Lynn T Kozlowski

University at Buffalo, State University of New York | SUNY Buffalo · Department of Community Health and Health Behavior

Background: Tobacco companies have deliberately used explicit and implicit misleading information in marketing campaigns. The aim of the current study was to experimentally investigate whether the editing of explicit and implicit content of a print advertisement improves smokers' risk beliefs and smokers' knowledge of explicit and implicit informa...

Objective: To assess changes in monthly smoking in its relationship to daily smoking and heavier smoking in high school seniors. Public health agencies often report only “current use” of cigarettes among youth as any use in the past 30 days, even though additional measures are collected. Monthly use is a crude and changing indicator. Methods: Resul...

Objectives: We compared prevalence, severity, and specific symptom profiles for nicotine withdrawal across categories of mental illness. We also examined the influence of nicotine withdrawal on efforts to quit smoking among those with mental illness. Methods: We analyzed data from 2 sources: wave 1 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol...

Previous studies have found that those with a history of childhood abuse are more likely to smoke cigarettes than those without a history of abuse. Mechanisms underlying this greater prevalence are unclear. We examined whether current smokers with a history of childhood abuse reported greater levels of nicotine dependence and more severe nicotine w...

Even though interest in reducing or eliminating tobacco-caused diseases is a common goal in tobacco control, many experts hold different views on addiction as a target of intervention. Some consider tobacco-caused addiction as a tobacco-caused disease to be eliminated alongside the other diseases. Some consider tobacco-caused addiction as a much lo...

The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA) of 2009 gave the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authority to regulate tobacco products in several ways, including restricting cigarette packaging, requiring the inclusion of graphic warning labels (section 201 d), banning misleading descriptors such as “light” and “low...

The majority of research on reactions to smoking bans in psychiatric facilities focuses on staff feedback in acute inpatient settings. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess inpatient attitudes about a complete smoking ban in an intermediate to long-term psychiatric facility. One hundred inpatients were surveyed via questionnaire. Inpatients...

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is a significant public health issue that has profound effects on maternal and fetal health. Although many women stop smoking upon pregnancy recognition, a large number continue. Given the higher burden of smoking among low-income women, the focus of this study is to examine the impact of pre-conception social-env...

The Internet is a major source of health information and several notable health web sites contain information on the risks associated with cigar smoking. Previous research indicates that Internet pages containing health information on cigars have high reading levels and are restricted to text material, which can decrease understanding. We examined...

Questionnaire Items. This file contains the questionnaire items used to assess key constructs reported in the paper.

Recommendations about precautionary behaviors are a key part of public health responses to infectious disease threats such as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Individuals' interpretation of recommendations, willingness to comply, and factors predicting willingness were examined. A telephone survey of adult residents of New York State was conducted (N = 807)...

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is examining options for regulating menthol content in cigarettes. There are many pharmacologic properties of menthol that may facilitate exposure to tobacco smoke, and it has been suggested that the preference for menthol cigarettes in black smokers accounts for their higher cotinine levels. To assess cigaret...

Preventing transmission of H1N1 and other infectious diseases can require individuals to change behaviors, but recommendations to change behavior can run counter to other powerful influences. For example, instructions to not shake hands or avoid certain public gatherings can run counter to substantial social pressures to shake hands or be in attend...

Preventing transmission of H1N1 and other infectious diseases can require individuals to change behaviors, but recommendations to change behavior can run counter to other powerful influences. For example, instructions to not shake hands or avoid certain public gatherings can run counter to substantial social pressures to shake hands or be in attend...

The public health burden of tobacco use is shifting to the developing world, and the tobacco industry may apply some of its successful marketing tactics, such as allaying health concerns with product modifications. This study used standard smoking machine tests to examine the extent to which the industry is introducing engineering features that red...

Since the beginning of the 20th century, cigarette advertising in the United States largely been part of an effort to deal with the health fears related to smoking. Three main techniques have been used: reassurance, misdirection of attention, and inducements to be brave in the face of fear. Other studies have also considered the history of cigarett...

Although the morbidity and mortality caused by cigarette smoking occur in adulthood, the initiation of tobacco use and the development of nicotine addiction typically occur during adolescence. The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of nicotine addiction, focusing on the development of addiction in youth, and to explore implication...

Scientific disputes about public health issues can become emotional battlefields marked by strong emotions like anger, contempt, and disgust. Contemporary work in moral psychology demonstrates that each of these emotions is a reaction to a specific type of moral violation. Applying this work to harm reduction debates, specifically the use of smokel...

Filter vent blocking on best-selling light cigarettes increases smoke yield during standard machine testing but not in clinical investigations of smokers. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of (a) manipulating cigarette filter vent blocking and (b) blocking status of first cigarette of the day on carbon monoxide (CO) boost. Part...

The objective of this work was to examine the relation between patterns of substance use among newly married couples and marital satisfaction over time. In particular, this work examined if differences between husbands' and wives' heavy alcohol use and cigarette smoking, rather than simply use per se, predicted decreases in marital satisfaction ove...

We investigated the longitudinal influence of spousal and individual heavy drinking and heavy smoking on smoking cessation among married couples. Couples' (N = 634) past-year smoking, alcohol problems, and heavy drinking were assessed. We used an event history analysis and found that spousal and one's own heavy smoking and one's own heavy drinking...

Many smokers report smoking because it helps them modulate their negative affect (NA). The stress induction model of smoking suggests, however, that smoking causes stress and concomitant NA. Empirical support for the stress induction model has primarily derived from retrospective reports and experimental manipulations with non-representative sample...

To examine the associations among cigarette design features and tar yields of leading cigarette brands sold in the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. Government reports and numbers listed on packs were used to obtain data on International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/Federal Trade Commission (FTC) yields for the tar...

To examine reasons behind the failure of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to preserve puff count information from standard cigarette testing and to elucidate the importance of puff count to overall tar yields. We reviewed industry documents on origins of the FTC test and datasets provided by the Tobacco Institute Testing Laboratory to the tobacco...

We conducted a comparative analysis of “harm,” “harm reduction,” and “little cigar” information about cigars on 10 major English-language health Web sites. The sites were from governmental and nongovernmental organizations based in seven different countries and included “harm” and “harm reduction” information, discussions of little cigars, quantita...

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports data on cigar sales in two categories: little cigars (weighing less than 3 lbs. per thousand) and large cigars and cigarillos (weighing more than 10 lbs. per thousand). A rise in the sales of little cigars in recent years is a cause for concern. The capacious second category could be obscuring the g...

This article presents policy perspectives on the marketing of smokeless tobacco products to reduce population harm from tobacco use. Despite consensus that smokeless tobacco products as sold in the United States are less dangerous than cigarettes, there is no consensus on how to proceed. Diverse factions have different policy concerns. While the to...

To investigate African Americans' opinions about the philanthropic contributions of the tobacco industry to Black organizations. One thousand African Americans were randomly selected using a stratified cluster sample design of 10 U.S. congressional districts represented by African Americans. Almost two-thirds of African Americans favored accepting...

Although the use of over the counter (OTC) nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is effective for smoking cessation, many concerns and misunderstandings persist that may reduce the effectiveness of NRT. Clinical practice and public health experts responded to a questionnaire that explored challenges associated with promoting proper NRT use and gathere...

Sufficient variation exists in how people smoke each cigarette that the number of cigarettes smoked daily and the years of smoking represent only crude measures of exposure to the toxins in tobacco smoke. Previous research has shown that spent cigarette filters can provide information about how individuals smoke cigarettes. Digital image analysis h...

In the United States, cigarette advertising reports standard tar and nicotine yields, following a voluntary agreement between the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and cigarette manufacturers. National probability samples of smokers of ultra-light (N= 218), light (N= 360), and regular (N= 210) cigarettes were asked in telephone interviews to indicate...

Cigarette smoking, like many addictive behaviors, has a genetic component, and the dopamine D2-like receptor genes (DRD2, DRD3 and DRD4) are candidates for contributing to these behaviors. Phenotypic information concerning smoking-related behaviors from a nationally representative sample of research volunteers was analyzed for association with poly...

The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control includes provisions for testing and regulating cigarette emissions. However, the current international standard for generating cigarette emissions--the ISO machine smoking regime--is widely acknowledged to be inappropriate for purposes of setting regulatory restrictions. To review alternatives to the...

Countries have adopted different approaches to disseminating cigarette tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (CO) levels to consumers, with some (e.g. EU member states, Canada, Australia, but not the United States) requiring disclosure of results from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) test method on packs. Cross-country comparis...

Population surveys have observed decreases in cigarette use over time among smokers. These decreases have probably been influenced by tobacco control measures implemented over the past several decades, but few data exist on whether smokers have also reduced their nicotine intake. The authors examined data from two cross-sectional National Health an...

Filter ventilation is the dominant design feature of the modern cigarette that determines yields of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide on smoking machine tests. The commercial use of filter ventilation was precipitated by the 1964 United States Surgeon-General's report, further advanced by the adoption of an official Federal Trade Commission test i...

EDITOR—To try to reduce the harm caused by cigarette smoking, the European Commission established maximal values for tar (10 mg), nicotine (1 mg), and carbon monoxide (CO; 10 mg) per cigarette, as measured by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) method, from 1 January 2004.1 The easiest way to reduce yields is by increasing filt...

Cigarette smoking remains the principal source of preventable disease in the United States. Although most tobacco companies have developed filtered cigarettes to reduce the levels of some toxins, smokers have adapted their inhalation patterns to compensate for these newer "light" cigarettes. We describe a new system designed to unobtrusively monito...

The behavioural misuse of low-yield, ventilated-filter cigarettes is evaluated in two studies. The first reports the results of interviews with 46 low-yield smokers. Fifty-two per cent admitted to having blocked the ventilation holes on these cigarettes at some time with either lips, fingers, or tape. Although only three smokers admitted blocking t...

Two studies were conducted to examine the effect of filter vent blocking and smoking topography on carbon monoxide (CO) levels in smokers. In Study 1, 12 participants smoked two types of cigarettes (Marlboro Light and Carlton 100) under two types of blocking conditions (unblocked and half-blocked) while using a smoking topography device. Participan...

To extend previous work showing lightheadedness from and liking for smoking to be associated with continued smoking while controlling for demographics and social influences that can also contribute to progression to established smoking. Random digit dialing telephone survey conduced on 3383 never smokers, non-smokers, former smokers and current smo...

The right to health relevant information derives from the principles of autonomy and self direction and has been recognised in international declarations. Providing accurate health information is part of the basis for obtaining "informed consent" and is a recognised component of business ethics, safety communications, and case and product liability...

Filter ventilation is the dominant design feature on modern cigarettes, diluting the mainstream smoke with air and reducing tar and nicotine yields in the standard assay. Smokers are generally unaware of vent holes and often cover them with lips or fingers while smoking, reducing or eliminating the air dilution effect and increasing intake of tar a...

The Barclay cigarette (Brown & Williamson) was introduced in 1980 in the USA in the most expensive launch in history. In the USA and around the world, Barclay was later determined to have a grooved filter design that was compromised by human smokers in the normal act of smoking, but that was measured as ultra-low tar using the standard tar testing...

Those who either never progress from smokeless tobacco (SLT) to smoking or smoked before using SLT logically cannot have smoking caused by SLT use. The prevalence of such use permits strong inferences about the overall importance of the potential causal effects of SLT on cigarette smoking. We found that the majority of SLT ever users (66%) in the 2...

This paper investigates the association between implementing a personal space smoking restriction for the home or automobile, and various sociodemographic, social, behavioral, and attitudinal variables. Approximately 1000 African-American adults (aged >18 years) residing in non-institutionalized settings were randomly selected using a cross-section...

This book comprehensively covers the science and policy issues relevant to one of the major public health disasters of modern times. It pulls together the aetiology and burden of the myriad of tobacco-related diseases with the successes and failures of tobacco control policies. The book looks at lessons learnt to help set health policy for reducing...

Most filter cigarettes today employ ventilated filters. Heavily ventilated filters have been found to be "elastic" in that they contribute to lower tar numbers in standard smoking-machine tests while at the same time allowing smokers to get much higher doses of tar from the same cigarette when they block vents with fingers or lips. This paper descr...

Tomar analyzed the CDC's Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey (TAPS) and reported smokeless tobacco may act as a starter product for or gateway to cigarettes. Regular smokeless tobacco users at baseline were said to be 3.45 times more likely than never users of smokeless tobacco to become cigarette smokers after 4 years (95% CI=1.84-6.47). Howeve...

To evaluate non-causal and causal patterns of smokeless tobacco (SLT) and cigarette use; to assess the prevalence of 'non-gateway' and possible 'gateway' patterns of SLT use. Data from the Cancer Control Supplement to the 1987 National Health Interview Survey, a representative survey of non-institutionalized adults in the United States. From report...

Tomar (Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 5, 545-553) analyzed the CDC's Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey (TAPS) and reported smokeless tobacco may act as a starter product for or gateway to cigarettes. Regular smokeless tobacco users at baseline were said to be 3.45 times more likely than never users of smokeless tobacco to become cigarette smoker...

The view on tobacco industry funding for university research, from three very differing perspectives

This study examined African Americans' opinions regarding cigarette excise taxes and other tobacco control issues. A stratified cluster sample of US congressional districts represented by African Americans was selected. African Americans from 10 districts were interviewed. Forty-seven percent of respondents stated that taxes on tobacco products sho...

Two respected agencies of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)-the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)- have maintained websites which have erroneously reported that smokeless tobacco is not safer than cigarettes, 1,2 This claim is not support...

The use of smokeless tobacco as a substitute for cigarettes raises many scientific and ethical issues, as the fictitious discussion below reveals.

To assess the knowledge of smokers and ex-smokers about light cigarettes and nicotine yields and their perception of the risk of lung cancer, and to identify the characteristics of smokers of light cigarettes. Mail survey in a population sample of 494 smokers and exsmokers in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1999. Participants were on average 40 years old,...

Cigarette smoking, like many addictive behaviors, has been shown to have a genetic component. The dopamine transporter (DAT) gene (SLC6A3) encodes a protein that regulates synaptic levels of dopamine in the brain and is a candidate gene for addictive behaviors. We have collected smoking information from a national probability sample of 3383 adult v...

In the Smokers and Nonsmokers Study, the authors investigated the feasibility of using random digit dialing telephone interviews to locate adults in the continental United States who were willing to provide DNA from buccal swabs through the mail. Interviews with 3,383 adults regarding their smoking-related behaviors (response rate = 70%) were condu...

To review tobacco industry documents on filter ventilation in light of published studies and to explore the role of filter ventilation in the design of cigarettes that deliver higher smoke yields to smokers than would be expected from standard machine smoked tests (Federal Trade Commission (FTC), International Organization for Standardization (ISO)...

Public health policy needs to be assessed for effects on human rights as well as public health. Although promoting harm reduction products to cigarette smokers might lead to greater total public health harm, if the products become too popular, human rights issues also need to be considered. Avoiding, or objecting to, the fair presentation of inform...

Maternal smoking is a significant risk factor for low-birth-weight (LBW) infants, which, in turn, influences infant mortality and the long-term health outcome of surviving infants. Maternal smoking is an ideal target for intervention and the optimal public health outcome would be prevention of all maternal smoking. But given variability in the resp...

Both the recent Institute of Medicine (IOM) report1 and the article by Henningfield and Fagerstrom2 in this issue of Tobacco Control consider the value of adding harm reduction products to the main public health strategies for dealing with tobacco use—prevention, cessation, and protection of non-smokers from tobacco smoke pollution.3 4 Harm reducin...

In a randomized, controlled trial, a national sample of smokers of Light cigarettes heard by telephone a "radio message" counter-marketing Light cigarettes. This message caused immediate changes in beliefs. Follow-up telephone interviews were done about 7 months later. The Message Group (N = 181) was more likely than the Control Group (N = 85) to r...

When used as a descriptor for foods, the term “light” has unambiguous meaning. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labelling regulations for foods require that foods labelled “light” must meet uniform criteria as defined by the FDA. Specifically, light foods must be either reduced in fat by at least 50% or reduced in calories by at least one thi...

This study examined the effects of advertising directed against light cigarettes (lights). In a quasi-experimental post-test-only design, smokers and ex-smokers (</=1 year) in Massachusetts (MASS) (N=500) and the continental United States (U.S. ) (N=501) took part in random-digit dialing telephone interviews. We used multiple logistic regression an...

Two studies were conducted to determine the effect of blocking filter vents on carbon monoxide (CO) exposure under ad lib smoking conditions. In Study 1, 12 daily cigarette smokers smoked cigarettes from the brands Now (1 mg tar by the FTC Method) and Marlboro Lights (10 mg tar) under each of two vent-blocking conditions (unblocked and finger block...

The purpose of this study was to examine in a systematic, controlled fashion the reactions of smokers to scientifically correct information about the risks of smoking Light cigarettes (about 6-15 mg tar by the FTC method). Random-digit dialing, computer-assisted telephone interviews were used to locate daily smokers of Light cigarettes. In an exper...

This study examined smokers' understanding of the relative tar deliveries of Ultra-light, Light, and Regular cigarettes, reasons for smoking Ultra-light/Light cigarettes, and the likelihood of both quitting smoking and switching to Regular cigarettes if they came to learn that one Ultra-light/Light cigarette gave the same amount of tar as one Regul...

Effect of vent blocking on carbon monoxide (CO) exposure from a best-selling light cigarette was examined in 12 daily cigarette smokers. Mean CO boosts were not different from each other with (a) 0% filter vents blocked (5.0 ppm), (b) vents covered with lips (4.9 ppm), (c) 50% of vents covered with tape (4.8 ppm), and (d) vents covered with a pinch...

The purpose was to determine filter ventilation and the nicotine content of tobacco and their contribution to machine-smoked yields of cigarettes from the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Ninety-two brands of cigarettes (32 American, 23 Canadian, and 37 British brands) were purchased at retail outlets in State College, Pennsylvania, U...

The proposed agreement between the attorneys general of 39 states and the tobacco industry was announced on June 20, 1997. Central among its provisions are payments to the states by the tobacco industry totalling $368.5 billion over the next 25 years primarily to cover state Medicare and Medicaid costs for illnesses related to tobacco. Written into...

Although the morbidity and mortality caused by cigarette smoking occur in adulthood, the initiation of tobacco use and the development of nicotine addiction typically occur during adolescence. The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of nicotine addiction, focusing on the development of addiction in youth, and to explore implication...

Some smokers are more sensitive than others to the subjective effects of cigarettes, especially the first cigarette of the day. This report explored self-reported subjective effects to the first cigarette of the day and examined the extent to which heaviness of smoking and years smoking are associated with subjective effects. In 3 independent sampl...

1 +Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, Thun M, Heath C. Mortality From Smoking in Developed Countries 1950-2000 . Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 1994.2 +US Dept of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: Cancer: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1982.3 +US Dept of Health and H...

Smokers ( N = 116) were administered the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU; S. T. Tiffany and D. J. Drobes; see record 1992-15017-001) to explore the measurement of drug urges or cravings. Confirmatory factor analysis replicated the 2-factor structure, using the 6 best items on each of the QSU factors, although further analyses indicated that 1...

Light and ultra-light cigarettes achieve their lower tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (CO) yields on smoking machines largely by means of air-dilution vents on the filters. Previous research showed that blocking 0%, 50%, and 100% of the filter vents on a 1 mg tar cigarette with tape directly increased expired air CO levels. The present experiment...

Measures designed to assess self-reported drug urges are routinely balanced; that is, they contain a relatively equal number of positively and negatively worded items. Using smoking urges as an example, we explored the effect of item wording on responses to self-report items. One hundred sixteen cigarette smokers responded to 32 positively worded s...

India's telecommunications sector is undergoing significant change. However, within India opinion is divided on the policy and pace of change. This paper examines three phases of change. First, there was a policy vacuum almost up to 1990. Second, there was a shift in telecommunications policy brought about by a paradigm shift in government economic...

To evaluate awareness and knowledge of cigarette filter ventilation in a national probability sample of smokers of Ultra-light, Light, and regular cigarettes. Random-digit-dialling and computer-assisted telephone interviewing was used on a probability sample of daily cigarette smokers (ages 18 and above). 218 Smokers of Ultra-light cigarettes, 360...

BACKGROUND The question has been asked whether brand-switching smokers oversmoke lower nicotine cigarettes. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)testing method is a per-cigarette test and should be judged as such. (Forty truly low-calorie candy bars together could be high calorie and still, individually, be low calorie.) The FTC test cannot be blamed...