Madihah Salleh

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia | UTM · Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering (FBME)

Lignin is the second most abundant component of lignocellulose biomass after cellulose with annual production of 70 million tons. Lignin constitutes between 15 to 40 percent of its dry weight, with varying composition in woody plants such as softwood (18-25%) and hardwood (27-33%), and non-woody plant such as grass (17-24%). The polyphenolic polyme...

Robertkochia solimangrovi is a proposed marine bacterium isolated from mangrove soil. So far, the study of this bacterium is limited to taxonomy only. In this report, we performed a genomic analysis of R. solimangrovi that revealed its lignocellulose degrading ability. Genome mining of R. solimangrovi revealed a total of 87 lignocellulose degrading...

Due to its flexible properties, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) has been attracting tremendous attention. In this study, BNC was produced by Acetobacter xylinum ATCC2376 and a local isolate, namely, Bacillus cereus MMS1. The production of BNC was done by utilising pineapple peel extract (PPE) (wastes discarded after cutting the fruit) as the alternat...

The biovanillin production was influenced by varying the culture pH via single control strategy conducted by separate experiments during the fermentation processes. Highest biovanillin production (124 mg/L) with 32% molar yield at culture pH 6.0 from the one-stage control method was observed. Specific growth rates (μ) of the Phanerochaete chrysospo...

Increasing environmental awareness, the emergence of stringent governmental regulations, along with the advancement of innovative biotechnological techniques have mainly contributed to the development of biologically derived surfactants or biosurfactants. Plant biomass such as jatropha, oilseeds, palm oil biomass wastes, or co-products can be integ...

Bulky agricultural waste, especially from the oil producing plants, has been a major issue in the most plantation area. Technically, composting and anaerobic digestion are the current solutions. This chapter discusses on few selected oil producing plants with particular analysis on the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) of compost and other micro...

Amino acids are also known as the building blocks of protein and are undeniably important in the human development process. Particular parts of the oil producing plants provide essential oil and numerous free amino acids with specific health benefits. Oil producing plants, one of the many plants used as sources of oil, either cultivated or grown in...

E-cigarette has been marketed over years as one of alternative smoking cessation aid offered for consumer worldwide. The addition of flavouring in e-liquid has become a major factor that contributes to the appeal of using e-cigarette among a non-smoker and youngster has raised concerns due to possible risk and hazard outcomes in daily usage is rema...

Natural astaxanthin is known to be produced by green microalgae, a potent producer of the most powerful antioxidant. To increase the productivity of astaxanthin in microalgae, random mutagenesis has been extensively used to improve the yield of valuable substances. In the presented work, a newly isolated Coelastrum sp. was randomly mutagenized by e...

A newly isolated green microalga, Coelastrum sp. has the capability to produce and accumulate astaxanthin under various stress conditions. At present, a mutant G1-C1 of Coelastrum sp. obtained through chemical mutagenesis using ethyl methane sulfonate displayed an improvement in astaxanthin accumulation, which was 2-fold higher than that of the wil...

Microalgae are known to be a potential resource of high-value metabolites that can be used in the growing field of biotechnology. These metabolites constitute valuable compounds with a wide range of applications that strongly enhance a bio-based economy. Among these metabolites, astaxanthin is considered the most important secondary metabolite, hav...

Background and Objective: Astaxanthin is a keto-carotenoid pigment known as one of the most valuable compounds with great potentials in the market. It has widely been used in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries due to its strong antioxidant activity. Green microalgae seem as promising natural sources in production of astaxa...

One-step bioconversion of biovanillin using Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC 24725 with lemongrass leaves hydrolysates (LLH) was performed in batch culture. Initially, optimization of the lignocellulosic pretreatment practices using liquid hot-water with sodium bisulfite (0.5% w/v) towards the release of the ferulic acids was exhaustively investiga...

Lignocellulosic components were grossly considered recalcitrant. Thus, several researchers have engaged in determining certain pre-treatment techniques that would have the tendency of attacking, degrading, and depolymerizing this complex structure, followed by subsequent use of microorganisms for bioproducts production. Therefore, this review prese...

Application of biotechnological tools as an imminent basis for biovanillin production was established promising using microbes via utilization of readily available agro-based supplies as precursors, and the process was universally accepted as natural. However, the production process was confronted with certain bottlenecks including undesired produc...

Astaxanthin is one of the most important secondary metabolites with superior antioxidant property and is widely applied in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals industry. Recently, the production of astaxanthin from natural source has been mainly focused on the green microalgae, Haematococcus pluvialis, as it can accumulate large amounts of astaxanthi...

To date, there is sparse information for the genus Robertkochia with Robertkochia marina CC-AMO-30DT as the only described member. We report here a new species isolated from mangrove soil collected at Malaysia Tanjung Piai National Park and perform polyphasic characterization to determine its taxonomic position. Strain CL23T is a Gram-negative, yel...

The termite gut is a highly structured microhabitat with physicochemically distinct regions. It is generally separated into the foregut, midgut and hindgut. The distribution of gut microbiota is greatly influenced by varying physicochemical conditions within the gut. Thus, each gut compartment has a unique microbial population structure. In this st...

Various pretreatments have been employed to pretreat oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) to improve sugars production via enzymatic degradation reaction. However, less attention has been paid to investigate the effects of surfactant addition in the OPEFB degradation process. Therefore, the effects of surfactants on degradation of pretreated OPEFB by...

In current practice, oil palm frond leaflets and stems are re-used for soil nutrient recycling, while the petioles are typically burned. Frond petioles have high commercialization value, attributed to high lignocellulose fiber content and abundant of juice containing free reducing sugars. Pressed petiole fiber is the subject of interest in this stu...

The rapid boom of new technologies in various industries created an intense interest toward the development of renewable energy especially in developing ASEAN countries. An increase in world population (over 6 billion people), especially in ASEAN countries where there is the highest growth in population, forced countries to seek for more renewable...

Thermostable cellulase plays an important role in the process of converting lignocellulosic waste to biofuel. A culture-dependent approach may not effectively discover new thermostable cellulase, hemicellulase, or lignin-acting enzymes, since many thermophiles are not culturable in general laboratory setups. Due to this limitation, culture-independ...

The rate of ethanol production can be affected by different parameters that involved during fermentation. In this study, acid treated cocoa waste (CW) was used as a lignocellulosic substrate for ethanol production in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using microorganism isolated from locally fermented food tapai ubi and tapai...

Flavor and aroma cannot be separated in food industries. The manipulation of the ingredients to increase the taste has started since early civilization. Common example of the earliest application of ingredients to increase the savory taste of the food is soy sauce production. The process of digging out the aroma and flavor includes frying, stewing,...

Bacteria with the abilities to degrade crude oil were isolated from soil, activated sludge and biological treatment lagoon of the local petrochemical industries. For the biodegradation process, n-alkanes, of varying carbon chain length, C16–C38, were used. Out of the 12 cultures of bacteria isolated, 3 of the best oil degraders were partially ident...

Significant amounts of lignocellulosic waste biomass are produced annually. Lignocellulose degrading enzymes play a crucial role in converting the woody materials into sugars and biofuels. The aims of this work were to isolate and characterise the microorganisms from Bulbitermes sp. termite gut with the ability to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes...

Abstract The continuous growth and demand for our textiles and textile products have resulted in the generation of highly polluted and coloured wastewater emanating from the textile industries. These are detrimental to the environment and pose health threats to the human population if not properly treated. The treatment of colour is a great challen...

The recent study has demonstrated the effects of different nitrogen sources on vanillin production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Primary screening supported maximum biotransformation of ferulic acid (from lemongrass leaves hydrolysate) to vanillin by using ammonium chloride and yeast extract as inorganic and organic nitrogen source, respectively....

Climate change is a natural phenomenon where significant change in weather patterns in a certain region of the world is observed. Interestingly, the earth's climate has changed throughout its history mostly as a result of minor variations in the earth's orbit that change the amount of solar energy it received. Only recently, however, climate change...

In this paper, we reported that oil pam trunk (OPT) can be used as an alternative fermentation feedstock for lignocellulolytic enzyme production and carbon source for bioethanol production. Xylanase production from OPT by locally isolated fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus SK1, under solid-state fermentation (SSF), was optimized using central composite...

This paper proposes to investigate the interplay between time delay and external noise in explaining the behaviour of the microbial growth in batch fermentation process. Time delay and noise are modelled jointly via stochastic delay differential equations (SDDEs). The typical behaviour of cell concentration in batch fermentation process under this...

This study presents the isolation and screening of fungi with excellent ability to degrade untreated oil palm trunk (OPT) in solid-state fermentation system (SSF). Qualitative assay of cellulases and xylanase indicates notable secretion of both enzymes by twelve fungal strains from laboratory collection and five strains isolated from contaminated w...

A study was conducted to screen parameters affecting the production of cellulase by Aspergillus fumigatus SK1 on solid state fermentation of oil palm empty fruit bunch using the application of 2-level factorial design. Through the two-Level full Factorial Design (2LFD), the experimental design was employed to screen the significant environmental fa...

In this paper, the stochastic growth logistic model with aftereffect for the cell growth of C. acetobutylicum P262 and Luedeking-Piret equations for solvent production in batch fermentation system is introduced. The parameters values of the mathematical models are estimated via Levenberg-Marquardt optimization method of non-linear least squares. We...

The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize psychrotrophic bacteria resistant to antibiotic and metals from cold samples of refrigerated spoiled food and ice. Two isolates named H and F were successfully isolated from samples incubated at 10°C and 4°C, respectively. Both isolates were able to grow at 4°C, 10°C, 20°C and 30°C and exhibited...

The production of pullulanase by Bacillus flavothermus KWF-1 in batch and fed batch culture were compared using 2L bioreactor. In batch culture, 0.0803U/mL of pullulanase activity with specific activity of 0.0213U/mg was produced by controlling the agitation speed and temperature at 200rpm and 50°C, respectively. Fed batch production was studied by...

The aim of the present study was to improve pullulanase production from the thermophilic Anoxybacillus species strain SK3-4 by medium engineering. The strain was isolated from a Malaysian hot spring, Sungai Klah (SK). The optimization processes were performed in two stages using 24 full factorial design and central composite rotatable design (CCRD)...

Biohydrogen production from biomass is attracting many researchers in developing a renewable, clean and environmental friendly biofuel. The biohydrogen producer, Clostridium butyricum A1, was successfully isolated from landfill soil. This strain produced a biohydrogen yield of 1.90 mol H 2 /mol glucose with productivity of 170 mL/L/h using pure glu...

Astaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment found in several aquatic organisms, is responsible for the red colour of salmon, trout and crustaceans. In this study, astaxanthin production from freshwater microalga Chlorella sorokiniana and marine microalga Tetraselmis sp. was investigated. Cell growth and astaxanthin production were determined spectrophotometr...

An amylopullulanase of the thermophilic Anoxybacillus sp. SK3-4 (ApuASK) was purified to homogeneity and characterized. Though amylopullulanases larger than 200 kDa are rare, the molecular mass of purified ApuASK appears to be approximately 225 kDa, on both SDS-PAGE analyses and native-PAGE analyses. ApuASK was stable between pH 6.0 and pH 8.0 and...

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) was pretreated with 2% (v/v) HNO3 and degraded by Aspergillus niger EFB1 crude cellulase. Through 2 Level Factorial Design (2LFD), it was found that OPEFB concentration, temperature, incubation time, concentration of Tween 80 and agitation speed have significant effect in reducing sugar production. A standard Resp...

Non-parametric modeling is a method which relies heavily on data and motivated by the smoothness properties in estimating a function which involves spline and non-spline approaches. Spline approach consists of a regression spline and a smoothing spline. Regression spline with Bayesian approach is considered in the first step of a two-step method in...

One of the major advantages of biofuel over fossil fuel is that it is environmentally friendly but unfortunately most of the chemicals used in the pretreatment of lignocelluloses biomass to produce biofuel can cause adverse effects to the environment. In this study, ionic liquid was used for the pretreatment of cocoa waste. Its effectiveness in the...

Two thermophilic bacteria (SK3-4 and DT3-1) were isolated from the Sungai Klah (SK) and Dusun Tua (DT) hot springs in Malaysia. The cells from both strains were rod-shaped, stained Gram positive and formed endospores. The optimal growth of both strains was observed at 55 degrees C and pH 7. Strain DT3-1 exhibited a higher tolerance to chloramphenic...

The response surface method was applied in this study to improve cellulase production from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) by Botryosphaeria rhodina. An experimental design based on a two-level factorial was employed to screen the significant environmental factors for cellulase production. The locally isolated fungus Botryosphaeria rhodina was c...

A study was conducted to screen parameters affecting the production of endoglucanase by Trichoderma reesei RUT C-30 on solid state fermentation of oil palm empty fruit bunch using the Plackett-Burman design. Factors involved in the screening process were peptone concentration, urea concentration, ammonium sulfate concentration, calcium nitrate conc...

A feeding trial was conducted for 49 days to evaluate the effect of partially substituting fishmeal with fermented prawn waste liquor (FPWL) in juvenile sea bass diets at 10%, 20%, and 30% of the total diet. Growth performance of sea bass from 16 g up to 40 g fed with FPWL-supplemented diet was not significantly different from the all fishmeal cont...

Aquaculture sector is highly dependent on adequate supply of cheap and nutritional feedstuffs. Locally, dependency on expensive imported proteinaceous raw materials is a major constraint for aquaculture development. In this chapter, the potential of fermented prawn waste (Penaeus monodon) silage as an alternative protein source is reported. Bacteri...

Medium development for chitinase production by Trichoderma virens was first carried out using conventional method of one-factor-at-a-time. The medium was further optimized using Central Composite Design in which response surface was generated later from the derived model. An experimental design of four variables including various initial pH values,...

Fluctuations are inherent property of many physical systems in biology, epidemiology, finance and chemical reactions. They are recognized as unknown disturbances or stochastic effects. In order to describe the system embedded with the above effect, the system is modelled using stochastic differential equations (SDEs). This work is carried out to mo...

Non-parametric modeling is a method which relies heavily on data and motivated by the smoothness properties in estimating a function which involves spline and non-spline approach. Spline approach consists of regression spline and smoothing spline. The former with Bayesian approach is considered in the first step of a two-step method in estimating t...

In this paper, we estimate the drift and diffusion parameters of the stochas-tic logistic models for the growth of Clostridium Acetobutylicum P262 using Levenberg-Marquardt optimization method of non linear least squares. The parameters are esti-mated for five different substrates. The solution of the deterministic models has been approximated usin...

The optimization of fermentation medium for the production of chitinase by Bacillus licheniformis TH-1 was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on the two level factorial design. This procedure limited the number of actual experiments performed while allowing for possible interactions between 5 components. RSM was adopted to d...

Shrimps have been a popular raw material for the burgeoning marine and food industry contributing to increasing marine waste. Shrimp waste, which is rich in organic compounds is an abundant source of chitin, a natural polymer of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GluNac), a reducing sugar. For this respect, chitinase-producing fungi have been extensively stud...

This paper presents results on the effect of fermentation variables on CGTase production from Bacillus stearothermophilus HR1. Initial screening of temperature, pH and agitation speed was determined using a 2-level full factorial design. In this study, we have improved the production of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) from Bacillus stearot...

The profile of enzymes relevant to solvent production during direct fermentation of sago starch by Clostridium saccharobutylicum P262 in a 2 L stirred tank fermenter was determined utilizing different pH control strategies. During fermentation without pH control (initial pH of 6), the specific activity of crotonase, thiolase, and β-hydroxybutyryl-C...

Optimisation of nutrient feeding was developed to overcome the limitation in batch fermentation and to increase the CGTase production from Bacillus sp. TS1-1 in fed batch fermentation. Optimisation of the C/N ratio in the feed stream was conducted in a 5 l fermenter, where feeding was initiated at constant rate of 0.02 h−1. In our initial screening...

Bioremediation based on microbial technologies has been extensively used for treating coloured textile wastewater. In this research, the potential application of the indigenous and exogenous bacterial cultures, found as biofilm were investigated for colour removal. Initial study in the treatment of the textile wastewater showed that the mechanism i...

Growth and kojic acid production by Aspergillus flavus Link 44-1 were studied at different levels of dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) using a 2-l stirred tank fermenter. In all experiments, agitation was fixed at 600 rpm and DOT was controlled at different levels by varying airflow rates. Single-phase DOT control at three different levels (30, 50, an...

In this paper, we estimated the drift and diffusion parameters of the stochastic logistic models for th e growth of Clostridium Acetobutylicum P262 using Levenberg Marquardt optimization method. The parameters had been estimated for three different substrates. Milstein scheme had been used to approximate the solution of stocha stic differential equ...

This study was conducted in order to characterize propulsion and control surface (caudal fin) of Anabas testudineus (puyu) based on distance travelled, resultant speed and acceleration. Fish was trained to swim along a 2 x 1 feet long aquarium. Two fish (adult and juvenile) were kept in the aquarium at a time to stimulate a competitive situation an...

A total of 60 potential sulfur-oxidizing bacteria isolated from the Effective Microorganisms (EM) sample were screened for sulfide oxidase producer. Out of 60 isolates, 11 strains were able to produce sulfide oxidase and the most superior sulfide oxidase producer was known as strain SO02. Strain SO02 produced 6.83 U/ml sulfide oxidase with specific...