Luigi Barazzetti

• PhD in Geomatics
• Professor (Associate) at Politecnico di Milano

The paper describes a workflow to flatten 3D photogrammetric models of undevelopable surfaces into unfragmented 2D texture maps. The aim is to create a texture map with reduced fragmentation compared to typical photogrammetric texture files associated with 3D models. Geometric reformatting of the mesh is required to achieve an unfragmented final te...

This paper introduces an integrated approach utilizing ground data consists of videos captured with a 360° (spherical) camera and aerial data acquired with a UAV equipped with a RTK GNSS module to reconstruct a portion of a small-town city center and/or a cultural heritage site. Previous research has demonstrated that image blocks oriented with RTK...

Depopulation in Italy is causing the marginalization of several inner territories and municipalities, with consequences for the preservation of different levels of heritage. The Italian National Strategy for Inner Areas (SNAI) aims to address these issues, but in some cases, the policies undertaken are not effective enough to improve development. I...

This research employs a digital strategy to counter rural population decline and urban migration by integrating drone photogrammetry, metaverse, and blockchain technology. The focus is creating detailed 3D models of the settlements, which are subsequently optimized for metaverse platforms such as Voxels and Mona. Voxels facilitates participatory de...

The umbrella vault of the castle in Sondrio, with its frescoes dated back to the 16th century, presents several aspects requiring to be investigated through different competences. On one hand, the stratigraphic interpretation of the wing of the building hosting the vault, inserted in a articulated system of volumes that from defensive fortress chan...

Spatio-temporal (S-T) analysis is not typical in structural monitoring applications of buildings and infrastructure. However, monitoring always includes the temporal component, and observations are often captured in specific locations. In other words, a monitoring dataset could also be considered a spatio-temporal archive, notwithstanding that not...

Neglected and abandoned heritage sites are a complex research topic, which always requires a thorough understanding of the site’s past and current condition. This article examines how research on history, architecture, and participation can contribute to creating a suitable re-use project for such heritage sites, focusing on a single case study: th...

Digital recording of historic buildings and sites in mountainous areas could be challenging. The paper considers and discusses the case of historical defensive structures in the Italian Alps, designed and built to be not accessible. Drone images and photogrammetric techniques for 3D modeling play a fundamental role in the digital documentation of f...

The purpose of this paper is to rediscover the abandoned village of Castelnuovo dei Sabbioni with new tools and modalities, providing an overall descriptive picture of the context in the framework of a pressing marginalization of territories subjected to depopulation and abandonment, and providing the appropriate tools for the definition of a possi...

Small-town historic urban environments increasingly face different pressures that may prevent their future sustainability. To promote a recovery plan for those centers, an interdisciplinary methodology is needed to orient future actions toward innovative solutions. However, the development of such a plan needs the definition of a dedicated methodol...

This paper aims to introduce the concept and objectives of a recently supported European project entitled “Geomatics and Civil Engineering Innovative Research on Heritage”, in short ENGINEER. The ENGINEER project visions to enhance and extend inter-departmental multidisciplinary research activities of the Department of Civil Engineering & Geomatics...

This paper aims at presenting the recording and modelling work developed in the framework of restoration and conservation activities for the Basilica di San Giacomo in Como, Italy, whose construction started in the 11th century. The project started in 2022 and involved the application of the Historical Building Information Model (HBIM) methodology...

Photogrammetric applications using 360° images are becoming more and more popular in different fields, such as cultural heritage documentation of narrow spaces; civil, architectural, and environmental projects like tunnel surveying; mapping of urban city centres, etc. The popularity of 360° photogrammetry relates to the high productivity of the acq...

This paper illustrates and discusses a novel method for the digital documentation of human remains in narrow spaces. A 360° borescope prototype made up of a panoramic camera and a lighting LED system was designed and assembled to acquire data in confined spaces for photogrammetric processing. A series of laboratory experiments were planned to asses...

The “San Pietro al Monte Abbey project: a virtual tour for everyone” consists in the construction of a high-tech station that allows visitors with mobility limitations to be virtually accompanied by a guide to the Benedictine abbey of San Pietro al Monte along the ancient access route that can only be reached on foot with trekking equipment. The ro...

At Annone di Brianza (Italy) in the Church of St. George, it is possible to admire the “ANCONA DELLA PASSIONE" (altarpiece of the Passion), an altarpiece painted and gilded carved wood cabinets. The great altarpiece adorned the right side chapel of Saint John the Baptist, whose construction dates back to the first half of the century XVI at the beh...

Constant monitoring activities of vertical settlement in the Duomo di Milano started during the ’60 when the rapid changes of the water table seriously affected the stability of the Cathedral. This paper describes the origin and evolution of the monitoring system, which is still operative thanks to continuous maintenance and technological advanceme...

Digital metric documentation of historical city centers is challenging because of the complexity of the buildings and monuments, which feature different geometries, construction technologies, and materials. We propose a solution for rapid documentation and classification of such complex spaces using 360° video cameras, which can capture the entire...

In the field of wall painting conservation, condition monitoring plays a key role in assessing the stability of a painting by determining if detrimental change is occurring over time. Condition monitoring typically involves a visual comparison between the painting and a previously captured photograph or image and relies on the ability of a conserva...

This paper describes a method for metric recording based on spherical images, which are rectified to document planar surfaces. The proposed method is a multistep workflow in which multiple rectilinear images are (i) extracted from a single spherical projection and (ii) used to recover metric properties. The workflow is suitable for documenting buil...

Video acquisition with 360° (spherical) cameras is becoming increasingly popular for the opportunity to capture the entire scene around the user in a relatively short time. The method can also be attractive for photogrammetric applications. As the overlap between consecutive frames is undoubtedly guaranteed, 3D models can be generated with an autom...

A workflow for editing and rendering 360° images (also called spherical or equirectangular images) is illustrated and discussed. The aim was to develop a novel procedure able to overcome limitations induced by deformations in images acquired with low-cost 360° cameras. Editing and rendering are carried on equirectangular projections using a dynamic...

This paper presents a satellite image co-registration procedure aiming at simultaneously estimating multiple affine transformations between a set of multi-temporal or multi-source satellite images, reducing error accumulation and improving metric precision. The approach is based on synchronization, a method that seeks to infer the unknown states of...

This paper aims to analyze space-time cubes for visualizing and processing multi-temporal spatial monitoring data. The proposed case study is the Cathedral of Milan (Duomo di Milano), which has a set of monitoring time series spanning more than half a century. Differential vertical movements are periodically measured for the cathedral columns, cons...

The paper describes the origin and evolution of the monitoring system of the Duomo di Milano, which was installed during the 1960s. In that period, differential movements induced by the extraction of groundwater (among other factors) caused significant instability and risk of collapse of the monument. Today, the monitoring system is still operative...

In this work, the study of a complex masonry umbrella vault located within Masegra Castle (Museum of Sondrio territory, Northern Italy) is presented. Built during the renewal of the castle in the 16th century, the umbrella vault of Masegra Castle is characterized by a total of eight sails, with four half-cross vaults added at the corners, supported...

This paper discusses the creation of an integrated historic BIM-GIS for the complex of San Pietro al Monte, an important Romanesque monument in Civate (Italy) inscribed in the UNESCO tentative list with other seven medieval Benedictine settlements. The reason behind the choice of an integrated H-BIM-GIS solution is motivated by the large extension...

This paper presents the first results of a semi-automatic procedure able to turn tetra-meshes into solid models using T-splines. The paper deals with free-form objects where manual modelling based on NURBS curves and surfaces is not a simple process or could result in approximate reconstructions with significant geometric simplification.

The driving forces behind the rapid development of accessible 3d modelling acquisition are generally economic. As the requirements for on-site data acquisition technology become cheaper and more user friendly, opportunities for the geographic dislocation of expertise become more viable. In effect, much of the diagnosis of a monuments’ morphology or...

In the field of wall painting conservation, photogrammetric surveys are an increasingly common documentation tool. The outputs from these surveys, including captured images, orthophotos, and three-dimensional models, are used by conservators to monitor and record condition phenomena and conservation treatments. To serve these conservation needs, th...

The paper presents the generation of an interactive cataloging system for the Courthouse of Milan (Palazzo di Giustizia) and more than one hundred artworks stored in the building. The courthouse is an “unknown museum” in the city and represents a masterpiece of the architectural and figurative culture in the '30s. The online system developed in the...

The paper presents a novel prototype of integrated Historic BIM-GIS able to deal with multi-source, -scale, and -temporal information. It combines elements from the cartographic scale to a more detailed level of detail towards the building. It can be defined as a 3D virtual environment with an associate (geo)database able to encapsulate heterogeneo...

Mozambique is highly vulnerable to clime change induced hazards. The extreme weather impacts are directly related to the temperature and precipitation variations leading to more frequent and devastating events as floods, droughts and cyclones. Even though Mozambique has committed to international policies and has adopted mitigation measures, still...

In the original publication of this article (Quintero et al., 2020) the family name of the last author is incorrect. The correct family name of the last author should be Barazzetti rather than Barazetti. The original publication has been corrected.

Ancient graffiti are evidence of the past, scattered all over the globe and common to many cultures. Documentation is a crucial step for their study, and must allow for clear interpretation. There are a variety of traditional methods to document ancient graffiti, from sketches to frottages, to contact tracing and photography. Digital instruments an...

This paper presents the contribution of digital surveying techniques for the estimation of fluvial sediment transport. The aim is to create predictive models able to minimize or reduce the hydrogeological hazard, especially before or during critical meteorological events. The case study is the Caldone stream, a watercourse located in the municipali...

Automatic extraction of road features from LiDAR data is a fundamental task for different applications, including asset management. The availability of updated and reliable models is even more important in the context of smart roads. One of the main advantages of LiDAR data compared with other sensing instruments is the possibility to directly get...

Building Information Modeling (BIM) has a crucial role in smart road applications, not only limited to the design and construction stages, but also to traffic monitoring, autonomous vehicle navigation, road condition assessment, and real-time data delivery to drivers, among others. Point clouds collected through LiDAR are a powerful solution to cap...

This paper presents a workflow for B-rep solid model generation of organic objects using T-splines constructed with quad-meshes. The aim is the creation of geometrically and topologically consistent B-rep solid models of heritage objects featuring organic shapes, which can be used in numerical simulation based on meshless finite element analysis. P...

The identification of deterioration mechanisms and their monitoring over time is an essential phase for conservation. This work aimed at developing a novel approach for deterioration mapping and monitoring based on 360° images, which allows for simple and rapid data collection. The opportunity to capture the whole scene around a 360° camera reduces...

The era of big data requires increasing automation for the analysis of huge information in a short time and this need becomes critical when dealing with geoinformation. This chapter describes the automatic geocoding of digital images based on high-end Photogrammetric and Remote Sensing methods. In particular, the so-called Structure-from-Motion (Sf...

Surveying a historic building means to measure, to detect and to analyse its geometries, its structural elements, the connections still existing between the different parts, in order to define its state of conservation, to make structural analysis and finally to plan a proper project of conservation, consolidation and reuse. The survey represents t...

Recording the physical characteristics of historic structures and landscapes is a cornerstone of preventive maintenance, monitoring and conservation. The information produced by such workflows guides decision-making by property owners, site managers, public officials, and conservators. Rigorous documentation may also serve a broader purpose: over t...

A cornerstone of the management and conservation of archaeological sites is recording their physical characteristics. Documenting and describing the site is an essential step that allows for delineating the components of the site and for collecting and synthesizing information and documentation (Demas, 2012). The information produced by such work a...

Earth observation technologies are becoming increasingly important not only in monitoring practice in environmental domain, but also for detecting changes in urban areas caused by natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods or landslides. A range of high- and very high-resolution sensors useful for this purpose have been implemented as equipment of...

This paper presents the survey of the Baptistery of the Collegiata Museum (Castiglione Olona - Italy), painted by Masolino da Panicale in 1435. Surveying activity was carries out throughout the use of combined digital techniques of documentation (topographic measurements, laser scanning, digital photogrammetry, thermal imaging, digital photography)...

Informative models are not limited only to new construction or existing building but can also be used (also been used) for large infrastructure management like bridges. The adoption of informative content models for structural health monitoring (SHM) of such infrastructures poses some issues that need to be solved in order to develop smooth managem...

The paper aims at investigating results, research perspectives, and limitations emerging from the synergy between geomatics and conservation. Recent didactic experiences carried out in restoration laboratories at Politecnico di Milano are illustrated and discussed. The authors tested innovative techniques for surveying with particular attention to...

GAMHer (Geomatics data Acquisition and Management for landscape and built Heritage in a European perspective) is a three-year research project financed under the Italian PRIN 2015 framework (Progetti di Ricerca di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale). The project, started in February 2017 under the University of Bologna coordination, links other 5 Italia...

This paper presents a strategy to measure verticality deviations (i.e. inclination) of tall chimneys. The method uses laser scanning point clouds acquired around the chimney to estimate vertical deviations with millimeter-level precision. Horizontal slices derived from the point cloud allows us to inspect the geometry of the chimney at different he...

Metric documentation of buildings requires the connection of different spaces, such as rooms, corridors, floors, and interior and exterior spaces. Images and laser scans have to be oriented and registered to obtain accurate metric data about different areas and the related metric information (e.g., wall thickness). A robust registration can be obta...

Nowadays, the digital reconstruction of vaults is carried out using photogrammetric and laser scanning techniques able to capture the visible surface with dense point clouds. Then, different modeling strategies allow the generation of 3D models in various formats, such as meshes that interpolates the acquired point cloud, NURBS-based reconstruction...

Automated identification of high-level structures in unorganized point cloud of indoor spaces Indoor space is an important aspect of scene analysis that provides essential information for many applications, such as building digitization, indoor navigation and evacuation route planning. In addition, detection of repetition and regularities in the or...

Ancient graffiti are a valuable and constant historical evidence through the human history, regardless from the geographic area or historical period. They can be found on different kinds of surfaces and in different contexts, such as religious building or civic structures, in public or private environments. Their study and comprehension need to be...

A critical task in every terrestrial laser scanning project is the transformation (addressed to as registration or alignment) of multiple point clouds into a common reference system. Even though this operation appears to be a solved and well-understood problem, the vast majority of available techniques still lack meaningful quality measures that al...

The application of Structure-from-Motion (SfM) Photogrammetry with ground-based and UAV camera stations may be exploited for modelling the topographic surface of Alpine glaciers. Multi-temporal repeated surveys lead to geometric models that may be applied to analyze the glacier retreat under global warming conditions. Thanks to the integration of p...

The monitoring of hazardous events through change detection has an important role in the emergency management. Such actions can be performed shortly after the hazardous event for first rapid mapping but also over longer periods of time for recovery purposes and risk mapping. The use of medium resolution free-of-charge multi-spectral satellite image...

This paper describes an automatic multi-image robust alignment (MIRA) procedure able to simultaneously co-register a time series of medium-resolution satellite images in a bundle block adjustment (BBA) fashion. Instead of the direct co-registration of each image with respect to a reference ‘master’ image on the basis of corresponding features, MIRA...

In the last years it has been progressively invested many efforts in the cultural heritage digitization: surveying, modeling activities, diagnostic analysis and historic data collection of architectural heritage. Such actions have been mainly acquired for the preservation process, during the restoration and construction site. Unfortunately, many of...

3D scenes reconstructed from point clouds, acquired by either laser scanning or photogrammetry, are subject to data voids generated by occluding objects. Modeling from incomplete data is usually a manual process in which human interpretation plays an essential role. This paper presents a machine learning algorithm based on neural networks capable o...

Direct web-based access to ready-to-use huge archives of satellite images and cloud-based services for planetary-scale data processing (e.g., Google Earth Engine or Amazon S3) is making possible to analyze unprecedented amounts of remotely sensed images simultaneously. Multiple images can be exploited to improve traditional results achieved through...

In December 2012, EniServizi (the Italian multinational energy company), after the Earthquake that occurred at L’Aquila in April 2009, decided to undertake the project “Re-start from Collemaggio”, funding around 14 million Euro to restore the Basilica di Collemaggio. EniServizi, aware of the BIM potential role in the complex building and infrastruc...

The paper presents the work carried out on the medieval bridge Azzone Visconti in Lecco, Italy. The project required the use of both BIM and GIS technologies to assess the loading capacity of the bridge. First, a detailed geometric survey was carried out with laser scanning and photogrammetric techniques. The aim was the generation of a BIM. Displa...

The paper presents a workflow for finite element model generation from point clouds acquired via photogrammetry and laser scanning. The case study is a room with an umbrella vault in Castel Masegra, located in Sondrio (Italy). The complexity of the room required an accurate geometric survey from a set of dense point clouds, from which a detailed BI...

Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry is a flexible and powerful tool to provide 3D point clouds describing the surface of objects. Due to the easy transportability and low-cost of necessary equipment with respect to laser scanning techniques, SfM photogrammetry has great potential to be applied in harsh high-mountain environment. Here point c...

360 degree cameras capture the whole scene around a photographer in a single shot. Cheap 360 cameras are a new paradigm in photogrammetry. The camera can be pointed to any direction, and the large field of view reduces the number of photographs. This paper aims to show that accurate metric reconstructions can be achieved with affordable sensors (le...

Climate change represents an increasing threat to cultural heritage all around the world. In particular, the consequences of extreme weather events like tornados, heavy rain, and flooding can significantly damage built heritage and archeological sites. To face such issues, an integrated approach for threat assessment and damage identification is of...

LiDAR is a consolidated technology for topographic mapping and 3D reconstruction, which is implemented in several platforms On the other hand, the exploitation of the geometric information has been coupled by the use of laser intensity, which may provide additional data for multiple purposes. This option has been emphasized by the availability of s...

The application of Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry with ground-based and UAV-based camera stations can be effectively exploited for modeling the topographic surface of Alpine glaciers. Multi-temporal repeated surveys may lead to geometric models that may be applied to analyze the glacier retreat under global warming conditions. Here the case s...

Nowadays, the increasing computation power of commercial grade processors has actively led to a vast spreading of image-based reconstruction software as well as its application in different disciplines. As a result, new frontiers regarding the use of photogrammetry in a vast range of investigation activities are being explored. This paper investiga...

Geospatial data have a crucial role in several projects related to infrastructures and land management. GIS software are able to perform advanced geospatial analyses, but they lack several instruments and tools for parametric modelling typically available in BIM. At the same time, BIM software designed for buildings have limited tools to handle geo...

The paper presents the results of an experimental and numerical investigation on Azzone Visconti bridge, a XIV century arch bridge in Lecco (northern Italy). Starting from the historical data and from an extensive mechanical characterization of both the soil constituting the riverbed and of the masonry constituting the piers, the aim of the study i...

Documentation on archaeological fieldworks needs to be accurate and time-effective. Many features unveiled during excavations can be recorded just once, since the archaeological workflow physically removes most of the stratigraphic elements. Some of them have peculiar characteristics which make them hardly recognizable as objects and prevent a full...

This paper presents the development of a BIM model for a stratified historic structure characterized by a complex geometry: Filarete’s Ospedale Maggiore ice house, one of the few remaining historic ice houses in Milan (Fig. 1). Filarete, a well-known Renaissance architect and theorist, planned the hospital in the 15th century, but the ice house was...

Documenting the physical characteristics of historic structures is the first step for any preventive maintenance, monitoring, conservation, planning and promotion action. Metric documentation supports informative decision-making process for property owners, site managers, public officials, and conservators. This information serves also a broader pu...

Today, the field of cultural heritage faces many challenges: cultural heritage is always at risk, the large amount of heritage information is often fragmented, climate change impacts cultural heritage and heritage recording can be time-consuming and often results in low accuracy. Four objectives, related to the challenges, were defined during this...

Currently, the commercial market offers several tools for digital documentation of historic sites and buildings. Photogrammetry and laser scanning play a fundamental role in the acquisition of metric information, which is then processed to generate reliable records particularly useful also in the built heritage conservation field. Although potentia...

In December 2012 ENIservizi (the Italian multi-national energy agency operating in many countries), after the Earthquake that occurred in April 2009, decided to undertake the project ‘Re-start from Collemaggio’ with the aim of giving new hope to the L’Aquila community, funding around 14 million Euro to restore the Basilica di Collemaggio. The Super...

GAMHer is a collaborative project that aims at exploiting and validating Geomatics algorithms, methodologies and procedures in the framework of new European regulations, which require a more extensive and productive use of digital information, as requested by the Digital Agenda for Europe as one of the seven pillars of the Europe 2020 Strategy. To...

The avaibility of automated software for image-based 3D modelling has changed the way people acquire images for photogrammetric applications. Short baseline images are required to match image points with SIFT-like algorithms, obtaining more images than those necessary for “old fashioned” photogrammetric projects based on manual measurements. This p...

Recent developments in Building Information Modelling (BIM) technologies are facilitating the management of historic complex structures using new applications. This paper proposes a generative method combining the morphological and typological aspects of the historic buildings (H-BIM), with a set of monitoring information. This combination of 3D di...

This chapter presents the latest advances in historic building information modeling (HBIM) that have been transformed into models for mobile apps based on augmented and virtual reality. The chapter aims to demonstrate that a complex model based on HBIM can be used in portable devices to extract useful information not only for specialists in archite...

Fisheye lenses are becoming more popular in complete image-based modelling projects of small and narrow spaces. The growing interest in fisheye lenses is confirmed by the availability of different commercial software incorporating a fisheye camera model. Such software are now able to carry out the steps of the image processing pipeline in a fully a...

The Samsung Gear 360 is a consumer grade spherical camera able to capture photos and videos. The aim of this work is to test the metric accuracy and the level of detail achievable with the Samsung Gear 360 coupled with digital modelling techniques based on photogrammetry/computer vision algorithms. Results demonstrate that the direct use of the pro...

In this paper, we present a procedure which makes available an accurate historic BIM (HBIM) in the cloud. Data processing is carried out with a NURBS-based strategy to reduce the size of the final HBIM derived from images and laser scans, providing an accurate and reliable 3D model with limited memory occupation. This guarantees a remote access wit...

A large development of downstream services is expected to be stimulated starting from earth observations (EO) datasets acquired by Copernicus satellites. An important challenge connected with the availability of downstream services is the possibility for their integration in order to create innovative applications with added values for users of dif...

Starting from June 2015, Sentinel-2A is delivering high resolution optical images (ground resolution up to 10 meters) to provide a global coverage of the Earth’s land surface every 10 days. The planned launch of Sentinel-2B along with the integration of Landsat images will provide time series with an unprecedented revisit time indispensable for num...

This paper presents a novel semi-automated method for the generation of 3D parametric as-built models from point clouds. Laser scanning and photogrammetry have a primary role in the survey of existing facilities, especially for the generation of accurate and detailed as-built parametric models that reflect the true condition of a building. Various...

This paper describes the use of a new multi-image co-registration method tuned for SAR multi-temporal data collected with different orbits, viewing angles and polarization. Tests were performed using COSMO-SkyMed (X-band) and Sentinel-1 data (C-band) time series imaged in stripmap and spotlight modes. Results shows an overview sub-pixel accuracy al...

A novel procedure able to align bracketed images acquired with a handheld camera is illustrated and discussed. The method is based on a system of linear equations solved via least squares, which provides the transformation parameters of Low Dynamic Range images acquired for High Dynamic Range photography. The method uses features automatically matc...

Geospatial data are today more and more widespread. Many different institutions, such as Geographical Institutes, Public Administrations, collaborative communities (e.g., OSM) and web companies, make available nowadays a large number of maps. Besides this cartography, projects of digitizing, georeferencing and web publication of historical maps hav...

Geospatial data are today more and more widespread. Many different institutions, such as Geographical Institutes, Public Administrations, collaborative communities (e.g., OSM) and web companies, make available nowadays a large number of maps. Besides this cartography, projects of digitizing, georeferencing and web publication of historical maps hav...

Building Information Modelling is not limited to buildings. BIM technology includes civil infrastructures such as roads, dams, bridges, communications networks, water and wastewater networks and tunnels. This paper describes a novel methodology for the generation of a detailed BIM of a complex medieval bridge. The use of laser scans and images coup...

Building Information Modelling is not limited to buildings. BIM technology includes civil infrastructures such as roads, dams, bridges, communications networks, water and wastewater networks and tunnels. This paper describes a novel methodology for the generation of a detailed BIM of a complex medieval bridge. The use of laser scans and images coup...

The use of rational functions has become a standard for very high-resolution satellite imagery (VHRSI). On the other hand, the overall geolocalization accuracy via direct georeferencing from on board navigation components is much worse than image ground sampling distance (predicted < 3.5 m CE90 for WorldView-3, whereas GSD = 0.31 m for panchromatic...

The use of rational functions has become a standard for very high-resolution satellite imagery (VHRSI). On the other hand, the overall geolocalization accuracy via direct georeferencing from on board navigation components is much worse than image ground sampling distance (predicted < 3.5 m CE90 for WorldView-3, whereas GSD = 0.31 m for panchromatic...

Radiometric image normalization is one of the basic pre-processing methods used in satellite time series analysis. This paper presents a new multi-image approach able to estimate the parameters of relative radiometric normalization through a multiple and simultaneous regression with a dataset of a generic number of images. The method was developed...