Lyn G Cook

• The University of Queensland

Despite their striking appearance and abundance, the diversity and life‐histories of cup moths and their relatives (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) in Australia are not well known. An example is a caterpillar commonly known as the rainbow battleship, or rainbow school bus. This caterpillar has been claimed to be the larva of Calcarifera ordinata (Butler,...

The composition of Australia’s fauna and flora has been largely assembled by two biogeographic processes, vicariance and long-distance dispersal and establishment. These patterns can be observed today through the survival of Gondwanan lineages contrasted with relatively recent colonization from south-east Asia, respectively. In general, the post-Go...

Circumscription of the large genus Pultenaea Sm. has been contentious since shortly after description. We draw on recently generated phylogenomic data to provide a fully resolved phylogeny of Pultenaea and related genera based on near-complete species level sampling for the genus. Phylogenomic data divide Pultenaea sens. lat. into five independent...

A study was conducted to investigate the evolutionary relationships of Macrotermes subhyalinus from Oman, in the southeastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Sequences of the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear large-subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU rRNA, 28S) genes were used to investigate the populations of M. subhyalinus across their distribution in Oman...

The Bag‐shelter moth, Ochrogaster lunifer (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), is an Australian endemic species of Thaumetopoeinae with a univoltine life cycle and gregarious, herbivorous larvae. It is variable throughout its range across the continent, most noticeably by the species of host tree used and nest‐building behaviour. It has long been considere...

Zygaenoidea is a superfamily of lepidopterans containing many venomous species, including the Limacodidae (nettle caterpillars) and Megalopygidae (asp caterpillars). Venom proteomes have been recently documented for several species from each of these families, but further data are required to understand the evolution of venom in Zygaenoidea. In thi...

Eucalypts (Myrtaceae tribe Eucalypteae) are currently placed in seven genera. Traditionally, Eucalyptus was defined by its operculum, but when phylogenies placed Angophora, with free sepals and petals, as sister to the operculate bloodwood eucalypts, the latter were segregated into a new genus, Corymbia. Yet, generic delimitation in the tribe Eucal...

The symbiotic association between fungus-gardening termites Macrotermes and its fungal symbiont has a moderate degree of specificity—although the symbiotic fungi (Termitomyces) form a monophyletic clade, there is not a one-to-one association between termite species and their fungus-garden associates. Here, we aim to determine the origin and phyloge...

Tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) are one of the most diverse and widespread families of mygalomorph spiders, with over 1000 species recognised globally. While tarantulas can be found across most of mainland Australia, from arid regions to tropical forests, the Australian fauna are not yet well characterised. There are currently only 10 nominal s...

Lomandra is the largest genus in Asparagaceae subfamily Lomandroideae and possesses economic, ecological, and ethnobotanical significance in Australia. Lomandra comprises four sections, L. section Capitatae, L. section Macrostachya, L. section Typhopsis and L. section Lomandra, the latter comprising series Lomandra and series Sparsiflorae, all reco...

Haplodiploidy and paternal genome elimination (PGE) are examples of asymmetric inheritance, where males transmit only maternally inherited chromosomes to their offspring. Under haplodiploidy this results from males being haploid, whereas under PGE males inherit but subsequently exclude paternally inherited chromosomes from sperm. Their evolution in...

Wolbachia are among the most prevalent and widespread endosymbiotic bacteria on earth. Wolbachia's success in infecting an enormous number of arthropod species is attributed to two features: the range of phenotypes they induce in their hosts, and their ability to switch between host species. Whilst much progress has been made in elucidating their i...

Haplodiploidy and paternal genome elimination (PGE) are examples of asymmetric inheritance, where males transmit only maternally inherited chromosomes to their offspring. Under haplodiploidy this results from males being haploid, whereas under PGE males inherit but subsequently eliminate paternally inherited chromosomes during meiosis. Their evolut...

Wolbachia are among the most prevalent and widespread endosymbiotic bacteria on earth. Wolbachia’s success in infecting an enormous number of arthropod species is attributed to two features: the range of phenotypes they induce in their hosts, and their ability to switch between host species. Whilst much progress has been made in elucidating their i...

Wolbachia is one of the most successful endosymbiotic bacteria of arthropods. Known as the ‘master of manipulation’, Wolbachia can induce a wide range of phenotypes in its host that can have far‐reaching ecological and evolutionary consequences and may be exploited for disease and pest control. However, our knowledge of Wolbachia's distribution and...

Wolbachia are among the most prevalent and widespread endosymbiotic bacteria on earth. Wolbachia's success in infecting an enormous number of arthropod species is attributed to two features: the range of phenotypes they induce in their hosts, and their ability to switch to new host species. Whilst much progress has been made in elucidating the phen...

Wolbachia is one of the most successful endosymbiotic bacteria of arthropods. Known as the “master of manipulation”, Wolbachia can induce a wide range of phenotypes in its host that can have far-reaching ecological and evolutionary consequences and may be exploited for disease and pest control. However, our knowledge of Wolbachia’ s distribution an...

Australia has a very diverse pea-flowered legume flora with 1715 native and naturalised species currently recognised. Tribe Mirbelieae s.l. includes 44% of Australia’s peas in 24 genera with 756 recognised species. However, several genera within the Pultenaea alliance in tribe Mirbelieae are considered to be non-monophyletic and two main options ha...

The association of an armoured scale insect (a diaspidid) with dieback of a population of a native cycad (Macrozamia communis L.A.S.Johnson) was investigated on the south coast of New South Wales. The diaspidid was found to be undescribed but morphologically similar to oleander scale – here we call it Aspidiotus cf. nerii. It is probably native to...

Most cycads have intimate associations with their insect pollinators that parallel those of well‐known flowering plants, such as sexually deceptive orchids and the male wasps and bees they deceive. Despite this, the mistaken belief that cycads are mostly wind‐pollinated is still commonly expressed. Perhaps as a consequence, cycad–pollinator systems...

Specimens of what appear to be an undescribed species of soft scale (Coccidae) were found on the leaves of street trees in the Brisbane Central Business District (CBD) and several inner suburbs. The coccids are bisexual and have been found on species of Meliaceae, Myrtaceae and Proteaceae, indicating a lack of strict host specificity. Here, we show...

Resolving the phylogenetic relationships of closely related species using a small set of loci is challenging as sufficient information may not be captured from a limited sample of the genome. Relying on few loci can also be problematic when conflict between gene-trees arises from incomplete lineage sorting and/or ongoing hybridization, problems esp...

The bag shelter moth, Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich‐Schäffer, 1855 (Thaumetopoeinae), is abundant and widespread throughout Australia where its larvae have been reported to feed mostly on Acacia and eucalypts. The larvae, known as processionary caterpillars, build silken nests on their host plants either on the ground at the base of the plant (Acacia...

The artesian springs of inland Australia are a unique habitat in what is otherwise an arid environment. They support a rich collection of endemic flora and fauna. Here, morphological and molecular data are employed to describe a new species, Chloris circumfontinalis Fahey & Fensham, endemic to artesian spring systems in central Queensland. A morpho...

The Australian monsoon tropics are currently dominated by savanna and tropical woodland biomes that have arisen in response to a cooling and drying trend within the past ~3 million years. It is expected that organisms well adapted to these conditions have expanded into available habitats, leading to the differentiation of populations and species ac...

Cupressaceae subfamily Callitroideae has been an important exemplar for vicariance biogeography, but its history is more than just disjunctions resulting from continental drift. We combine fossil and molecular data to better assess its extinction and, sometimes, rediversification after past global change. Key fossils were reassessed and their phylo...

Cryptes utzoni Lin, Kondo & Cook sp. n. (Hemiptera: Coccidae) is described based on adult female morphology and DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear loci. This Australian endemic species was found on the stem of Acacia aneura (Fabaceae) in Western Australia. All phylogenetic analyses of three independent DNA loci show that C. utzoni is clos...

Previous studies incorporating adult female morphology, ecology and DNA sequences have indicated that cryptic species might be common among widespread pest scale insects. Here, we test whether the brown soft scale, Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Coccidae), is a cryptic species complex. It is one of the most prevalent, invasive, pest scale i...

Aim Spring wetlands in arid regions of Australia provide habitat for many highly endemic organisms, including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and plants, but these unique ecosystems have been under pressure since the arrival of Europeans about 250 years ago. Arguments over whether particular plant species are long‐term spring inhabitants or recent immi...

Coccus hesperidum L. (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), the type species of the soft scale genus Coccus L., the family Coccidae and the whole of the scale insects (Coccoidea), is a cosmopolitan plant pest. Using DNA sequence data and morphological comparisons, we determine that there is a distinct species that is morphologically very similar to C....

Saissetia miranda (Hemiptera: Coccidae), the Mexican black scale, was originally described as a variety of the common black scale, S. oleae, but was erected as a distinct species in 1969. Both species are parthenogenetic and can be pests of many crops, and currently only S. oleae is reported from Australia. Mexican black scale and the Caribbean bla...

This proceedings contains papers dealing with issues affecting biological control, particularly pertaining to the use of parasitoids and predators as biological control agents. This includes all approaches to biological control: conservation, augmentation, and importation of natural enemy species for the control of arthropod targets, as well as oth...

Austrolecanium cryptocaryae Lin & Cook sp. n. is described based on adult female morphology and DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear loci. This Australian endemic species was found on the underside of leaves of Cryptocarya microneura (Lauraceae) in Queensland. All phylogenetic analyses of four independent DNA loci and a concatenated dataset...

Asexual lineages provide a challenge to species delimitation because species concepts either have little biological meaning for them or are arbitrary, since every individual is monophyletic and reproductively isolated from all other individuals. However, recognition and naming of asexual species is important to conservation and economic application...

Method of maximum parsimony (MP). (DOCX)

BEAST maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree inferred using Dynamin dataset (599 bp) and 62 specimens of Parasaissetia nigra. The branch support values are indicated as Bayesian posterior probabilities, and only values ≥ 0.95 are shown. Specimens are color-coded by clade as shown in Fig 1. Abbreviations are the same as what used in Table 1. (EPS)

BEAST maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree inferred using 18S + 28S dataset (1296 bp) and 62 specimens of Parasaissetia nigra. The branch support values are indicated as Bayesian posterior probabilities, and only values ≥ 0.95 are shown. Specimens are color-coded by clade as shown in Fig 1. Only the monophyly of two clades, ANZ and W1, are supporte...

The 19 environmental layers used in species distribution modelling analyses. (DOC)

GenBank accession numbers of sequences used in this study. (DOC)

The GMYC gene tree inferred using COI dataset (939 bp) and 65 specimens of Parasaissetia nigra. The red branches on the tree represent the six species delimited by GMYC, labelled as ANZ, W1, ICB, G, W2 and W3. Abbreviations are the same as what used in Table 1. (EPS)

The maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree from Bayesian inferences using the concatenated dataset (2849 bp) and 71 specimens. Samples of the six clades of Parasaissetia nigra have been collapsed into triangles and the colors of clades are as shown in Fig 1. The colored squares around branches indicate that the branch was strongly supported (bootstra...

BEAST maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree inferred using COI dataset (939 bp) and 65 specimens of Parasaissetia nigra. The branch support values are indicated as Bayesian posterior probabilities, and only values ≥ 0.95 are shown. Specimens are color-coded by clade as shown in Fig 1. Abbreviations are the same as what used in Table 1. (EPS)

BEAST maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree inferred using EF-1α dataset (620 bp) and 65 specimens of Parasaissetia nigra. The branch support values are indicated as Bayesian posterior probabilities, and only values ≥ 0.95 are shown. Specimens are color-coded by clade as shown in Fig 1. The monophyly of Ghana (G) clade is not supported. Abbreviation...

Apiomorpha Rübsaamen, 1894 was erected as a replacement name for Brachyscelis Schrader, 1863 that was preoccupied in the Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae: Brachyscelis Germar, 1834). Apiomorpha is a genus of eriococcid scale insects that induce galls on Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in Australia and New Guinea (Szent-Ivany & Womersley 1962; Gullan 1984; Gullan e...

Aim To test whether novel and previously hypothesized biogeogaphic barriers in the Australian Tropics represent significant disjunction points or hard barriers, or both, to the distribution of plants. Location Australian tropics: Australian Monsoon Tropics and Australian Wet Tropics. Methods The presence or absence of 6,861 plant species was scor...

References for Fig 1. Previous literature describing or illustrating barriers or disjunctions identified in the Australian Monsoon Tropics and Australian Wet Tropics. (DOC)

Daviesia is a clade of scleromorphic shrubs that are endemic to Australia and its near offshore islands, where it is the largest genus of Fabaceae subfam. Faboideae, with 131 species recognised here. The genus is distributed throughout the continent and occurs in all major habitats except wetlands, rainforest and the alpine zone. This is the first...

Gall-inducing insects are relatively host-specific compared with their non-galling relatives. In Australia, there have been at least four origins of gall induction among eriococcid scale insects, with the most species-rich genus, Apiomorpha, inducing galls only on species of Eucalyptus. Here we describe two recently discovered species of Apiomorpha...

The eriococcid genus Capulinia Signoret currently comprises four Neotropical species (the type species C. sallei Signoret, C. crateraformis Hempel, C. jaboticabae Ihering and an undescribed species recognised in the literature) and one species from New Zealand (C. orbiculata Hoy). All species feed on plants in the family Myrtaceae and the undescrib...

Current state of scale insect systematics, and challenges for the future Lyn Cook1, Penny Gullan2, Nate Hardy3, Alicia Toon1 1 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia 2 Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, The Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Au...

The Australian spinifex grasses comprise an endemic radiation (69+ species) of morphologically and ecologically distinctive plants. Many species are long-lived hummock-forming perennials that bristle with needle-like leaves. Ecologically, they resemble sclerophyll shrubs rather than grasses (Rice & Westoby 1999). They are widespread in dry communit...

The evolution of novel traits ("key innovations") allows some lineages to move into new environments or adapt to changing climates, whereas other lineages may track suitable habitat or go extinct. We test whether, and how, trait shifts are linked to environmental change using Triodiinae, C4 grasses that form the dominant understory over about 30% o...

To understand the generation and maintenance of biodiversity hotspots, we tested three major hypotheses: rates of diversification, ecological limits to diversity, and time for species accumulation.Using dated molecular phylogenies, measures of species' range size and geographical clade overlap, niche modelling, and lineages-through-time plots of Au...

Australia houses some unusual biota (insects included), much of which is undescribed. Cystococcus Fuller (Hemiptera : Sternorrhyncha : Coccoidea : Eriococcidae) currently comprises two species, both of which induce galls exclusively on bloodwoods (Myrtaceae: Corymbia Hill & Johnson). These insects display sexual dichronism, whereby females give bir...

1. The megadiverse herbivores and their host plants are a major component of biodiversity, and their interactions have been hypothesised to drive the diversification of both. 2. If plant diversity influences the diversity of insects, there is an expectation that insect species richness will be strongly correlated with host‐plant species richness. T...

Background Estimating divergence times in phylogenies using a molecular clock depends on accurate modeling of nucleotide substitution rates in DNA sequences. Rate heterogeneity among lineages is likely to affect estimates, especially in lineages with long stems and short crowns (¿broom¿ clades) and no internal calibration. We evaluate the performan...

La familia Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) es la tercera familia en términos de número de especies, con aproximadamente unas 1200 especies actualmente registradas y se conocen comúnmente como escamas blandas o cóccidos. En 1994, C. J. Hodgson introdujo una clasificación de la familia Coccidae con base en estudios de la morfología de los machos y he...

Mating behaviour in the majority of Australian Schizorhinini, the continent's largest tribe of Cetoniinae, varies little among species and generally consists of opportunistic mating without, or with minimal, courtship on the flowers of trees and shrubs. This paper describes morphological features and courtship and mating behaviour observed in capti...

Full text access: http://rdcu.be/b6Sk A model of range expansions during glacial maxima (GM) for cold-adapted species is generally accepted for the Northern Hemisphere. Given that GM in Australia largely resulted in the expansion of arid zones, rather than glaciation, it could be expected that arid-adapted species might have had expanded ranges at...

Cryptic species occur within most of the major taxonomic divisions, and a current challenge is to determine why some lineages have more cryptic species than others. It is expected that cryptic species are more common in groups where there are life histories or genetic architectures that promote speciation in the absence of apparent morphological di...

Interactions with pollinators are proposed to be one of the major drivers of diversity in angiosperms. Specialised interactions with pollinators can lead to specialised floral traits, which collectively are known as a pollination syndrome. While it is thought that specialisation to a pollinator can lead to either an increase in diversity or in some...

Changes in geology, sea-level and climate are hypothesised to have been major driving processes of evolutionary diversification (speciation and extinction) in the Australo-Papuan region. Here we use complete species-level sampling and multilocus (one mitochondrial gene, five nuclear loci) coalescent analyses to estimate evolutionary relationships a...

We provide the first report of Matsucoccus macrocicatrices Richards (Hemiptera: Matsucoccidae) feeding and reproducing on eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L., in the southeastern United States. Until now, M. macrocicatrices had been reported only from the Canadian Atlantic Maritimes, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. Entomological holdings of 27 m...

Australia has a mostly dry, open, fire-shaped landscape of sclerophyllous and xeromorphic flora dominated by eucalypt and acacia trees, with diverse shrubs from a few families such asMyrtaceae, Proteaceae, and Fabaceae. Using molecular phylogenies to test hypotheses derived from the fossil record, we review the principal forces that transformed the...

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