About
130
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Introduction
My current research interests are primarily in the area of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) in general and Telecommunications & Networking in particular.
Most of my research work/projects fall in the areas of Wireless Networks, Mobile Communications, Multimedia Systems, Transceiver Signal Processing, Smart Systems, Consumer Electronics, Social Communication & Networking etc.
Current institution
Additional affiliations
October 1987 - December 1990
November 2003 - present
July 1997 - June 2002
Education
October 1987 - December 1990
July 1982 - June 1984
July 1977 - July 1982
Publications
Publications (130)
In recent years, Internet of medical things (IoMT) has gained a lot of interest in research. Frozen shoulder is a serious muscular condition which restricts the movement of shoulder muscles of the patient. In this paper, the state of the art technologies in the field of physical rehabilitation to offer remote rehabilitation services tailored for in...
Internet of Things (IoT) aims to connect billions of smart devices to the internet. This promises many new applications for sustainable and smart cities. Vehicular pollution tracking and control is a challenge in modern cities. In the previous works, researchers have proposed various network based solutions for monitoring of air quality in cities....
Existing systems for safety of bike riders do not check drunken driving and wearing of helmet prior to bike start. In this paper, the authors propose a novel system that uses human pulse detection to ensure that the bike rider is wearing helmet. A breath alcohol sensor is used to detect the possibility of drunken riding. The proposed system is desi...
In unequal error protection (UEP) schemes, the bits are protected according to their significance in terms of distortion reduction capability during the reconstruction process. The conventional UEP schemes are primarily designed either using forward error correction at application layer of network architecture, or hierarchical modulation at the phy...
Maintaining suitable environmental conditions like soil moisture, temperature, humidity etc. is required for good crop produce in industrial greenhouses. Internet of Things (IoT) can enable a complete remote visualisation and control of greenhouse environmental parameters in real time. The state of art systems use zigbee based wireless sensor netwo...
This paper aims to investigate the effect of phonological features on online written text
messages. Data were collected from ninety ESL Indian students at Aligarh Muslim
University with regards to their Facebook-based chats. The dataset was fed into SPSS for
analysis. Major findings showed that the respondents tend to use vowels deletion, substi...
The main objective of the present study is to explore the linguistic features which characterize English used by texters. It also aims to investigate if texting follows any specific pattern. As this study aimed to investigate the linguistic features of texting and their impact on the structure of Standard English, the data of the study were collect...
Overindulgence in social networking, in general, and texting, in particular, is much in practice. It is cutting across various population boundaries and has almost assumed an endemic proportion. Its consequential impact on the standard language has acquired greater importance. This paper aims to determine the perceptions and attitudes of English Se...
Overindulgence in social networking, in general, and texting, in particular, is much in practice. It is cutting across various population boundaries and has almost assumed an endemic proportion. Its consequential impact on the standard language has acquired greater importance. This paper aims to determine the perceptions and attitudes of English Se...
High infant mortality rate in developing countries is an issue of serious concern. Timely detection of emergency health conditions of the baby and maintaining suitable environmental conditions for infants can help in a significant and positive way to reduce infant mortality rate. This paper presents the development of a novel cloud integrated wirel...
Opportunistic and dynamic white space networking is a potential method to help meet the rising bandwidth requirements of current and next generation wireless applications. Reliable primary user signal detection (spectrum sensing) is an important task carried out by cognitive radio devices to implement white space networks in underutilised licensed...
Waste management is an issue of serious concern in modern urban scenario with exponentially rising population. Apart from the need to reduce the costs incurred in garbage management, the municipality, at the same time has to ensure a safe and healthy environment for the citizens. This paper presents the development of a cloud integrated wireless ga...
Population growth, accelerating waste generation, and growing environment concerns have made the waste management increasingly critical. In this paper, we have addressed the application of wireless technology to waste-removal system. A prototype wireless apparatus and electronic system for optimizing a garbage pick-up schedule of a number of trash...
Crowd sourcing applications are now being used for performing wireless measurements. These applications measure and log a number of wireless signal parameters/metrics like RSSI, RSRP, throughput, latency to name a few. These can be used in network performance characterization and subsequent optimization. These applications are available as open sou...
Cognitive radio networks, in interweave mode of operation, use dynamic spectrum access scheme. This approach necessitates sensing the spectrum to reliably determine the spectrum holes available for transmission and detect the existence of primary users. In this paper, energy detection and matched filter based methods are studied through Monte Carlo...
In view of increasing use of video transmission over wireless channels, a lot of research efforts have been made to trade-off the error resiliency and transmission bandwidth requirements. This in turn has led to development of various unequal error protection (UEP) schemes. In this paper, the performance of optimized 2-layered and 3-layered UEP sch...
Due to the huge investments in R&D in the area of Wireless networks in general, and Mobile Communications and computing in particular, both in the academia and the industry, there has been tremendous outcome in terms of new technologies being developed, as well as resulting products and services. We have in fact now moved on from terms like ‘Ubiqui...
This paper presents a study of the effects of texting on English language comprehension. The authors believe that English used in texting causes a lack of comprehension for English speakers, learners, and texters. Wei, Xian-hai and Jiang (2008:3) declare “In Netspeak, there are some newly-created vocabularies, which people cannot comprehend them ei...
Peer to Peer (P2P) Networks have the potential of scalability and fault tolerance due to their decentralised nature in contrast to the existing Client-Server(C-S) model of Internet. In this paper, the possibility of using P2P Networks as Internet overlay architecture is explored. To evaluate Quality of Service (QoS) of the P2P architecture, generic...
Software Defined Radio (SDR) refers to the class of reprogrammable and reconfigurable radios in which same piece of hardware can perform different functions at different times. SDR is an emerging technology for multi-service, multi-standard, multi-band, reconfigurable radio systems, which are reprogrammable by software. This paper describes the des...
The rapid evolution of GPUs in performance, architecture, and programmability can provide application potential beyond their primary purpose of graphics processing. This paper uses an NVIDIA GeForce 560 Ti GPU as a Software Defined Radio (SDR) Transceiver. Further the channel coding is used to minimize the bit errors introduced by the channel. This...
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) provides a bridge between real physical and virtual world and allow the ability to observe the previously unobservable at a fine resolution over large spatial-temporal scales. WSN have a wide range of potential applications in industry, science, transportation, civil infrastructure and security. Of many applications o...
To be able to communicate and compute anywhere and anytime has been one of the goals for last few decades. Due to the huge investments in R&D in the area of Wireless networks in general, and Mobile Communications and computing in particular, both in the academia and the industry, there has been tremendous outcome in terms of new technologies being...
Wireless Sensor Network sensor nodes are designed to sense, compute and collect information, and based on some decision processing, they transmit the sensed data to the end user. This paper proposes a system that utilizes the WSN for the purpose of landmine detection. The project aims to develop network of unmanned vehicle for the detection of meta...
This paper proposes a fuzzy based inference system based on the factors of expected throughput and actual throughput to dynamically adjust the congestion window size to improve the performance of TCP in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). The proposed scheme does not rely on any explicit feedback from the network and requires only sender side modifica...
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are becoming increasingly popular as they can be densely deployed even in aggressive and inaccessible environments to monitor and regulate the environment efficiently. This paper deals with monitoring and regulation of temperature at the site of deployment of sensor node using a small scale state-of-the-art WSN which...
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient multiplexing technique which is being used in many wireless communication systems. This paper describes a simple OFDM transceiver where the QPSK mapping / demapping is used and an 8-point complex IDFT/DFT blocks used for Software Defined Radio (SDR). The whole system is designed, dev...
Resilience to large scale blackouts is one of the most important features of Smart grid. Fast and accurate real time monitoring throughout the grid is a fundamental requirement to make the power grid more resilient. Phasor measurement units may be deployed in the power grid to achieve this feature. Considering the economic constraints and observabi...
TCP was designed for wired networks and the sender assumes that packet loss is an indicator of network congestion, but this assumption may not apply to Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). In Mobile Ad Hoc networks, performance of the standard TCP is significantly degraded due to characteristics of MANET such as route failures due to node mobility and...
The smart grid will be a power grid more “aware” of its operating state and having the ability to self-heal. These features may be incorporated into the grid by implementing a phasor measurement units based wide area measurement system. Such a system will help in better real time monitoring and control of the grid. However, the wide area measuremen...
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is designed for wired networks and the sender assumes that packet loss is an indicator of network congestion. However, this assumption may not apply to Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Numerous transmission control protocols have been proposed in the literature to address the problem of congestion in MANETs. Thei...
Software Defined Radio (SDR) is an emerging field in the area of Digital Communications. The ever growing interest in SDR systems lies in the fact that it can provide multi-standard architecture. This paper describes a dynamically reconfigurable architecture of an SDR system on a Model Based Development (MBD) platform which is a new approach and sa...
Power grids, throughout the world, are operated as large interconnected networks to ensure reliability of
supply in an economic way. The interconnected nature of power network makes it vulnerable and sometimes even a small disturbance in the grid may propagate and result in a blackout. Investigations into major blackouts of the decade in the world...
Installation of modern sensing devices is an integral requirement in the transition of a conventional power grid to smart grid. Phasor measurements synchronized through GPS presents one such alternative to enhance the monitoring and control feature in the power grid. Due to the high financial implications, these units should be deployed optimally i...
Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are being deployed by the utilities in their power networks throughout the world for better monitoring of dynamic operating conditions. Installation of a sufficient number of PMUs will convert the non-linear iterative state estimation problem into a linear non iterat ive state measurement problem. Ho wever the power...
High transmission bit rate in wireless channels gives rise to severe inter-symbol interference (ISI) and this makes the detection task very challenging. In such cases, Near-Maximum-Likelihood (NML) detection gives good performance. This paper describes the Design and Testing of a QPSK transceiver using NML detection on an NVIDIA Graphics Processing...
There has been an unprecedented growth in the area mobile communications and computing industry during last few years. The success of wireless networks with rapid advances in the technology demands major research and development work not only in new theoretical concepts but also development of new practical sub-systems and components needed for thi...
High transmission bit rate in futuristic wireless channels gives rise to severe inter-symbol interference (ISI) and this makes the detection task very challenging. In such cases, Near-Maximum-Likelihood (NML) detection gives much better performance compared to traditionally used equalizers. This paper describes the implementation of a 16-QAM transc...
Transmission Control protocol has been essentially designed for wired networks, and its performance is not good for wireless networks. The objective of the present work is therefore to study a fuzzy based inference system based on the factors of expected throughput and actual throughput to dynamically adjust the congestion window size to improve th...
Forward Error Correction (FEC) plays an important role in today's Digital Communications Systems. This paper describes the design and implementation of the FEC, the (8,4) Block Coder and 8×8 Interleaver in a Binary Phase Shift Keying Transceiver on a Model Based Development platform for a Software Defined Radio (SDR) system. Model Based Development...
India is world's sixth largest energy consumer, accounting for 3.4% of global energy consumption. To serve the energy needs of the country in a better way, the utilities have been working on interconnecting the different regional power grids into a unified national grid. However this increase in reliability comes at a price of increased risk associ...
Indian power grid has evolved into a huge complex infrastructure. The process of making a National grid is also underway. The developments in the area of smart grid technology around the World have led to a paradigm shift in the way power grids have been monitored and controlled. In order to have a national smart grid, the government of India has a...
Automatic assessment of speech quality is one of the most important problems in mobile communication. In this paper the authors evaluate audio quality over frequency selective fading channel by using objective measurement model, Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality (PEAQ). We use basic version of PEAQ model which gives audio quality in terms of 1...
In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), the TCP performance is significantly degraded due to some characteristics of MANETs such as mobility, multi-hop routing, dynamic topology, distributed control and management. In TCP the sender assumes that packet loss is an indicator of network congestion. However, this assumption may not apply to MANETs. In this...
This paper describes the design, development and implementation of Binary Phase Shift Keying Transmitter and Receiver for Software Defined Radio on a Model Based Development Platform. Model Based Development reduces the system design considerably as compared to conventional method. Advanced system design concepts including simulation, code generati...
It is known that handwriting is a very important skill as it is part of our identity and losing handwriting means losing a part of our identity. In this paper, we discussed “handwriting endangerment” to refer to the situations where parents who are handwriters and users of pens and pencils deliberately choose not to teach the art of handwriting to...
This paper presents a study of the effect of texting on the English language structure. The authors believe that texting has a passive impact on Standard English. In this paper the authors deal with the characteristics of texting, how it started, why we text, and the dangers of this language. The authors of this paper believe that texting can be a...
In this paper, we investigate the effects of node's mobility on the throughput of TCP variants such as Reno and Vegas. Reno views the packet loss as signal of network congestion, while Vegas uses the difference in the expected and actual throughput rates as network congestion indicator. Simulation results from the implementation of different simula...
The implementation of a smart power grid is at present, an active area of research for different utilities and countries. Functionally, a smart grid should be able to provide new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. A smart grid is expected to respond to threats, material failures, and other...
High transmission bit rate in futuristic mobile channels gives rise to severe inter-symbol interference (ISI) and this makes the detection task very challenging. Thus a smart detector such as near maximum likelihood detector (NMLD) is needed and is the subject of study in this paper. Performance assessment of near-optimal NMLD over such channels as...
High transmission bit rate in futuristic mobile channels gives rise to severe inter-symbol interference (ISI) and this makes the detection task very challenging. Thus a smart detector such as near maximum likelihood detector (NMLD) is required and is the subject of our study in this paper. Performance assessment of near-optimal NMLD over such chann...
Bluetooth based new wireless applications can increase comfort and security by automation of the tasks earlier controlled manually. In this paper advantages of low cost, low power and robustness of Bluetooth have been exploited to propose and implement two new consumer systems in the form of a garage door opening system and an electronic attendance...
The paper compares the objective quality of standard test image akio.yuv for DCT coefficients to integer transform coefficients conversion & vice versa for the purpose of MPEG-2 to H.264 & vice versa transcoding. The conversions are compared on the basis of PSNR (peak signal to noise ratio) between original & reconstructed image after transcoding.
High transmission bit rate in futuristic mobile channels gives rise to severe ISI and this makes the detection task very challenging. Thus a smart detector such as Near Maximum Likelihood (NML) detector is needed and is the subject of study in this paper. Performance assessment of near-optimal NML detectors over such channels assumes great importan...
In order to accommodate various multimedia services, next generation wireless networks are characterized by very high transmission bit rates. Thus, in such systems and networks, the received signal is not only limited by noise but - especially with increasing symbols rate often more significantly by the intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by the...
In modern society home and office automation has become increasingly important, providing ways to interconnect various home appliances. This interconnection results in faster transfer of information within home/offices leading to better home management and improved user experience. Home Automation, in essence, is a technology that integrates variou...
This paper describes the performance of adaptive non-linear equalizers (NLE) and Near Maximum Likelihood Detectors (NMLD) in different mobile radio environments. Computer simulation tests have been carried out to assess the performance of both linear as well as non-linear equalizers using the transmission of 4-level Quadrature Amplitude Modulated (...
While most of today’s mobile radio applications operate on a narrowband channel, this paper investigates a wideband mobile radio channel for next generation system. In this paper a number of different cases of mobile radio channels have been simulated. These channels have different number of reflected paths with different power distribution in the...
The invasion of telecommunication into all aspects of our daily life has created a new meaning for the word network. In fact, network concept has now begun to move from the workplace to the home. All the home appliances are being networked to provide complete home automation and such a network of home appliance is called as home automation network....
Software-defined radio (SDR) is a new and a very useful technology that allows one radio platform to service multiple radio standards. Determining the digital hardware composition of a software radio is a key design step in its creation. The hardware design of course is much more complex for software radio that conventional radio because of its add...
The paper compares the performance of 4 x 4 block based discrete cosine transforms(DCT) with conventional 8 x 8 DCT .The small size DCT is suitable for mobile applications using low power devices as fast computation speed is required for real time applications. The comparison is done on the basis of computation time and objective quality, based on...
The effect of inter symbol interference (ISI) in communication systems can be done through equalization. This paper deals with the performance of the linear and nonlinear equalizers for some fading channels such as those found in indoor mobile radio environments. A linear equalizer gives the good performance in case those channels, where the ISI is...
Next generation wireless systems are characterized by high transmission bit rates which gives rise to severe Intersymbol interference (ISI) and this makes the detection process very challenging. Hence, assessment of performance of near-optimal detectors like Near Maximum Likelihood Detectors (NMLD) over such channels assumes great importance. This...
The three different algorithms for computing 8 x 8 block based Discrete Cosine Transforms (DCTs) are compared on the basis of computation time and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). For wireless and low power mobile applications it is required that computation time of transform should be small. Using transform in integer domain along with fast algo...
Video transmission over wireless networks faces several challenges, such as time-varying error rate, bandwidth variation and limitation, battery power limitation. This in turn brings out the need for error resilient video transport, low power dissipation and high compression efficiency. Next generation wireless networks are likely to operate on int...
This paper describes the design and implementation of a VHDL processor meant for performing 2D-Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) to use in image compression applications. The design flow starts from the system specification to implementation on silicon and the entire process is carried out using an advanced workstation based design environment for di...
This paper describes the design and implementation of a VLSI process for a DCT codec to use in digital consumer products. The design flow starts from the system specification to implementation process on silicon. The entire process is carried out using an advanced workstation based design environment for digital signal processing. To ensure that th...
This paper describes the use of Electronic Design Automation (EDA) for implementing On-Chip 2D-Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) image compression algorithm. The design flow starts from the system specification to implementation on silicon and the whole process is carried out using an advanced EDA tools for digital signal processing. The software all...
Video transmission over Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) mobile channel employing MPEG-4 visual coding standard is proposed in this paper. Detail parameters of the proposed systems are discussed in this paper. Performance of the proposed systems was evaluated in Average Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (APSNR) versus Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Bit...
The security mechanisms for Simple Network Management Protocol version 1 and version 2 (SNMPv1 and SNMPv2) are trivial, and therefore its potential to be a network management protocol has been limited to merely an observation/monitoring protocol. These security concerns were addressed by SNMPv3 (USM and VACM), but it is complex and difficult to imp...
The security mechanisms for Simple Network Management Protocol version 1 and version 2 (SNMPv1 and SNMPv2) are trivial, and therefore its potential to be a network management protocol has been limited to merely an observation/monitoring protocol. These security concerns were addressed by SNMPv3 (USM and VACM), but it is complex and difficult to imp...
Video over wireless communication (VoW) has a lot of potential applications in home and office environment. The mergence of two new technologies, namely Bluetooth and MPEG-4, will prove useful in implementing VoW. Video transmission over wireless channel can be made possible by transmitting MPEG-4 bit streams over Bluetooth channels. This paper pre...
The effectiveness of MPEG-4 video error resilience tools are presented in this paper. MPEG-4 video quality measured in average peak signal to noise ratio (APSNR) that can be achieved in different channel conditions with the use of different combinations of MPEG-4 video error resilience tools will be presented in this paper.
MPEG-4 is the most recent standard for audiovisual representation published by International Organization for Standardization, targeted for future interactive multimedia video communications calling for content-based functionalities, universal access in error prone environments and high coding efficiency. Besides the provisions for content-based fu...
The performance evaluation for Application Secure Simple Network Management Protocol (APSSNMP) was presented. The objective of the APSSNMP was to solve the security issues faced by Simple Network Management Protocol version 1 and 2 (SNMPv1 and SNMPv2). It was suggested that the APSSNMP allows a manager to set values to an agent with confidentiality...
Paper presented by M. Salim Beg
Video over wireless communication (VoW) has many potential applications in the home and office environments. The emergence of two new technologies, namely Bluetooth and MPEG-4, is likely to prove useful in implementing VoW. Video transmission over a wireless channel can be made possible by transmitting MPEG-4 bit streams over Bluetooth channels. Th...
The paper deals with a. research project dealing with the transmission of video over terrestrial trunked radio (TETRA) mobile channels. The deployment of a reliable and efficient video communication service over TETRA mobile channels faces two major constraints: TETRA's limited available bandwidth and high channel error rates. For these reasons, th...
The purpose of this paper is to compare the difference in impact and quality of wavelet filters in comparison with JPEG by plotting the SNR versus Bpp. The wavelet filters used are Daubechies and Symlets. The compression simulations are done on three different types of test images (natural, synthetic and text). The qualitative and quantitive result...
Existing IP routing algorithms have been developed mainly for non-VLAN networks. For these routing algorithms to work, an end station must be attached to its associated network. The introduction of VLAN has, however, allowed the physical location of the end station to be changed from time to time. Therefore, some extra mechanism is required to supp...
Network appliances are getting more popular and common both in the
household and in industry. As more items become network aware, the
variety of items also increases drastically. This leads to more
heterogeneous systems with different vendors providing different
implementations. As network appliances' functionality is expanded,
people develop a gre...
This paper describes a simple method of implementing an IP subnet VLAN. Normally, switches have to exchange VLAN membership information with its neighboring switches via some form of VLAN registration protocol. This is to ensure proper operation of VLAN forwarding and VLAN filtering services in a LAN. However, in the implementation done by the auth...
This paper deals with investigations into the performance of some adaptive equalizers in different mobile radio environments. Computer simulation tests have been carried out to assess the performance of both linear as well as non-linear equalizers using the transmission of 4-level Quadrature Amplitude Modulated signal. This has been measured in ter...
VLAN learning may be performed via inspection of the received frame. Some bridges will not be able to perform VLAN learning via frame inspection due to MAC bridging, VLAN filtering and IP routing process. End-stations attached to these bridges will not be able to join into their VLAN unless all the bridges exchange learnt VLAN information between e...
Questions
Questions (5)
In order to introduce new services on wireless/ mobile devices providing higher data rates, there is a need for installation of latest commercial wireless networks (such as 4G and 5G systems, particularly the latter). However, these 4G and 5G systems need much more wider frequency bands for operation compared to their predecessors. The increasing pressure to introduce newer services is forcing a phasing out of older technologies so that more spectrum may be freed. While 1G services were stopped long back, most of the countries now have either already shut down 2G services or they are in the process of doing so. In the same context, I think it is now expected that operators in some countries may be actively considering the possibility of shutting down 3G services also. Is there already a hint of a possible trend being pursued by network operators for switching off the 3G services?
Electromagnetic (EM) waves have invoked a lot of interest among scientists and engineers over centuries. And this interest seems to be on the rise, in view of new applications of EM waves being explored and developed, particularly at newer and higher frequencies.
Propagation characteristics of EM wave depend on its frequency (or wavelength), to a large extent. And when an EM wave interacts with an object/material, it undergoes reflection, refraction, scattering, attenuation, diffraction, and/or absorption. Each of these effects are dependent on the frequency of the EM wave(s) because the size of wavelength (relative to the object/material) assumes great significance.
And due to the huge range of frequencies of EM waves employed in various applications these days, they undergo a variety of different effects. This confuses the scientific community sometimes as it is often unclear as to which effect is more dominant at what frequency.
Thus a single mathematical formula (or a small set of formulae) would/could be of great help if different effects (as listed above) and their relative weights can be known at different frequencies. This may be of great boon to young scientists and engineers as it would simplify things particularly for those who are mathematically minded.
With rapidly increasing subscriber base of 4G mobile systems almost throughout the world, there is a trend to phase out older generation technologies (like 2G and 3 G). This phasing out of older technologies is happening differently in different regions. While some operators have stopped their 2G services as early as 2008, others do not seem to be in a great hurry to do that. Countries like Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Macau have totally stopped their 2G services already. Thus, East Asia is perhaps leading the way with regard to switching-off 2G networks. On the other hand, in some European countries it is expected that 2G may even outlive 3G, UMTS systems. Is there a global time-line to be pursued by network operators for 2G switch-off?
Standard Definition (SD) TV lasted quite long. But we moved on to High Definition (HD) TV approximately around turn of the century and then to Ultra-High Definition (UHD) TV (4k & 8k systems) in a relatively short span of time, and they have already become common household items. Should we expect further increase in resolutions in near future, and are there any serious Research & Development efforts targeting this? Or, are we nearing/reaching a peak in terms of resolution? Also, for viewing by human eye, what would be a near-maximum resolution of screens desired beyond which the average human eye would not be able to resolve, perhaps?
With regard to small scale fading of a received signal in a mobile/wireless environment, I wonder if some kind of statistics are available which may tell us about the relative importance of different types of small-scale fading. In other words, in a given geographical area of certain type (let us say), what are the (approximate) respective percentages of (i) signals which are Rayleigh-distributed, (ii) signals which are Rice-distributed, (iii) signals which are Nakagami-distributed?
