-cis-tris-trans-[PhSi(O)OH]12) in an inorganic liquid medium – aqueous carbonic acid solution – was shown. The interaction of polyhedral phenylcoppersodiumsiloxane, {[(C6H5Si(O)O⁻]12(Cu2⁺)4(Na⁺)4}*(L)m (L = Buⁿ OH, H2O), with carbonic...

Review: applications of an acidic but self-neutralizing biphase H2O/CO2 system in modern organic synthesis within the green chemistry paradigm; 223 refs.

A series of organo(alkoxy)disiloxanes was obtained by the reaction of carbon dioxide with sodium alkoxy(organo)silanolates under high pressure as well as by bubbling CO2 through the reaction mixture. It has been suggested that the reaction involves the intermediate formation of carbonate derivatives of sodium alkoxy(organo)silanolates.

We review activity on the usage of a biphase H2O/CO2 system in organic synthesis as a reaction medium of green chemistry. The formation of self-neutralizing carbonic acid in such a system eliminates the problem of salt disposal, typical for acid-catalyzed reactions with the usual mineral and organic acids. A large variety of different reactions to...

FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: invention refers to a method for producing stereoregular phenyl- and methylsiloxane macrocycles containing a hydroxyl group at every silicon atom. What is presented is a method for producing stereoregular cyclosiloxane polyols of general formula [RSi(O)OH]n, wherein R = Ph or Me, n = 4, 6, 12, by decomposing framework m...

We present a “one-pot” supercritical approach for creating organized metal nanoparticle arrays. For this an improved method of deposition of micelles formed by semifluorinated poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly(perfluoroalkyl methacrylate) diblock copolymers in supercritical CO2 solution is applied. The presented approach provides metal clusters...

It was found out that block copolymers of polystyrene and poly(4-vinylpyridine) with comparable lengths of blocks could be dissolved in a high-pressure reactor containing water phase saturated with carbon dioxide under high pressure at room temperature. This rather effective dissolution occurs due to a protonation of P4VP nitrogen-containing groups...

The data of electrochemical experiments, analysis of solutions, transmission electron microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy are applied to separate various processes resulting in degradation of carbon supported platinum cathode material in hot concentrated phosphoric acid in the presence of polybenzimidazole. Under these modelling HT-PEFC op...

A new process for producing silicones based on chlorine-free reagents is suggested. Carbonic acid at elevated pressure and temperature is shown to be an effective reagent for converting alkoxysilane to silicones. The process conditions make it possible to control the ratio between linear and cyclic products.

Chitosan macromolecules with different molecular weights and degrees of acetylation were dissolved in carbonic acid solutions saturated with carbon dioxide at high pressure and were adsorbed from such solutions onto model mica substrate. Their conformation on the substrate was revealed by means of atomic force microscopy. The results of the observa...

FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: what is described is a method for applying a chitosan coating on a pericardial surface of a biological heart valve prosthesis by direct chitosan application from a non-immunogenic solvent absolutely biocompatible with a human body and possessing antimicrobial properties, - high-pressure carbonated water, onto the pericar...

В настоящем пособии изложены основные принципы устройства и работы топливных элементов с полимерными мембранами~--- как на базе твердополимерных электролитов (Нафион и его аналоги, углеводородные полимерные сульфокислоты), так и полибензимидазольных матриц с жидким электролитом~--- фосфорной кислотой. Изложена роль полимерной мембраны, а также спос...

Calcification of bovine pericardium dramatically shortens typical lifetimes of biological prosthetic heart valves and thus precludes their choice for younger patients. The aim of the present work is to demonstrate that the calcification is to be mitigated by means of treatment of bovine pericardiumin solutions of chitosan in carbonic acid, i.e. wat...

In the first part of the textbook main features of solutions of parabolic-type partial differential equations are considered in a visual and detailed manner, which are general for courses of both diffusion and heat conduction in solids. Then there is a transition towards particular diffusion-in-polymers peculiarities. What new is introduced by the...

Novel composite membranes for high temperature polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (HT-PEFC) based on a poly[oxy-3,3-bis(4'-benzimidazol-2″-ylphenyl)phtalide-5″(6″)-diyl] (PBI-O-PhT) polymer with small amounts of added Zr were prepared. It was shown in a model reaction between zirconium acetylacetonate (Zr(acac)4) and benzimidazole (BI) that Zr-atoms ar...

We propose an alternative model of diffusion in polymers, which may explain formation of propagating sharp diffusion fronts to be observed in some experiments. Differently from typical Case II or Stefan problem models, plasticisation of the polymer matrix is not necessarily required. Instead, diffusing small molecules are assumed to be captured by...