Małgorzata Markowska

• Wroclaw University of Economics and Business

Theoretical background: The COVID-19 pandemic has become a kind of change, forcing the development and adaptation of specific online tools that were not as evolutionary as revolutionary. The sanitation regime introduced, and the subsequent lockdowns have forced societies to adjust to the situation at short notice. It can be presumed that the situat...

Zagadnienie porządkowania liniowego (rangowania) administracyjnych jednostek geogra- ficznych jest szeroko reprezentowane w literaturze statystycznej i w regionalistyce. Kluczowym problemem jest wybór dostępnych cech statystycznych charakteryzujących kryterium ogólne, według którego można pogrupować obiekty. Do każdego z zagadnień merytorycznych ni...

Digital piracy, file-sharing, and generally unauthorised copying of digital information goods is a significant problem for the film, music and publishing industries. In the internet age, it has gained a massive and global character. The scale of this problem is surprising, mainly because digital piracy is commonly considered negative or illegal. Th...

This paper aims to identify the differences in the employment rate dynamics in economy sections, considering gender, in the European Union countries in 2020, compared to the 2008–2019 period. Two methods were used. The first method compares forecasts from models describing employment changes in the pre-pandemic periods with information concerning t...

Companies supplying electrical energy rely mainly on long term agreements with electricity produsers, but on the other hand the actual demand should be precisely predicted for 48 h ahead, to take into account the actual weather conditions. Some time series models can be used for this purpose, and the best results can be achieved by combining foreca...

In each country, in the economy observed over long periods of time, usually we can find some developmental phases due to socioeconomic changes, globalization, political decisions, and unexpected events. The identification of such phases, their duration, turning points in the trends of macroeconomic indicators, and some other early signals comprise...

The paper proposes methods that can be used to evaluate the changes in one year of any measurable phenomenon based on how it performed in previous years. The following economic sections are considered: Agriculture, forestry and fishing/Industry/Construction/Wholesale and retail trade, transport, accommodation and food services/Information and commu...

The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural e-customers' preferences in terms of last mile delivery and products purchased via the Internet. This paper is based on the theory of last mile delivery (with a strong focus on the methods of delivery) and customers' preferences. It combines both theories to fulfil...

The study presents the results of grouping EU NUTS 2 regions based on the share of employment in particular sectors (knowledge‑intensive high‑technology services, knowledge‑intensive market services and other knowledge‑intensive services), as well as GDP per capita, in 2008 and 2018. The grouping of regions was done by clustering methods (for struc...

Residents of rural areas buy products in the e-commerce market that are delivered to their homes (home deliveries) or to collection points (out-of-home deliveries). This poses last mile delivery challenges, which are of increasing interest to researchers. While urban research is widespread, a smaller number of rural studies are noticeable. The stud...

Dynamic cluster analysis is understood as partitioning of spatio-temporal objects into groups which can change their composition over time. The aim of the paper is to propose the measure of cluster stability for such groups. The measure takes values from [0;1] interval. Some of its characteristics are discussed on the basis of simple example. The d...

The paper presents the results of the analysis of NUTS 2 regions with a focus on the regions of Visegrad countries. The aim is to assess the level of development of the regions in the area of Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) in relation to their economic level and position within the regions of the EU. The division of regions into group...

Objective: The aim of the paper is to evaluate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the employment level, gender-wise, in Poland’s provinces.Research Design & Methods: The “triple 2’s” method is used to estimate the tendencies in the employment level observed until 2019, which are compared with the real values in 2020. Forecasts are calculated...

Flexibility of cluster analysis is sometimes understood as the robustness of final partition of objects to the changes in the list of diagnostic variables—deleting some from the list or adding some. In this paper, we propose a procedure which makes possible to calculate a distance matrix on the basis of different subsets of variables, but the selec...

The objective of the hereby study is to analyze the level of diversification, characteristic for the European Union regions’ development level, which becomes the basis for their classification. Gross domestic product/1 inhabitant in PPS (Purchasing Power Standards) was accepted as the denominator of the regions' economic development level. Time spa...

The aim of the paper is to propose a composite indicator characterising the level of development of Polish NUTS 2 regions with respect to the implementation and results of the changes the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) entails, and to present a ranking of regions illustrating the degree to which enterprises have adjusted to the require...

The objective of the hereby article is to analyze diversification changes of the level of development referring to countries and regions in the unified Europe in the perspective of economic convergence theory. There was taken up an attempt of assessing whether and to what extend the convergence occurs with reference to 25 European Union countries a...

In this paper, we propose three new “distance” measures which are the adjustments of Euclidean distance. First two are given for one-dimensional space, and the third one—called tube distance—provides the generalization for multidimensional case. New measures take into account points lying between those for which we calculate the distance as well as...

Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest ocena (z wykorzystaniem miary podobieństwa podziałów) związku między sektorową strukturą zatrudnienia (sektory: 1 – rolnictwo, leśnictwo i rybołówstwo; górnictwo i wydobywanie; 2 – przemysł; 3 – zaopatrzenie w energię elektryczną, gaz, parę wodną i klimatyzację; zaopatrzenie w wodę i budownictwo; 4 – usługi) a strukt...

Celem pracy jest identyfikacja grup krajów Unii Europejskiej podobnych co do struktury zatrudnienia w ujęciu dynamicznym, z wykorzystaniem metody aglomeracyjnej najdalszego sąsiedztwa. W ocenie wykorzystano informacje o zatrudnieniu w krajach Unii Europejskiej, dokumentowane m.in. w podziale na 10 sekcji: rolnictwo, przemysł, budownictwo, handel, i...

The purpose of the study is to assess the degree of the European Union (EU) countries' diversification in terms of the research and development intensity and the structure of R&D expenditure by the source of funding. The analysis includes R&D expenditure as % of the gross domestic product and the structure of R&D expenditure broken down by the foll...

Celem pracy jest zaprezentowanie nowej koncepcji analizy zmian struktur, przy założeniu, że zmiany te nie są gwałtowne i mają raczej charakter ewolucyjny. Niewątpliwie takimi strukturami są struktury zatrudnienia w krajach Unii Europejskiej rozpatrywane w układzie 10 sekcji. Struktura taka powstaje w wyniku sumowania się decyzji lub zdarzeń dotyczą...

Skalowanie wielowymiarowe to metoda pozwalająca na przedstawienie obserwacji złożonych w przestrzeni o mniejszej liczbie wymiarów (zazwyczaj na płaszczyźnie) w taki sposób, aby macierz odległości liczonych na płaszczyźnie była jak najbardziej podobna do macierzy liczonej w przestrzeni oryginalnej. W pracy przedstawiono propozycję wykorzystania tego...

Celem pracy jest identyfikacja zróżnicowania struktur (kształtu i skali) zatrudnienia w Warszawie i powiatach sąsiednich w ujęciu dynamicznym oraz ocena znaczenia sektorów gospodarki w tym zróżnicowaniu. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki oceny udziału takich sektorów, jak: rolnictwo, przemysł oraz usługi, w podziale na handel, usługi finansowe oraz pozo...

During the conference entitled Spatial Econometrics and Regional Economic Analyses, which took place in Lodz in 2014, there was a proposition to introduce the spatial coherence property into the Ward method, which is applied to group administrative units [1]. At each stage of agglomeration in the modified Ward method, there are included only those...

Transformation into [0;1] interval combined with changing destimulants into stimulants is the most popular method for standardizing variables used in linear ordering of multidimentional objects. Minimum and maximum values are used as reference points. Outliers and very skewed distributions result in artificial weighing of variables, imposing higher...

Pojęcie struktury jest na ogół używane w dwojakim znaczeniu. Pierwsze to konfiguracjapunktów w przestrzeni wielowymiarowej, a drugie to ciąg liczb nieujemnych, sumujących się do jedności.Rozpatrujemy strukturę w tym drugim sensie. Struktura jest wówczas pewnym efektem rachunkowym istniejącymtylko w wyniku porównań części z całością i mówimy wówczas...

Three-way clustering problems have been considered since many years. They are popular specially in psychology and chemistry, but some of the propositions and methods are of more general nature. In regional science three-way data matrices consist of objects (regions), variables and time units (years). Asking which variables, in which regions and whe...

The length of common border between two geographical units is frequently used as a basic weight in spatial analysis. The newest methodological propositions such as tests for hierarchical relations (Markowska et. al. 2014; Sokołowski et. al. 2013), regional spatial moving average and new spatial correlation coefficient (Markowska et. al. 2015) are u...

The major areas of specialization assessment cover for example export, R&D expenditure, employment rate, high-tech products (e.g. patents). Many measures indicated in the subject literature for specified areas cannot be currently determined at regional level due to data unavailability. The article attempts to identify the areas and directions of ch...

Celem pracy jest analiza dynamiki zmian w gospodarce Unii Europejskiej w ujęciu strukturalnym. Analiza dotyczy jednej zmiennej makroekonomicznej – produktu krajowego brutto, liczonego zgodnie z metodologią Banku Światowego. Badaniem objęto okres 1995–2014, a elementami struktury są kraje. Wzięto pod uwagę 28 krajów tworzących obecnie Unię Europejsk...

Celem artykułu jest ocena zmian struktury pracujących, zaobserwowanych w europejskiej przestrzeni regionalnej szczebla NUTS 2. Struktura pracujących zostanie ujęta w układzie trzech sektorów gospodarki, czyli rolnictwa, przemysłu i usług. Zakres czasowy prowadzonych badań dotyczy dwóch zazębiających się okresów, lat 2000–2008 i 2008–2012, co wynika...

W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki dynamicznej klasyfikacji regionów Polski na tle regionów Unii Europejskiej szczebla NUTS 2 ze względu na strukturę zatrudnionych w trzech podstawowych sektorach gospodarki: rolnictwie, przemyśle i usługach. Okres analizy obejmuje lata 2000–2012. W 2008 roku Europejska Klasyfikacja Działalności Gospodarczej została uakt...

The purpose of the study (presented in this article) was to develop a measure of resilience to crisis, one that may be applied to regional data. In principle, such measure can take either positive or negative values. A positive value confirms resilience to crisis, whereas a negative one confirms the absence of resilience (sensitivity/vulnerability)...

The purpose of the study (presented in this article) was to develop a measure of resilience to crisis, one that may be applied to regional data. In principle, such measure can take either positive or negative values. A positive value confirms resilience to crisis, whereas a negative one confirms the absence of resilience (sensitivity/vulnerability)...

Ocena przyczyn oraz skutków kryzysu ekonomicznego może obejmować różne poziomy gospodarowania. Analizy możliwe są zarówno na szczeblu makro, jak i na szczeblach pośrednich (to jest zarówno na poziomie przedsiębiorstw, jak i w skali regionów). Każda z wymienionych perspektyw ma swoją specyfikę określającą czynniki i uwarunkowania wrażliwości na kryz...

The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics or Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics (NUTS) is a geocode standard for referencing the subdivision of countries for statistical purposes. It covers the member states of the European Union. For each EU member country, a hierarchy of three levels is established by Eurostat. In 27 EU c...

The general idea of statistical tests which allow testing the influence of geographical or administrative units of upper level on clustering results of lower level units is presented, basing on the authors' earlier works. The so-called “active border” notion is used in these methods. If two counties (powiats) have been classified into different clu...

Celem pracy jest analiza zmian udziału zatrudnionych w nowoczesnych, rozwiniętych technologicznie usługach i przemyśle w regionach Unii Europejskiej na poziomie NUTS 2. Wykorzystano dane z lat 1999–2008, kiedy były one w miarę kompletne i porównywalne. Dla każdej cechy osobno i dla każdego regionu oszacowano tendencję rozwojową. Współczynniki trend...

The study presents an attempt to answer the question of whether the closest surroundings of European capital cities are becoming as innovative as the capital cities themselves. The value of an aggregate index of innovation was defined for the EU NUTS 2 level regions based on eight characteristics. Against the background of changes occurring in the...

The study presents approaches to measuring regional innovation and the selection of characteristics facilitating the illustration of this phenomenon at the NUTS 2 level in the EU following dynamic analysis. The research procedure is described, allowing for the classification to be used in the assessment of innovation dynamics. Based on this classif...

The objective of this article is to evaluate European regions by their innovation levels as well as identify the level fluctuations. The analysis covers the European NUTS 2 regions during the period from 1999 to 2008. The most recent literature on innovative systems asserts that regions constitute the key level for building the capacity for innovat...

Europe 2020 strategy, as the successor of Lisbon strategy, represents the vision of social market economy for Europe of the 21st century covering three related priorities: 1/ smart growth: knowledge based economy and innovation growth; 2/ sustainable growth: support for effective and taking advantage of resources economy which is more environmental...

The paper presents an attempt to estimate sigma convergence (σ-convergence) occurring in the European space at NUTS 2 level with reference to innovation. Following sigma convergence hypothesis, assuming that the spatial diversification of European regional space for variables illustrating regional innovation presents a mitigating tendency, while in...

“Europe 2020 Strategy” presents the vision of European economy development, in which smart development, i.e. development based on knowledge and innovation, constitutes one of major priorities. Smart specialization which refers to enterprises, research centres and high schools cooperating in defining the most promising areas of specialization in a g...