Malgorzata Kossut

• Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology

Aging-related biochemical changes in nerve cells lead to dysfunctional synapses and disrupted neuronal circuits, ultimately affecting vital processes such as brain plasticity, learning, and memory. The imbalance between excitation and inhibition in synaptic function during aging contributes to cognitive impairment, emphasizing the importance of com...

Aging-related biochemical changes in nerve cells lead to dysfunctional synapses and disrupted neuronal circuits, ultimately affecting vital processes such as brain plasticity, learning, and memory. The imbalance between excitation and inhibition in synaptic function during aging contributes to cognitive impairment, emphasizing the importance of com...

The activity of inhibitory interneurons has a profound role in shaping cortical plasticity. Somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SOM-INs) are involved in several aspects of experience-dependent cortical rewiring. We addressed the question of the barrel cortex SOM-IN engagement in plasticity formation induced by sensory deprivation in adult mice (2...

Despite the obvious differences in the pathophysiology of distinct neuropsychiatric diseases or neurodegenerative disorders, some of them share some general but pivotal mechanisms, one of which is the disruption of excitation/inhibition balance. Such an imbalance can be generated by changes in the inhibitory system, very often mediated by somatosta...

Gaba-ergic neurons are a diverse cell class with extensive influence over cortical processing, but their role in experience-dependent plasticity is not completely understood. Here we addressed the role of cortical somatostatin- (SOM-INs) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- (VIP-INs) containing interneurons in a Pavlovian conditioning where stimu...

It is unclear why some people learn faster than others. We performed two independent studies in which we investigated the neural basis of real‐time strategy (RTS) gaming and neural predictors of RTS game skill acquisition. In the first (cross‐sectional) study, we found that experts in the RTS game StarCraft® II (SC2) had a larger lenticular nucleus...

It is unclear why some people learn faster than others. We performed two independent studies in which we investigated the neural basis of real-time strategy (RTS) gaming and neural predictors of RTS games skill-acquisition. In the first (cross-sectional) study we found that experts in the RTS game StarCraft II (SC2) had a larger lenticular nucleus...

Learning-related plasticity in the cerebral cortex is linked to the action of disinhibitory circuits of interneurons. Pavlovian conditioning, in which stimulation of the vibrissae is used as conditioned stimulus, induces plastic enlargement of the cortical functional representation of vibrissae activated during conditioning, visualized with [ ¹⁴ C]...

Inhibitory interneurons in the cerebral cortex contain specific proteins or peptides characteristic for a certain interneuron subtype. In mice, three biochemical markers constitute non-overlapping interneuron populations, which account for 80–90% of all inhibitory cells. These interneurons express parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), or vasoactive...

Molecular synaptic aging perturbs neurotransmission and decreases the potential for neuroplasticity. The direction and degree of changes observed in aging are often region or cell specific, hampering the generalization of age-related effects. Using real-time PCR and western blot analyses, we investigated age-related changes in several presynaptic m...

Somatostatyna jest peptydem uczestniczącym w wielu szlakach biochemicznych i sygnałowych. Działa ona za pośrednictwem pięciu receptorów (SSTR 1-5) należących do rodziny receptorów sprzężonych z białkiem G. Wszystkie receptory somatostatynowe charakteryzują się znacznym stopniem homologii w budowie molekularnej i mogą oddziaływać ze sobą oraz niektó...

Experienced video game players exhibit superior performance in visuospatial cognition when compared to non‐players. However, very little is known about the relation between video game experience and structural brain plasticity. To address this issue, a direct comparison of the white matter brain structure in RTS (real time strategy) video game play...

Deprivation of patterned visual information, as in early onset congenital cataract patients, results in a severe impairment in global motion perception. Previously we reported a delayed maturation of the peripheral visual field representation in primary visual area 17, based on a 2-D DIGE screen for protein expression changes and in situ hybridizat...

Induction of a central retinal lesion in both eyes of adult mammals is a model for macular degeneration and leads to retinotopic map reorganization in the primary visual cortex (V1). Here we characterized the spatiotemporal dynamics of molecular activity levels in the central and peripheral representation of five higher-order visual areas, V2/18, V...

Numerous studies indicate that attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is related to some developmental trends, as its symptoms change widely over time. Nevertheless, the etiology of this phenomenon remains ambiguous. There is a disagreement whether ADHD is related to deviations in brain development or to a delay in brain maturation. The mo...

The explore-exploit dilemma occurs anytime we must choose between exploring unknown options for information and exploiting known resources for reward. Previous work suggests that people use two different strategies to solve the explore-exploit dilemma: directed exploration, driven by information seeking, and random exploration, driven by decision n...

Neuroplastic changes induced by sensory learning have been recognized within the cortices of specific modalities as well as within higher ordered multimodal areas. The interplay between these areas is not fully understood, particularly in the case of somatosensory learning. Here we examined functional and structural changes induced by short-term ta...

Braille training—overall fMRI results. Statistical parametric maps of the Braille vs. movement (A) and Braille vs. rectangles (B) contrasts, separately for before and after the Braille training. Results are presented on a glass-brain in MNI space (view from the top, back, and left of the brain), p < 0.05, FWE.

The explore-exploit dilemma occurs anytime we must choose between exploring unknown options for information and exploiting known resources for reward. Previous work suggests that people use two different strategies to solve the explore-exploit dilemma: directed exploration driven by information seeking and random exploration driven by decision nois...

Since its discovery over four decades ago, somatostatin receives growing scientific and clinical interest. Being localized in the nervous system in a subset of interneurons somatostatin acts as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator and its role in the fine-tuning of neuronal activity and involvement in synaptic plasticity and memory formation are wi...

In spite of the prevalence of frustration in everyday life, very few neuroimaging studies were focused on this emotional state. In the current study we aimed to examine effects of frustration on brain activity while performing a well-learned task in participants with low and high tolerance for arousal. Prior to the functional magnetic resonance ima...

The ability to learn and the ability to reshape brain circuits are regarded as some of the most remarkable and important features of the brain. This ability declines with age due to largely unknown reasons, and it also is altered following stroke. Brain aging is associated with a progressive increase of the levels of inflammatory cytokine in the br...

Supplementary material contains numerical results of spine parameter measurements: volume of spine apparatus, number of polyribosomes per spine, spine length, diameter of head and neck, area of postsynaptic density.

Associative fear learning, in which stimulation of whiskers is paired with mild electric shock to the tail, modifies the barrel cortex, the functional representation of sensory receptors involved in the conditioning, by inducing formation of new inhibitory synapses on single-synapse spines of the cognate barrel hollows and thus producing double-syn...

Experience-induced plastic changes in the cerebral cortex are accompanied by alterations in excitatory and inhibitory transmission. Increased excitatory drive, necessary for plasticity, precedes the occurrence of plastic change, while decreased inhibitory signaling often facilitates plasticity. However, an increase of inhibitory interactions was no...

The circadian rhythmicity displayed by motor behavior of mice: activity at night and rest during the day and the associated changes in the sensory input are reflected by cyclic synaptic plasticity in the whisker representations located in the somatosensory (barrel) cortex. It was not clear whether diurnal rhythmic changes in synapse density previou...

Binocular pattern deprivation from eye opening (early BD) delays the maturation of the primary visual cortex. This delay is more pronounced for the peripheral than the central visual field representation within area 17, particularly between the age of 2 and 4 months [Laskowska-Macios, Cereb Cortex, 2014]. In this study, we probed for related dynami...

Npas4 has recently been identified as an important factor in brain plasticity, particularly in mechanisms of inhibitory control. Little is known about Npas4 expression in terms of cortical plasticity. In the present study expressions of Npas4 and the archetypal immediate early gene (IEG) c-Fos were investigated in the barrel cortex of mice after se...

Pattern vision deprivation (BD) can induce permanent deficits in global motion perception. The impact of timing and duration of BD on the maturation of the central and peripheral visual field representa-tions in cat primary visual areas 17 and 18 remains unknown. We compared early BD, from eye opening for 2, 4, or 6 months, with late onset BD, afte...

The whisker representations in the somatosensory barrel cortex of mice are modulated by sensory inputs associated with animal motor behavior which shows circadian rhythmicity. In a C57/BL mouse strain kept under a light/dark (LD 12:12) regime, we observed daily structural changes in the barrel cortex, correlated with the locomotor activity level. S...

Age-related molecular changes in the synapse can cause plasticity decline. We found an impairment of experience-dependent cortical plasticity is induced by short lasting sensory conditioning in aged mice. However, extending the training procedure from 3 to 7 days triggered plasticity in the aged cortex of the same range as in young mice. Additional...

Specialized brain training programs aimed at improving cognitive functioning are now widely used not only by people with brain damage but also by increasing numbers of healthy individuals. In addition to the traditional approach which focuses on designing special training paradigms, there is an increasing interest in using video games for cognitive...

The maintenance of neural circuit stability is a dynamic process that requires the plasticity of many cellular and synaptic components. By changing the excitatory/inhibitory balance, inhibitory GABAergic plasticity can regulate excitability, and contribute to neural circuit function and refinement in learning and memory. Increased inhibitory GABAer...

Associative fear learning, resulting from whisker stimulation paired with application of a mild electric shock to the tail in a classical conditioning paradigm, changes the motor behavior of mice and modifies the cortical functional representation of sensory receptors involved in the conditioning. It also induces the formation of new inhibitory syn...

Age-related brain injuries including stroke are a leading cause of morbidity and mental disability worldwide. Most patients who survive stroke experience some degree of recovery. The restoration of lost functions can be explained by neuronal plasticity, understood as brain ability to reorganize and remodel itself in response to changed environmenta...

Neural correlates of Braille reading have been widely studied with different neuroimaging techniques. Nevertheless, the exact brain processes underlying this unique activity are still unknown, due to suboptimal accuracy of imaging and/or stimuli delivery methods. To study somatosensory perception effectively, the stimulation must reflect parameters...

Binocular deprivation of pattern vision (BD) early in life permanently impairs global motion perception. With the SMI-32 antibody against neurofilament protein (NFP) as a marker of the motion-sensitive Y-cell pathway (Van der Gucht et al. [2001] Cereb. Cortex 17:2805-2819), we analyzed the impact of early BD on the retinal circuitry in adult, perce...

Despite indications that brain plasticity may be enhanced after stroke, we have described impairment of experience-dependent plasticity in rat cerebral cortex neighboring the stroke-induced lesion. Photothrombotic stroke was centered behind the barrel cortex in one cerebral hemisphere of rats. Plasticity of cortical representation of one row of vib...

Brail Stimulator

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity is implicated in the degradation of the extracellular matrix during cerebral ischemia. Although many studies have demonstrated spatiotemporal patterns of activation of gelatinases (MMP-9 and MMP-2) after ischemic stroke in young adult rodents, no data exist on MMP activity in old brains. In this study, we inv...

Modifications of properties of the adult sensory cortex by elimination of sensory input (deprivation) serves as a model for studying plasticity in the adult brain. We studied the effects of short- and long-term deprivation (sparing one row of vibrissae) upon the barrel cortex. The response to stimulation (exploration of a new environment) of the sp...

Left unilateral spatial neglect resulting from right brain damage is characterized by loss of awareness for stimuli in the contralesional side of space, despite intact visual pathways. We examined using fMRI whether patients with neglect are more likely to consciously detect in the neglected hemifield, emotionally negative complex scenes rather tha...

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are fine modulators of brain plasticity and pathophysiology. The inhibition of MMPs shortly after ischaemic stroke reduces the infarct size and has beneficial effects on post-stroke behavioural recovery. Our previous studies have shown that photothrombotic cortical stroke disrupts use-dependent plasticity in the nei...

The somatosensory cortex in mice contains primary (SI) and secondary (SII) areas, differing in somatotopic precision, topographic organization, and function. The role of SII in somatosensory processing is still poorly understood. SII is activated bilaterally during attentional tasks and is considered to play a role in tactile memory and sensorimoto...

The cingulate cortex, which comprises of two major subdivisions - anterior cingulate cortex (CG) and retrosplenial cortex (RSP), is implicated in many cognitive functions. The RSP is an important node in the systemic integration network. Studies point to its role in learning that involves spatial stimuli and navigation. Relatively little is known a...

In adult mice, classical conditioning in which whisker stimulation is paired with an electric shock to the tail results in a decrease in the frequency of head movements, induces expansion of the cortical representation of stimulated vibrissae and enhances inhibitory synaptic interactions within the 'trained' barrels. We investigated whether such a...

Pairing tactile stimulation of whiskers with a tail shock is known to result in expansion of cortical representation of stimulated vibrissae and in the increase in synaptic GABAergic transmission. However, the impact of such sensory learning in classical conditioning paradigm on GABAergic tonic currents has not been addressed. To this end, we perfo...

The structure of neurons changes during development and in response to injury or alteration in sensory experience. Changes occur in the number, shape, and dimensions of dendritic spines together with their synapses. However, precise data on these changes in response to learning are sparse. Here, we show using quantitative transmission electron micr...

This study addresses the relationship between aging and experience-dependent plasticity in the mouse somatosensory cortex. Plasticity in the cortical representation of vibrissae (whiskers) was investigated in young (3 months), mature (14 months) and old (2 years) mice using [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography. Plastic changes were evoked usi...

Levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its synthesizing enzyme in cerebral cortex are regulated by sensory experience. Previously we found that associative pairing of vibrissae stimulation and tail shock results in upregulation of GABAergic markers in the mouse barrel cortex. In order to ascertain whether GABAergic upregulation also accompani...

Although stroke can affect cerebral structure and function, the brain has a potential for plasticity thanks to which some degree of function can be restored. The pathways of such recovery are of great interest, since the dynamics of rewiring of the injured brain may become the basis for designing appropriate strategies of rehabilitation. We investi...

The neural bases of appetitive and aversive conditioning are different, and at various stages of learning, may engage distinct cortical and subcortical networks. Using [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography, we examined brain activation in mice during the first and the third sessions of a classical conditioning involving stimulation of whiskers...

Calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and more specifically its alpha subunit, is widely believed to be fundamental for hippocampal synaptic plasticity. In the cerebral cortex, deprivation-evoked plasticity was shown to depend on alphaCaMKII autophosphorylation abilities. Here we analyzed how learning-induced functional reorganiz...

In adult mice, repetitive pairing of stimulation of mystacial vibrissae with an electrical shock to the tail induces expansion of the cortical representation of stimulated vibrissae accompanied by elevation of the GABAergic markers. Here, we show that this associative learning paradigm results in a selective increase in the frequency of spontaneous...

Umbilical cord blood can be a rich source of stem/progenitor cells, not only for hematopoetic but also for other tissue-specific lineages. Recently, we have developed a novel, self-renewed neural-like stem cell line named HUCB-NSC from human cord blood. To test if HUCB-NSCs can supply brain in need of regeneration, we injected these cells into immu...

Spontaneous restorative plasticity is reported frequently after stroke. To test whether conditions in perinfarct cortex facilitate plastic changes, we examined experience-dependent plasticity of cortical functional representation of vibrissae in rat brain after focal photothrombotic stroke. Cortical activation was visualized with [C]2-deoxyglucose....

In the somatosensory system, inputs from one side of the body are only transmitted to the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex, but both sides of the body representation can interact via interhemispheric connections. These interactions depend on the behavioural requirements of the animal and its level of arousal. During the process of learnin...

Brain injury triggers spontaneous plasticity, often resulting in considerable restoration of function. To investigate mechanisms of this compensatory plasticity we followed changes in the brain's pattern of activation evoked by stimulation of vibrissae, after a focal cortical stroke which destroyed the cortical representation of vibrissae, the barr...

The somatosensory barrel cortex of rodents and its afferent pathway from the facial vibrissae is a very useful model for studying neuronal plasticity. Dendritic spines are the most labile elements of synaptic circuitry and the most likely substrate of experience-dependent alterations in neuronal circuits in cerebral cortex. We characterized morphol...

We have previously reported that a classical conditioning paradigm involving stimulation of a row of facial vibrissae produced expansion of the cortical representation of the activated vibrissae ("trained row"), this was demonstrated by labeling with 2-deoxyglucose in layer IV of the barrel cortex. We have also shown that functional reorganization...

NMDA receptor is an important player in neuronal plasticity, including cortical reorganization. In the adult cerebral cortex, the receptor properties are regulated by relative expression of NR2A and NR2B subunits. We have previously found that 3 days of sensory conditioning, in which stimulation of whiskers was paired with a tail shock, induce NMDA...

Two forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are present in inhibitory neurons of the mammalian brain, a 65-kDa isoform (GAD65) and a 67-kDa isoform (GAD67). We have previously found that GAD67 is upregulated during learning-dependent plasticity of cortical vibrissal representations of adult mice. After sensory conditioning involving pairing stim...

Huntington's disease (HD) is one of a group of neurodegenerative diseases caused by an expanded trinucleotide (CAG) repeat coding for an extended polyglutamine tract. The disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, with onset of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms typically occurring in midlife, followed by unremitting progression...

Pairing tactile stimulation of a row of whiskers with a tail shock results in an expansion of the functional representation of the stimulated whiskers within the primary somatosensory cortex of mice. Using the same paradigm, the present study examined field potentials evoked in ex vivo slices of the barrel cortex. The amplitude of responses, evoked...

Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetically transmitted neurodegenerative disorder. The neuropathology in HD is a selective neuronal cell death in several brain regions including cortex. Although changes in synaptic plasticity were shown within the hippocampus and striatum of HD transgenic mice, there are no studies considering neocortical synaptic...

The effect of the extracellular matrix recognition molecule tenascin-C on cerebral plasticity induced by vibrissectomy was investigated with 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) brain mapping in tenascin-C-deficient mice. Unilateral vibrissectomy sparing row C of vibrissae was performed in young adult mice. Two months later, cortical representations of spared row...

Sensory experience and learning can modify cortical body maps. We have previously reported that 3 days of classical conditioning, in which stimulation of a row of whiskers was paired with tail shock, produced an expansion of the cortical representation of the "trained row" labeled with 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), in layer IIIb and IV of the barrel cortex...

GABAA receptors are heteromeric, ligand-gated ion channels, built up with 19 different subunits. In the somatosensory cortex the most prevalent subunits are: alpha1, beta2 and gamma2. We showed that classical conditioning, in which stimulation of a row of vibrissae (CS) was paired with a tail shock (UCS), results in changes in cortical inhibitory s...

NMDA receptor is a heteromeric, ligand-gated calcium channel, believed to mediate mechanisms of neuronal plasticity. In the adult cerebral cortex the receptor is build up with NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits. The properties of the receptor are regulated by changing the relative expression of NR2A and NR2B subunits. We have previously found that 3 days...

Synaptic plasticity of horizontally orientated connections between barrels, in the barrel cortex of adult mice, was studied in slice preparations cut across rows of barrels. Field potentials were evoked in the middle of one barrel column (in layer IV or V) and recorded in the neighbouring barrel (in layer IV and V). In layer IV, long-term depressio...

Experience-dependent modifications of cortical representational maps are accompanied by changes in several components of GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission system. We examined with in situ hybridization to 35S-labeled oligoprobe changes of expression of GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit mRNA in the barrel cortex of mice after sensory conditioning...

Proteins of the postsynaptic density are implicated in mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. We examined involvement of PSD95 and alphaCaMkII in learning-dependent plastic changes of representational maps in somatosensory cortex of mice. The barrel cortex of mice was examined following a 3 day long classical conditioning training, in which activation...

Cortical representations of different modalities can be modified by sensory learning. Our previous studies in the barrel cortex showed that expansion of the cortical representation of a row of vibrissae could be induced by pairing stimulation of a row of vibrissae with a tail shock. The plastic change in cortical reactivity to the input used during...

An adaptation of roughness discrimination task successfully used on rats was performed on mice. It was found that mice can master discrimination of rough surfaces using only mystacial vibrissae. This task can be used for studying sensory abilities of genetically modified mice as well as dynamics and pharmacology of complex sensory learning.

The effect of age on the plastic response of vibrissal barrel cortex to deprivation was examined in adolescent (1 month at the start of the procedure, 2 months at testing) and mature (10- to 11-month-old) mice. A single vibrissa was plucked out for 3 weeks and allowed to regrow for 10 days; it was previously found that this deprivation paradigm ind...

We have previously reported that a classical conditioning paradigm involving stimulation of a row of facial vibrissae produced an expansion of the cortical representation of the "trained row", labeled with 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), in layer IV of the barrel field. The present study has examined the pattern of GABA immunoreactivity (GABA-IR) in the cort...

Partial vibrissectomy in adult mice induces body map plasticity in SI barrel cortex. To examine if the disturbed balance of cortical activation affects the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter systems, we studied glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD 67) and AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 mRNA expression in the barrel cortex. At varying times post-vi...

The effect of blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the barrel cortex upon the learning-induced changes of the cortical body map was examined in adult mice. We have previously found that three sensory conditioning sessions, in which stimulation of a row of vibrissae was paired with a tail shock, produced an enlargement of the functio...

We examined the potential for changes in cortical connectivity to accompany long-term plastic changes in functional cortical representations of mystacial vibrissae. Plasticity in the barrel cortex of young adult mice was evoked by vibrissectomy that spared row C of whiskers. We found that 2-deoxyglucose brain mapping causes a progressive expansion...

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of learning-dependent enlargement of cortical representation of a row of vibrissae upon the appearance of adjacent cortical representations. We have found previously that three sessions of classical conditioning, during which stimulation of row B of vibrissae is paired with a tail shock, res...

Manipulations of sensory input to vibrissal mechanoreceptors can modify columnar functioning of the barrel cortex in adult animals. In mice, partial vibrissectomy sparing one row of vibrissae in young adults results 7 days later in an increase in the functional cortical column activated by the spared whiskers and visualized with 2-deoxyglucose auto...

Kainate receptors were present at birth in the murine somatosensory cortex as revealed by quantitative in vitro autoradiography. During the first five postnatal days [3H]kainate binding rapidly increased and the maximum density in layer IV was reached at P12. The adult laminar pattern of receptor binding distribution was established by the third po...

Effects of serotonin depletion (induced by neonatal injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine) upon dimensions of cortical barrels and their metabolic activation, and upon effects of neonatal vibrissectomy sparing row C, were examined in 1-month-old rats. Dimensions of row C barrels, and of [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) labelling in the cortex obtained aft...

Glutamate receptors (GluRs) provide the major excitatory input to cortical neurons. Four main subtypes of GluRs are distinguished, namely, N-methyl-D-aspartate, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid, kainate, and metabotropic receptors. All of them have been implicated in neuronal plasticity, and this paper reviews data that may...

The effects of sensory stimulation and sensory conditioning upon [3H]MK-801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro- 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5, 10-imine] binding to N-methyl- d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor sites and [3H]AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxasole-4-propionic acid) binding to AMPA receptor sites were examined in the primary somatosensory (SI)...

It has been known for several years that receptive field properties of sensory cortical neurons can be altered by learning experiences. We attempted to visualize a global change of the cortical body map induced by learning. In order to do this a short-duration classical conditioning involving stimulation of a row of mystacial vibrissae in mice was...

Quantitative receptor autoradiography was used to investigate the distribution of binding of [3H]SCH 23390 to dopamine (D1) and [3H]spiroperone to D2 receptors in regions of the forebrain of the one-day-old domestic chick (Gallus domesticus). High levels of specific binding of the D1 and D2 ligands were found in the striatal regions (paleostriatum...

Cortical representation of the common fur of mystacial pad is situated outside postero-medial barrel subfield (PMBSF) in rat primary somatosensory cortex. Following neonatal vibrissectomy, stimulation of the common fur activates the neurones in PMBSF. We examined if sparing of one mystacial vibrissa from the neonatal ablation, which results in a ve...

The patterns of three transcription factor DNA binding activities, namely AP-1, Octamer and CREB, were examined in barrel and visual cortices of rat brain during early postnatal development, when activity-dependent plasticity of neuronal responses and connectivity was described. Main peak levels of AP-1 DNA binding activity have been observed at 21...

The development of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and the effects of vibrissectomy upon [3H]MK-801 binding were examined in the barrel cortex of mice. Autoradiographic studies showed that initially very low binding of [3H]MK-801 sharply increased during the second postnatal week reaching the adult level by the end of the third week. Scatchar...

The patterns of three transcription factor DNA binding activities, namely AP-1, Octamer and CREB, were examined in barrel and visual cortices of rat brain during early postnatal development, when activity-dependent plasticity of neuronal responses and connectivity was described. Main peak levels of AP-1 DNA binding activity have been observed at 21...