Malik Intisar Ali Sajjad

• PhD
• Professor (Associate) at University of Engineering and Technology Taxila

Software-Defined Networking (SDN), with segregated data and control planes, provides faster data routing, stability, and enhanced quality metrics, such as throughput (Th), maximum available bandwidth (Bd(max)), data transfer (DTransfer), and reduction in end-to-end delay (D(E-E)). This paper explores the critical work of deploying SDN in large­scal...

Accurate and efficient energy management in residential and commercial buildings can be achieved by providing real-time monitoring of appliances and providing detailed insight to consumers about their consumption behaviors. These insights identify energy wastage and support demand-side management. Non-intrusive load monitoring provides disaggregate...

Sensitive industrial customers need higher Power Quality (PQ). End-users and electrical utilityfirms are both paying more attention to PQ problems as a result of massive financial losses caused by PQproblems to sensitive industrial loads. The most important and frequently recurring PQ problems in asecondary distribution system are voltage sags and...

Smart grid integrates computer, communication, and sensing technologies into existing power grid networks to achieve significant informatization-related advantages. It will provide communication between neighbors, localized management, bidirectional power transfer, and effective demand response. Smart grids (SG) replace conventional grids by integr...

Demand Response (DR) has gained popularity in recent years as a practical strategy to increase the sustainability of energy systems while reducing associated costs. Despite this, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), have recently developed as critical technologies for demand-side management and response due to the high complexity...

The stability related issues may occur in a power system due to disturbances in generating or loading conditions, especially in the presence of distributed generation (DG) based on renewable energy resources (RERs). This paper proposes a novel strategy for the stability enhancement of a wind power generation system (WPGS) by using a combination of...

Energy disaggregation algorithms disintegrate aggregate demand into appliance-level demands. Among various energy disaggregation approaches, non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) algorithms requiring a single sensor have gained much attention in recent years. Various machine learning and optimization-based NILM approaches are available in the litera...

Due to integration of a large number of small, intermittent, and weather-dependent renewable distributed generators (DGs), it has become a challenge for power system operators to maintain demand and supply balance for the stable operation of the power system. In this situation, flexible demand-side resources which respond to price, incentive, or em...

The escalating global energy demand, concern about climate change, issues in reliability, security of supply, aging infrastructures, and the operational efficiency along with the increasing customer expectations are putting enormous pressures on utility industry worldwide. Further, the current legislation in many countries also obliges the utility...

Effective and efficient use of energy is key to sustainable industrial and economic growth in modern times. Demand-side management (DSM) is a relatively new concept for ensuring efficient energy use at the consumer level. It involves the active participation of consumers in load management through different incentives. To enable the consumers for e...

The advent of information and communication technologies has paved the way for smart cities. Residential customers are the major consumers of electrical energy in such cities. Smart meters gather the energy consumption behavior of consumers at the aggregate/household level. Characterization of aggregate demand data has several advantages but signif...

Renewable energy-based distributed generators (DGs) are gaining more penetration in modern grids to meet the growing demand for electrical energy. The anticipated techno-economic benefits of these eco-friendly resources require their judicious and properly sized allocation in distribution networks (DNs). The preeminent objective of this research is...

Wind resource potential is strongly influenced by the exposure, orientation of the terrain and the wind direction. In Pakistan, the northern areas have very attractive sites for wind power plants. However, due to non-standardized masts installed, the collected data are not reliable. Due to the unreliable nature of available data, the investors norm...

With an ever increasing electrical load demand and the associated fuel price to generate it, researchers are compelled to find alternate, cheap and environment friendly ways for power generation to cater to this techno-economic conundrum. Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are now being integrated in Distributed Generation (DG) based environment as a s...

With the grid's evolution, the end-users demand becomes more vital for demand side management (DSM). Accurate load forecasting (LF) is critical for power system planning and using advanced demand response (DR) strategies. To design efficient and precise LF, information about various factors that influence end-users demand is required. In this paper...

Present power systems face problems such as rising energy charges and greenhouse gas (GHG) releases. These problems may be assuaged by participating distributed generators (DGs) and demand response (DR) policies in the distribution system (DS). The main focus of this paper is to propose an energy management system (EMS) approach for campus microgri...

The efficiency of PV systems can be improved by accurate estimation of PV parameters. Parameter estimation of PV cells and modules is a challenging task as it requires accurate operation of PV cells and modules followed by an optimization tool that estimates their associated parameters. Mostly, population-based optimization tools are utilized for P...

The fundamental purpose of grounding electrical power systems and substations is to ensure safety of equipment and workers. To achieve this purpose, a high-resistivity surface material is recommended by IEEE Standard 80-2013, which defines the methodology to calculate safety parameters, including touch potential and step potential, considering the...

This paper models and analyses the dynamic response of a synchronous generator driven off-grid micro hydro power system using Simulink tool of MATLAB software. The results are assessed from various perspectives including regulation through no load to full load and overload scenarios under normal and abnormal operating conditions. The investigation...

This paper models and analyses the dynamic response of a synchronous generator driven off-grid micro hydro power system using Simulink tool of MATLAB software. The results are assessed from various perspectives including regulation through no load to full load and overload scenarios under normal and abnormal operating conditions. The investigation...

Nowadays, the attainment of flexibility in different loads for different electricity customers is an interesting topic. The assessment of flexibility is important because of the ultimate benefits to handle challenges for both electricity customers and utilities. At first, different loads that have significant contribution in energy consumption and...

Modern power systems tend to have large penetrations of renewable energy resources (RERs). Since power generation from these resources is intermittent due to uncertain climate conditions, therefore their rising integration poses several challenges for power system engineers to ensure stable grid operation. To overcome these challenges, the impact o...

For meeting the increased demand of electrical power, distributed generation (DG) using renewable energy resources (RERs) has become a potential alternative to large plants based on conventional fuels. The power from environmentally friendly RERs is available at a competitive price due to advancement in technology in recent times. Moreover, optimal...

Nowadays, the most notable uncertainty for an electricity utility lies in the electrical demand and generation in power systems. Demand response (DR) accomplishment due to the home appliances energy management has acquired considerable attention for the reliable and cost-optimized power grid. The optimum schedule of home appliances is a challenging...

Nowadays, the most notable uncertainty for an electricity utility lies in the electrical demand and generation in power systems. Demand response (DR) accomplishment due to the home appliances energy management has acquired considerable attention for the reliable and cost-optimized power grid. The optimum schedule of home appliances is a challenging...

Conventional fossil-fuel energy resources are being drastically depleted; thus, the current shift towards renewable energy (RE) resources has become imperative. However, there are many impediments to the adoption of renewable power generation. These impediments can be overcome by enacting policies to encourage the acceptance of sustainable energy r...

Reduction in power loss while maintaining the acceptable voltage profile has become a challenge for distribution system operators due to expanded living standards. Properly sized shunt capacitors (SCs) allocated at suitable locations of the distribution system can enhance its performance by tackling the power quality issues and foster multiple tech...

The characterization of electrical demand patterns for aggregated customers is considered as an important aspect for system operators or electrical load aggregators to analyze their behavior. The variation in electrical demand among two consecutive time intervals is dependent on various factors such as, lifestyle of customers, weather conditions, t...

Power losses in a distribution network accounts for a major part of energy loss in the overall system. Reduction in power losses can make the power system more energy-saving. This paper analyzes the reactive power handling capabilities of Solid-State Transformer (SST) by adopting controls on both sides of SST. Moreover, a Moth swarm algorithm is us...

Renewable energy-based Distributed Generation (DG) is the most imperative part of modern power system and offers many potential benefits. To attain maximum benefits offered by DG integration, it is important to model the time varying characteristics of both load and generation. Therefore, this paper presents a new Weibull distribution-based time-co...

Around the world, countries are integrating photovoltaic generating systems to the grid to support climate change initiatives. However, solar power generation is highly uncertain due to variations in solar irradiance level during different hours of the day. Inaccurate modelling of this variability can lead to non-optimal dispatch of system resource...

Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) is a nature inspired metaheuristic algorithm that mimics the behavior of pollination of flowering plants. FPA has been created by Yang in 2012 showing its better performance than other metaheuristic algorithms. Many variants of FPA have been established since 2012 to solve complex problems of different research do...

The transformation of a conventional power system to a smart grid has been underway over the last few decades. A smart grid provides opportunities to integrate smart homes with renewable energy resources (RERs). Moreover, it encourages the residential consumers to regulate their home energy consumption in an effective way that suits their lifestyle...

Electrical insulation materials play a key role in stable and uninterrupted operation of electrical power system. Researchers working in the field of electrical insulation have turned their focus to nano composite insulation materials for better performance and reliability. A typical nano composite insulation material is a combination of nano parti...

Power system operation with proper planning is an utmost task for enhancing the economy of the country. The Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch (ORPD) plays an important task for secure, reliable and optimal operations of power system. ORPD is a complex, non-linear, non-convex, non-continuous and multi-model problem which involves discrete as well as c...

The uncertainty associated with renewable energy sources, particularly wind, makes them an unpredictable means of power generation. To guarantee continuous and reliable power supply, wind speed variability modeling is considered a vital step for meeting the planning and operational challenges of an electric power grid. In this paper, a novel probab...

Featured Application Short-term hydrothermal scheduling is a physically existing problem that deals with the combined operation of hydro and thermal generators. The two types of generations are so dispatched that they do not violate the constraints related to thermal power and water reservoirs related to hydro power, while serving the load demand a...

Increase in entropy and damage are ever occurring phenomena in nature. Life of human beings is a clear example of increasing entropy with age. No one can stop the one-way process of increasing entropy, however repairing the damages helps to slow down this process. Living organisms have a natural mechanism of healing the damages with in a limit. How...

Insulation plays a critical role in all electrical systems. Ever increasing voltages in power system demand conscientious research on insulation materials. To enhancing the electrical/mechanical properties of insulation materials, nano composite polymer insulations materials are of main interest for researchers since last two decades. This study pr...

The design of an efficient and reliable thermal protection system (TPS) for distribution transformers (DT) to eliminate its heating and insulation losses is an important aspect. This paper presents a low cost solution for the feedback control of thermal protection system for 3-phase distribution transformers. It had been observed that overloading i...

Demand flexibility (or demand-side flexibility) can prove beneficial in both normal and emergency operation of power distribution system; in normal conditions, it could play vital role in avoiding the power contract violation penalties and in reducing the energy cost due to high energy demand during peak hours. In emergency conditions, it has...

This paper presents a hybrid approach to explore the effect of wind and photovoltaic energy on conventional power network using dynamic economic dispatch. This model deals with stochastic and unpredictable character of wind and solar power output while considering the gaps between the real and predicted output power. A hybrid flower pollination alg...

This paper presents an optimization method for solving the Power Economic Dispatch (PED) problem of thermal generation units with multiple fuels and valve point loadings. The proposed optimizer is a variant of Differential Evolution (DE) characterized as a Stud Differential Evolution (SDE), which has been proposed earlier and implemented on a hydro...

A constant load and generation model is generally considered in planning studies that pertain to Distributed Generation (DG) integrated distribution systems. However, such considerations may result in misleading and inconsistent values for the voltage profile, loss reduction, payback period, deferral values, and other related calculations due to th...

Contrary to many expectations, the development of smart (mini-)grids is slow, notwithstanding drastic improvements in innovative technologies, and the reasons for this are not strictly technical. The problem lies in regulatory barriers. Moreover, the current business models accommodate utilities more so than customers. Net metering is a key enablin...

Net metering is used to incentivize the distributed generation owners. It is introduced in Pakistan with the aim to promote the building integrated local generation. Presently, it is hard to find any study on the economic incentive indicators of the net metering policy for residential customers in Pakistan. This paper presents the economic evaluati...

Nowadays, enhanced knowledge of the nature of the electricity demand is achieved through the progressively increasing deployment of smart meters and advanced data analysis techniques. One of the major challenges is to exploit this knowledge to support the introduction of strategies to modify the demand according to relevant objectives to be achieve...

In spite of the strong believes, the progress and maturity in the deployment of smart grids is very slow. The main reasons behind the slow pace are not due to the technical aspects but, perhaps, as a result of an inappropriate business model, not adequately centered to the customers. Nature, with ability to survive and resist, is a splendid example...

A developing country like Pakistan with sizable pressure on their limited financial resources can ill afford either of these two situations about energy forecast: 1) Too optimistic 2) Too conservative. Unlike all other field of research, load forecasting and reliability fields were lagging such a tool that can provide a juncture of all the function...

Forecasting is a declaration of what will happen if certain constraints or trends continue and assume that the causes are under human control, hence, if the forecasting is unwanted it is within one’s ability to alter it. In electric power systems there is a necessity to correctly forecast the load and energy requirement because a large amount of mo...

This paper deals with the definition of demand flexibility time intervals. These intervals are extracted from the binomial probability model of load variation patterns with the two possible categories of increase and non-increase in demand. These intervals along with the information on the coefficient of variation of the aggregate demand are used t...

Contrary to expectations, the development of smart (mini) grids is slow. Due to drastic improvements in innovative technologies, the reasons are not strictly technical but the problem mainly lies in regulatory barriers. The current business models are centric to utilities rather than customers. Net metering is a key enabling factor for smart (mini)...

For distribution system studies, a relevant aspect is the characterisation of the aggregate demand in a feeder. The probabilistic model of the aggregate demand is very useful for system operators or aggregators to extract information about the demand side behaviour in the operation of smart grids and microgrids. The time step used to scan the aggre...

The demand side in a power system has key importance in the evolving context of the energy systems. Exploitation of possible flexibilities of the customer’s behavior is considered as an important option to promote demand response programmes and to achieve greater energy savings. For this purpose, the first action required is to augment availability...

Different studies which were carried out in the past revealed that the environment for microgrids is very complex and uncertain due to regulatory and legal barriers. Across and within the developed countries the suggestions and views of regulatory authorities and legal bindings about the infrastructure and operation of microgrids are quite differen...

Electrical load patterns that represent the consumption level are affected by different types of uncertainties associated with customer’s behavior and with keeping acceptable comfort level. The resulting aggregated load pattern indicates the system response that may be more or less flexible in different periods of time. Many research activities hav...

Aggregator in a microgrid is responsible for its secure and economic operation. As far as system economics is concerned, there are many factors upon which energy cost is dependent, for example peak demand rates and penalties due to violations in energy purchase contracts. Extra charges due to high energy demand and contract violation penalties...

The electrical load in residential systems highly depends on various types of uncertainty due to the lifestyle of the residential customers. Enhancing the knowledge on the aggregated behavior of these customers is particularly important for the distribution system operator, also with the aim of determining the potential flexibility of the resid...

Economic dispatch (ED) is the generation allocation problem subject to various constraints. The actual behaviour of thermal generators is non-convex but cost characteristics are typically approximated to convex ones in the analysis. So the results obtained through optimization techniques can be inaccurate. Dynamic programming has been used to solve...

The introduction of greater flexibility in the electrical system allows several benefits, both in normal operation and in emergency. This flexibility can be achieved by widening control of loads, as made technically and economically more attractive by the recent developments of devices developed for building automation and based on power line techn...