Mahendra Pal

Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology Anand India · I work in colloboration with other national and international scientists.

Emerging and re-emerging viral zoonoses are important cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing and developed nations of the world. The re-emergence of monkeypox has garnered global public health attention. Originally identified in humans in 1970, monkeypox is categorized into two primary clades: Clade I (Congo Basin) and Clade II (West Af...

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has public health and economic implications and has emerged as one of the leading public health threats in the world. It is estimated that bacterial antimicrobial resistance caused around 1.27 million human deaths globally in 2019. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobials in humans, animals, and plants are primarily r...

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when given in sufficient quantities, offer health benefits, and are essential for preserving the gut health and general well-being of humans. Probiotics have a wide range of beneficial impacts on human health, which include immunomodulation, improved gut barrier function, and competitive exclusion of pathoge...

Zoonoses that involve multiple etiological agents are an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Globally, around one billion are affected by zoonotic diseases every year. West Nile fever, caused by the mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV) of the Flavivirus genus, is a significant emerging and re-emerging zoonosis with publ...

Poultry suffers from many diseases of various etiologies resulting in morbidity as well as mortality in birds. Poultry plays a crucial role in the livelihoods of rural households in Ethiopia, contributing to income generation and food security. This cross-sectional study, conducted from September 2023 to March 2024 at the Ambo University Guder Mamo...

Salmonellosis is a globally prevalent zoonotic disease that can occur in sporadic as well as in epidemic form. Disease is caused by Salmonella, which is a ubiquitous bacterium and one of the most frequently isolated foodborne pathogens. It is a major worldwide public health concern, contributing to the economic burden of both industrialized and und...

Microplastics pose a significant environmental and health challenge, originating from the degradation of larger plastics and the intentional incorporation of microbeads in products such as personal care items. These minuscule particles, measuring less than 5 mm in diameter, have permeated ecosystems worldwide, from the polar ice caps to the deepest...

Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases pose significant global health challenges at the national and international organizational levels, severely affecting the human and animal populations. Among the vector-borne diseases, the deadliest mosquito-borne disease is yellow fever, which is endemic to tropical areas of Africa, Central America, and S...

Bovine tuberculosis is a significant zoonotic disease affecting livestock and humans worldwide, causing substantial economic losses and posing serious public health risks. This review aims to provide an overview of bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia, highlighting its prevalence, risk factors, transmission routes, clinical manifestations, and diagnosti...

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represents a major public health challenge due to its antibiotic resistance and potential for severe infections in both humans and animals. This review examines the current state of MRSA as a global health threat, emphasizing its virulence factors, transmission mechanisms, and impact on public heal...

Milk is considered as a complete food as it is rich in proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins that are essential for human nutrition. Camel milk, a dietary staple in hot and arid regions for millennia, has recently gained attention for its nutritional richness and therapeutic properties. With a global camel population of 35 million, countries in Ea...

Dermatophytosis is a highly infectious fungal disease of humans and animals. We describe a small outbreak of dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton verrucosum, a zoophilic fungus, in the family of a dairy farmer from a nearby village of Bharuch, Gujarat, India. The diagnosis was confirmed on direct microscopical demonstration of fungal elements in the...

Since antiquity, milk has been consumed by people of all religions throughout the world. Milk is an important source of essential nutrients that are required to human beings for maintaining good health. Yak milk's distinctive composition and high nutritional value make it potentially beneficial for a wide range of medical conditions. It is an exc...

Several infectious pathogens have emerged in the past posing a great challenge to the public health authorities throughout the world. Fungal infections are considered as a neglected threat to global human health. Emergomycosis, an emerging fungal infection caused by the genus Emergomyces within the family Ajellomycetaceae, presents significant prob...

Zoonotic diseases, both newly emerging and re-emerging, are major causes of morbidity and mortality across all demographic groups. Globally, about one billion people are affected with zoonotic infections annually. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), caused by the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), is a notable emerging zoonotic respiratory disease t...

Since antiquity, milk has been considered an important source of food. Milk is a biological fluid obtained from the healthy mammary glands of dairy animals. It is rich in several macronutrients and micronutrients essential for maintaining good health. Mithun (Bos frontalis), a rare semi-domesticated bovine species, is found in mountainous regions,...

Zoonoses caused by multiple etiological agents pose a serious threat to humans as well as animals globally. These diseases affect both the sexes, all age groups, in rural and urban settings, and in all seasons. Zoonotic diseases occur in sporadic as well as in epidemic form causing high morbidity and mortality. Most zoonoses involve multiple modes...

Toxoplasmosis is an emerging and re-emerging zoonotic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which is one of the most prevalent parasites in the world. Globally, one third of human population suffer from toxoplasmosis. The disease is usually transmitted by eating infected meat that has been improperly cooked or baked, exposure to the feces of sick ca...

The multidrug-resistant yeast Candida auris has in recent times emerged to be known as an alarming threat to global health. Since it was first discovered in Japan in 2009, the virus has spread to more than 50 nations, resulting in significant epidemics in health care facilities throughout the world. It is currently endemic in several regions of Asi...

Viral diseases, such as Nipah virus, Covid-19, monkeypox, swine flu, Hendra virus, avian influenza, rabies, yellow fever, Rift Vally fever, and others are important cause of morbidity as well as mortality in humans and animals worldwide. Measles is one most devastating viral disease that is responsible to infect around 20 million people globally ev...

Antimicrobial resistance poses a serious public health problem throughout the world, Traditional remedies, of which 95% are derived from plants, are used in Ethiopia to cure 90% of cattle and over 80% of human patients. Traditional medicine continues to be the predominant form of healthcare in underdeveloped nations. Aloe barbadensis and Ocimum g...

Hydatidosis (echinococcosis, hydatid disease) is an important helminthic zoonosis of public health and economic concern. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2022 to April 2023 to determine the prevalence of hydatidosis, and its characterization and to estimate the economic loss due to hydatidosis in cattle slaughtered at the Bura...

Parasitic diseases are a significant cause of morbidity as well as mortality in humans and animals worldwide. Sub-Saharan Africa suffers significant economic losses as a result of the parasitic disease bovine trypanosomosis. Different species of the flagellated unicellular protozoan parasite genus are responsible for the complex, chronic, and freq...

In Ethiopia, the welfare of farm animals during handling, transportation, and market transactions is a pressing concern with significant implications for both animal well-being and meat quality. Key factors affecting animal welfare and meat quality during transport include animal behavior, temperature regulation, and transport duration. Poor transp...

In Ethiopia, the welfare of farm animals during handling, transportation, and market transactions is a pressing concern with significant implications for both animal well-being and meat quality. Key factors affecting animal welfare and meat quality during transport include animal behavior, temperature regulation, and transport duration. Poor transp...

Fungal infections present a formidable global health challenge, affecting over one billion people annually and contributing to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among immunocompromised populations. This review categorizes

Salmonellosis is one of the major bacterial zoonotic diseases of humans and animals, which is caused by Salmonella, a rod-shaped gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family of Enterobacteriaceae. Globally, 1.3 billion persons are affected with salmonellosis annually. Disease in warm-blooded vertebrates in most cases is associated with serovars...

Macronutrients and micronutrients have an important effect on human nutrition. They play a significant role in maintaining good health. A large number of minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, chloride, manganese, chromium, sodium copper, fluoride, selenium, iron, iodine, and zinc, are found in many foods including the vegetab...

Viral diseases are an important cause of morbidity as well as mortality in humans and animals. Cattle are affected with many viral diseases including lumpy skin disease (LSD) which represents a significant economic loss to the livestock industry in many regions of the world including India. It is a devastating disease that is caused by the genus Ca...

Rabies is the most lethal viral zoonosis, with bats as reservoirs, causing fatal encephalomyelitis in humans and terrestrial mammals across various categories, including pets, livestock, stray animals, and wildlife. Rabies spans natural, rural, and urban areas, primarily affecting marginalized communities in low-income countries and posing a threat...

Helminthes have harmful impacts on livestock productivity by affecting growth rate, fertility, meat quality, and wool and milk production. The financial costs associated with these worms are significant. The global increase in anthelmintic-resistant nematodes of ruminants, together with consumer concerns about chemicals in food, necessitates the de...

Protozoan diseases pose a significant threat to human and animal health throughout the world. Bovine coccidiosis is a significant disease in the cattle industry that can cause considerable annual economic losses. It has a worldwide distribution and is seen most commonly in animals housed or confined in small areas contaminated with oocysts. The...

Dourine is a chronic infectious disease that affects breeding horses and spreads from animal to animal during coitus. Trypanosoma equiperdum is the causal agent in this case. Both infected males and females have vaginal discharges that contain these protozoa. Trypanosoma equiperdum is mostly found in tissue and is rarely seen in blood, in contrast...

Mycotic infections are reported to occur in both sexes, all age groups, in all seasons, and in urban and rural areas of the world. The people with weakened immune systems are more likely to get an infection due to fungi, which are widely prevalent in our environment. Cryptococcosis primarily caused by Cryptococcus neoformans is a life-threatening e...

Giardiasis is a neglected protozoan disease that has been reported from developing as well as developed nations of the world.The parasite is estimated to cause more than 28.2 million cases of diarrhoea each year due to contamination of food. Oral route is the prime portal of entry of the parasite though food or water. The disease is caused by Giard...

Candida fabianii, is rare and emerging yeast species, which have the ability to cause superficial and invasive infections, mainly in immunosuppressed and hospitalized patients. We report a case of a 3-year-old boy, admitted to the ICU, with colonization of the oral mucosa by C. fabianii. As it is a rare strain, there are few reports of isolated, in...

N ow a day, most of the people in the world have become very conscious about their health, and hence, they prefer to include the functional food as a part of the diet to keep healthy. Vegetables and fruits have an important role in healthy eating habits. In addition, all nutritional recommendations include these functional foods. They have useful c...

Fascioliasis is an important helminthic zoonosis that is reported in many countries of the world. The cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2013 to April 2014 to determine the prevalence of fasciolosis, evaluate risk factors associated with it, and assess the sensitivity of coprological tests for diagnosing fasciolosis in cattle and s...

Anthrax is a neglected bacterial zoonosis that can be highly contagious and potentially lethal. The disease, which mainly affects herbivorous ungulate animals, is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a rod-shaped, gram-positive bacterium. The pathogenicity depends on the production of toxins by Bacillus anthracis and the sensitivity of the host. The infec...

Giardiasis is a neglected protozoan disease that has been reported from developing as well as developed nations of the world.The parasite is estimated to cause more than 28.2 million cases of diarrhoea each year due to contamination of food. Oral route is the prime portal of entry of the parasite though food or water. The disease is caused by Giard...

A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to April 2016 to estimate the prevalence of lungworm infection and to assess some of the determinant risk factors associated with ovine lungworm infections in and around Ambo, Central Ethiopia. Fecal samples were collected from randomly selected 349 sheep, kept under extensive management syste...

Lumpy skin disease is a severe viral disease of cattle caused by the lumpy skin disease virus, a member of the Capripoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. The disease is characterized by fever, enlarged lymph nodes, firm, circumscribed nodules in the skin, and nodules that are particularly noticeable in the hairless areas. Blood-feeding insects,...

Good nutrition plays a significant role in the maintenance of human health. The nutritionally deficient diet can make an individual susceptible to several health problems. Most parents use international nutritional recommendations (for example: healthy eating plate or nutritional pyramids for children) for their children's good health. The nutritio...

Tetanus is a bacterial environmental disease with neurological condition that affects both people and animals, causing spastic paralysis. The disease is prevalent in many countries of the world including India and Ethiopia. Neonatal tetanus is a killer disease that carries high mortality. It affects the people of active age. Source of infection is...

Avian coccidiosis is a serious parasitic disease that affects chickens and is caused by the intracellular apicomplexan protozoa Eimeria. The disease is fatal and targets the intestinal tract. Seven species of Eimeria are found in chickens, including the most prevalent, Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella. These bacteria infiltra...

Emergence and re-emergence of viral zoonoses pose a serious threat to human and animal health. Hantaviruses are enveloped negative (-) single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to Hantaviridae family, which are transmitted to humans through inhalation and are harbored by small rodents. Humans can develop two clinical syndromes as a result of hantavir...

Fungi are implicated in various clinical disorders of humans and animals. Reproductive problems caused by fungi are a significant concern for animals, especially domestic animals. Common reproductive disorders in domestic animals include endometritis, pyometra, retained placenta, abortion, anestrous, uterine and vaginal prolapse, and repeat breedin...

Fungi are implicated in various clinical disorders of humans and animals. Reproductive problems caused by fungi are a significant concern for animals, especially domestic animals. Common reproductive disorders in domestic animals include endometritis, pyometra, retained placenta, abortion, anestrous, uterine and vaginal prolapse, and repeat breedin...

Lumpy skin disease is a severe viral disease of cattle caused by the lumpy skin disease virus, a member of the Capripoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. The disease is characterized by fever, enlarged lymph nodes, firm, circumscribed nodules in the skin, and nodules that are particularly noticeable in the hairless areas. Blood-feeding insects,...

Fungi are implicated in various clinical disorders of humans and animals. Reproductive problems caused by fungi are a significant concern for animals, especially domestic animals. Common reproductive disorders in domestic animals include endometritis, pyometra, retained placenta, abortion, anestrous, uterine and vaginal prolapse, and repeat breedin...

Antibiotic resistance is emerging as a significant public health concern globally. The frequent use of antibiotics for growth promotion and prevention in cattle husbandry leads to antibiotic resistance because it promotes commensal and pathogenic microorganism. The consumption of antibiotic-containing animal feed has been associated with antimicrob...

Rabies is the most lethal viral zoonosis, with bats as reservoirs, causing fatal encephalomyelitis in humans and terrestrial mammals across various categories, including pets, livestock, stray animals, and wildlife. Rabies spans natural, rural, and urban areas, primarily affecting marginalized communities in low-income countries and posing a threat...

A mycological study was undertaken to know the natural occurrence of Aspergillus niger, a saprobic filamentous fungus, on the raw onions. A total of 47 onions collected from vegetable markets and street vendors were examined by swab technique. The sterile cotton swab dipped in glucose solution and chloramphenicol solution was rubbed on the bulb of...

Background: Fruits and vegetables are widely accepted in the scientific community and are advised for daily dietary consumption. Although these food groups have more assents, their preparation and sanitation before consumption at the household level must receive proper attention. Objective: To assess the microbial load of vegetables and fruits subm...

Background: Fruits and vegetables are widely accepted in the scientific community and are advised for daily dietary consumption. Although these food groups have more assents, their preparation and sanitation before consumption at the household level must receive proper attention. Objective: To assess the microbial load of vegetables and fruits subm...

Background: Fruits and vegetables are widely accepted in the scientific community and are advised for daily dietary consumption. Although these food groups have more assents, their preparation and sanitation before consumption at the household level must receive proper attention. Objective: To assess the microbial load of vegetables and fruits subm...

A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to April 2016 to estimate the prevalence of lungworm infection and to assess some of the determinant risk factors associated with ovine lungworm infections in and around Ambo, Central Ethiopia. Fecal samples were collected from randomly selected 349 sheep, kept under extensive management syste...

Citation: Ejeta I, Goshu G, Abuna T, et al. A study on the assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices of community towards milk borne zoonotic diseases in holeta town, oromia region, Ethiopia. J Bio Med Open Access. 2023;4(1):132.

Introduction: Yeast species of the genus Candida are important human pathogens and cause 90% of existing fungal infections. These pathogens within the One Health vision are closely linked to human, animal and environmental health. Objective: To emphasize the importance of the status of Candida yeasts, as infectious, opportunistic and emerging agent...

Introduction: Yeast species of the genus Candida are important human pathogens and cause 90% of existing fungal infections. These pathogens within the One Health vision are closely linked to human, animal and environmental health. Objective: To emphasize the importance of the status of Candida yeasts, as infectious, opportunistic and emerging agent...

Mastitis is a major production disease of dairy animals, which is caused by more than 136 microorganisms. The disease is highly significant due to huge economic losses to the dairy farmers, and is reported from developing and developed nations of the world. The infection of the mammary gland is more commonly encountered in exotic and cross-bred ani...

Introduction: Yeast species of the genus Candida are important human pathogens and cause 90% of existing fungal infections. These pathogens within the One Health vision are closely linked to human, animal and environmental health. Objective: To emphasize the importance of the status of Candida yeasts, as infectious, opportunistic and emerging agent...

Schistosomiasis is a parasite disease that affects both humans and animals and is brought on by the blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It is one of the world's most enduring neglected tropical diseases. Sub-Saharians make up more than 90% of them, and a significant portion of Ethiopians are afflicted and at risk. It spread across the entire nat...

Vector-borne diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals worldwide. Lyme disease, or Lyme borreliosis, is an important emerging vector-borne anthropozoonosis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. It belongs to the genus Borrelia, phylum Spirochetae. B. burgdorferi is a gram-negative, flagellated spirochete having loo...

An overall seroprevalence of leptospirosis in 761 animals of Southern Gujarat screened was 14.85 per cent. The species-wise data showed the highest infection rate in donkeys (17 .65%) followed by sheep (16.00%), goats (15.38%), cattle (1 4.77%), buffaloes (14.55%), horses (14.29%), dogs (13.95%) and camets (i2.40%). This high prevalence of leptospi...

This paper is mainly focused on the review of current status of beekeeping in Ethiopia and its future prospects. Ethiopia is one of the countries in the continent, which possess huge honey production potential. Beekeeping in Ethiopia is a long-standing agricultural practice. It has been exercised as a sideline activity by many of the rural farming...

Researches by Mrs. Urmila Rau, a retied acarologist, include experimental feeding of ticks for maintaining their colony in the laboratory and for successful transfer of arboviruses and observations on Leptospira. Of particular importance regarding study of Wild Life in the Himalayas was Mrs. Rau' s discovery in Arunachal Pradesh, India, of a new ar...

Abstract Zoonotic diseases are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals, including birds. These diseases are transmitted through several routes and are reported in developing and developed nations of the world. The dogs and cats also act as the reservoirs of a large number of parasitic zoonoses, including toxoplasmosis, g...

Staphylococcus aureus, the principal etiologic agent of staphylococcosis, is a facultative anaerobe, Gram-positive, catalase-positive, and non-motile bacterium that causes disease in humans and animals. The bacterium can produce disease in immunocompetent as well as in immunocompromised subjects. The nasal cavity, and skin of humans and animals ser...

Opportunistic mycoses have become a significant causee of morbidity and mortality in both sexes and in all age groups throughout the world. Pneumocytosis caused by Pneumocystis jiroveciiis, a potentially fatal fungal disease, is significant for public health. Pneumocytosis is often the AIDS-defining disease in HIV-infected patients, usually occurri...

M ilk being rich in macronutri-ents and micronutrients, has been acknowledged as a part of food tradition in India. Milk obtained primarily from cows are used to prepare a variety of dairy products like yoghurt, butter, and ice cream etc. worldwide. Paneer, sometimes known as 'Indian cheese', is widely used in several nations including India, Nepal...

The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the Poxviridae family of viruses, causes lumpy skin disease (LSD). The virus is highly host-specific and causes disease in cattle and water buffalo. The disease was endemic in most Sub-Saharan African countries, spreading to the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. The World Organization for Animal Health...

Fungal infections are recognized as an important cause of morbidity as well as mortality, especially in the immune-suppressed subjects worldwide. Onychomycosis is a sporadic fungal infection that can affect any part of the nail unit, including the matrix, bed, and plate. It is caused by a wide variety of fungi that include dermatophytes, yeasts, an...

Japanese encephalitisis is a vector-borne viral zoonotic disease caused by Group B Arbovirus of genus flavivirus. It is a leading cause of viral encephalitis in the Asia-Pacific region. It's transmitted to humans by the bite of infected mosquitoes. The Japanese encephalitis virus naturally maintains in the enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and migr...