Lucy Berthoud

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Verified

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• PhD
• Professor at University of Bristol

This paper investigates using Large Language Models (LLMs) within Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) as the basis for generative design tools for spacecraft. This study has developed tooling for automatically generating system architecture, functions, modes, and components from an initial requirement set. Specifically, a Python tool was develop...

Extreme space weather events can have serious impacts on critical infrastructure, including Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The use of GNSS, particularly as sources of accurate timing signals, is becoming more widespread, with one example being the measurement of electricity grid frequency and phase information to aid grid management an...

This paper provides key insights from the test campaign of a student CubeSat payload, along with actionable recommendations for future missions. The University of Bristol, UK, is developing a volcano imaging CubeSat payload-PROVE Pathfinder. This 2U payload consists of a visual and a thermal infrared camera, and their power and control electronics....

The objective of this European Space Agency study was to examine an initial concept and requirements for a Lunar and Asteroid Receiving Facility (LaARF). Then to investigate the evolution from a facility dealing with only Moon and asteroid returned sample material, to a facility dealing with Mars returned sample material with potential biohazard. T...

This paper provides a novel approach for detecting radiation leaks at nuclear facilities with satellite instrumentation through three proxy-based identification techniques; Outgoing longwave radiation, thermal infrared and visual imagery. Several data sources and processing techniques were utilised to identify anomalous thermal behaviour indicative...

Today's MBSE tools and environments are highly varied and therefore present a challenge for organizations looking to implement MBSE. Furthermore, while MBSE environments are highly capable of supporting the description of design baselines, the current capabilities within these environments could be further refined for exploring alternative designs....

This work describes the use of an arts-based project to stimulate creative thinking about design and sustainability for engineering students of all disciplines and years. 'Building a Martian House' was a public art project where a house designed for Mars was built in the centre of the city of Bristol, UK. It was conceived by artists, designed by th...

Uncertainties within most teaching and learning contexts make it difficult for assessment designers to predict the challenge experienced by students during an assignment. For this reason, “post-hoc” adaptation of mark schemes sometimes take place after an assessment has been completed. This is often to compensate for inaccurate assumptions embedded...

The objective of this project was to study the applicability of Linear Variable Filter (LVF) technology in Earth Observation instruments, and to extend their wavelength range. The hope was that this technology might enable the design of a miniaturised gas detection instrument suitable for CubeSats. Three applications were examined with wavelengths...

In the framework of the EU-funded EURO-CARES project, aimed at determining the actions to develop a European facility for curation of extraterrestrial samples returned by space missions, we identified the requirements (mainly in terms of materials selection) of the transportation containment facility which should contain the Sample Return Capsule (...

Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is an interesting alternative to traditional systems engineering methods. Instead of using electronic documents to record system information, MBSE uses a unified and coherent system model. Trade-offs are a major element of a space systems engineer's role in early system design. This can be a particularly chall...

Operating satellites at altitudes below 300km in Very Low Earth Orbit has many advantages. However, due to the higher atmospheric density of this region, satellites encounter a higher abundance of Atomic Oxygen in the Very Low Earth Orbit environment. Since some payloads require access to space, they are located within open cavities on the surface...

General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ b rist ol.ac .uk/ aerosp ac e Information is subject to change, you are advised to check the...

The risk of a collision or 'conjunction' between objects in Low Earth Orbits is increasing. Megaconstellations now share this orbit with other satellites, debris and micrometeoroids. Businesses, Governments and Critical National Infrastructure are increasingly dependent on space systems for their operations. However, society's dependence on space s...

The PROVE Pathfinder CubeSat payload is a 2U Visual and TIR imaging payload optimized for observation of volcanic ash clouds for 3D reconstruction. Three of the main challenges for the mission operations of payload are optimization of the observation geometry (num. images, angles, etc.), data management of a high data rate payload, and observation...

In March 2020, the University of Bristol in the UK was in the middle of the development of a new curriculum for a joint first year of 4-year undergraduate Engineering degrees for introduction in September 2021. This curriculum was designed using constructive alignment principles informed by significant student and staff input. The focus was on skil...

This paper presents a volcanic plume simulation and image generation framework, alongside a method for the tomographic reconstruction of volcanic ash plumes. The simulation framework facilitates the generation and processing of imagery analogous to that produced by real-world multi-spectral infrared observations of volcanic emissions. With this req...

Is there a business, service and technology case for flying constellations lower? This study describes work by Thales Alenia Space UK and Thales Alenia Space France and the Satellite Applications Catapult to select an attractive telecommunications application for Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO) satellites. Through a trade process comparing 8 different...

Volcanic ash presents a challenge for the aviation industry. Volcanic ash is semi-transparent, absorbing in the 8-12 micron window. 3D information is needed to be able to back-calculate dose – this is a key parameter in managing airspace. To recreate the ash cloud, multiangle observations are required – making a nadir-pointing satellite ideal to pe...

Exposure of astronauts to ionising radiation is widely considered to be the biggest threat to sustained Martian habitation. One proposed mitigation is to use Martian regolith (soil) as a shielding material that would not need to be transported from Earth. We consider its effectiveness by estimating the radiation dose from galactic cosmic rays and s...

Previous research has indicated that it is theoretically possible to detect chemical warfare agents, such as sarin and sulphur mustard from space. However, this analysis showed that limitations with spatial resolution mean that the likelihood of real-time detection of chemical warfare agents was low. This leads to this idea for a satellite mission...

The University of Bristol is developing the PROVE (Pointable Radiometer for Observation of Volcanic Emissions) Pathfinder payload, a part of a 6U CubeSat hoped to launch in the next year. PROVE Pathfinder’s aim is to image volcanic ash plumes from several different locations and aspects along its orbital trajectory. These images will be used to gai...

EURO—CARES (European Curation of Astromaterials Returned from the Exploration of Space) was a European Commission funded project under the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program and ran between January 2015 and December 2017. The core project team was made up of academic and industry experts from 14 different organisations from the United Kin...

Sample return missions are among the most exciting space missions, providing both scientifically unique information and an unparalleled mechanism for the inspiring the public. Returned samples allow us to make critical ground truth measurements that can calibrate remote sensing measurements from spacecraft. Some scientific studies can only be done...

CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear) threats are becoming more prevalent, as more entities gain access to modern weapons and industrial technologies and chemicals. This has produced a need for improvements to modelling, detection, and monitoring of these events. While there are currently no dedicated satellites for CBRN purposes,...

Recovery and transport of returned samples is a crucial importance issue, because it has the fundamental duty to avoid forward contamination (i.e., contamination of the sample from the terrestrial environment) and, in the case of samples returned from a planetary body possibly hosting any life form, backward contamination (i.e., contamination of no...

Operating satellites at altitudes in Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO) has many advantages. However, due to the higher atmospheric density of this region, satellites encounter significantly higher atmospheric drag. Depending on the mission, this may require a propulsive system to maintain the orbit which costs both fuel mass and volume. It is therefore d...

Many traditional engineering schools are trying valiantly to keep up with the increasing need for adaptability, creativity and innovation in the engineering curriculum. A more market driven higher education marketplace and the changing expectations of learners add to the drivers for change. In this paper we present the process by which we have carr...

Learning about the geometry and kinematics of bodies and their trajectories through space (or ‘astrodynamics’) is challenging due to its three-dimensional nature. To address this, the University of Bristol have developed simulation exercises for students based on a constructivist learning approach and variation learning theory. These exercises use...

Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) represents a move away from the traditional approach of Document-Based Systems Engineering (DBSE), and is used to promote consistency, communication, clarity and maintainability within systems engineering projects. In previous work, industry focus groups have indicated that one way this can be achieved is by p...

Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) represents a move away from the traditional approach of document-based systems engineering (DBSE), and is used to promote consistency, communication, clarity, and maintainability within systems engineering projects. MBSE offers approaches that can address issues associated with cost, complexity, and safety. On...

This work presents particle-based kinetic simulations of ion thruster plasma plumes, in an analysis of the modified spacecraft charged drag profile, resultant of plume interactions with the ambient thermosphere/ionosphere in Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO). VLEO is a highly appealing region for spacecraft operations, as it offers high-performing econom...

This study presents a photogrammetric method for 3D reconstruction of a volcanic plume outline to retrieve its spatial properties. A dataset of sequential multi-view images was collected, using a drone-mounted camera, for a small-scale volcanic plume emitted from Volcán Pacaya, Guatemala. A ‘Space Carving’ algorithm has been applied to estimate the...

This work presents a study of the interactions of an ion thruster plume within the thermosphere of Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO), in the context of a drag-compensation mission. VLEO is a highly appealing region for spacecraft operations, as reducing the operational altitude of remote sensing payloads improves radiometric performance and spatial resol...

This work presents a study of the interactions of an ion thruster plume within the thermosphere of Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO), in the context of a drag-compensation mission. VLEO is a highly appealing region for spacecraft operations, as reducing the operational altitude of remote sensing payloads improves radiometric performance and spatial resol...

Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) represents a move away from the traditional approach of Document-Based Systems Engineering (DBSE). It is claimed that MBSE promotes consistency, communication, clarity and maintainability within systems engineering projects and addresses issues associated with cost, complexity and safety. While these potential...

This study presents a method and a proof of principle system for the direct measurement of volcanic plume 3-D spatial properties. The shape of a plume is reconstructed in three dimensions using multi-view imagery collected from static ground-based cameras. The method was developed using data collected during an expedition to Volcán de Fuego in Guat...

EURO-CARES (European Curation of Astromaterials Returned from the Exploration of Space) was a three-year multinational project (2015–2017) funded by the European Commission's Horizon 2020 research programme. The objective of EURO-CARES was to create a roadmap for the implementation of a European Extra-terrestrial Sample Curation Facility (ESCF). Th...

The need for biocontainment from COSPAR's Planetary Protection Policy and the need for cleanliness for scientific investigation requires that the sample returned from Mars by the MSR mission must be handled in a Double Walled Isolator (DWI); an isolator that provides simultaneous bio-containment and cleanliness. Then, in order to avoid the use of '...

EURO-CARES (European Curation of Astromaterials Returned from the Exploration of Space) was a three-year multinational project (2015-2017) funded by the European Commission's Horizon 2020 research programme. The objective of EURO-CARES was to create a roadmap for the implementation of a European Extra-terrestrial Sample Curation Facility (ESCF). Th...

This work presents particle-based kinetic simulations of Gridded Ion Engine (GIE) plasma plumes, in an analysis of the modified spacecraft drag profile, resultant of plume interactions with ambient thermosphere/ionosphere, in Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO). VLEO is a highly appealing region for spacecraft operations, as reducing the operational height...

The objective of the H2020-funded EURO-CARES project (grant agreement n° 640190) was to create a roadmap for the implementation of a European Extraterrestrial Sample Curation Facility (ESCF) that would be suitable for the curation of samples from all possible return missions likely over the next few decades, i.e. from the Moon, asteroids and Mars....

EURO-CARES (European Curation of Astromaterials Returned from Exploration of Space) was a three year (2015-2017) multinational project funded under the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 research programme. The objective of EURO-CARES was to create a roadmap for the implementation of a European Extra-terrestrial Sample Curation Facility (ESCF) suit...

The world space economy is expected to grow to $400 billion by 2030 and to provide 100,000 jobs. In the UK we currently have 38,500 directly employed with a further 70000 jobs dependent on the space sector. By 2030 the UK aims to have a further 100,000 new people employed within the sector. Training space engineers and scientists is critical to ful...

The UK-based Space Universities Network (SUN) was formed in 2016 with the aim of enhancing the quality of learning and teaching by providing support and resources to the space science and engineering higher education community. The goal of this research was to pilot the running of this education network as a Community of Practice and then to use th...

In today’s global Aerospace industry, virtual workspaces are commonly used for collaboration between geographically distributed multidisciplinary teams. This study investigated the use of wikis to look at communication, collaboration and engagement in ‘Capstone’ team design projects at the end of an engineering degree. Wikis were set up for teams o...

CubeSats have been developed by many different institutions since they were introduced by California Polytechnic State University and Stanford University in 1999. A number of papers give lessons learned for individual satellites, some from a technical perspective and other from an educational point of view. However, there is no existing overview of...

Introduction: EURO-CARES (European Curation of Astromaterials Returned from Exploration of Space) is a three year, multinational project, funded under the European Commission's Horizon2020 research pro-gramme to create a roadmap for the implementation of a European Extra-terrestrial Sample Curation Facility (ESCF). Such an ESCF would be designed to...

The objective of this European Space Agency study was to examine an initial concept and requirements for a Lunar and Asteroid Receiving Facility (LaARF). Then to investigate the evolution from a facility dealing with only Moon and asteroid returned sample material to a facility dealing with Mars returned sample material with potential biohazard. Th...

Ways to improve the tolerance of unmanned spacecraft to hypervelocity impact are presented. Two new honeycomb and multi-layer insulation (MLI) shields were defined: (1) double honeycomb, and (2) enhanced or toughened MLI (with additional Kevlar 310 and/or Betacloth layers). Following hypervelocity impact testing, a new ballistic limit threshold was...

Abstract— Velocities of ejecta from seven impacts of aluminum projectiles into coarse-grained sand have been measured with a laser-based apparatus that produces stroboscopic photographs of individual grains in ballistic flight. Speeds and angles of the majority of the ejecta can then be measured very precisely. There appears to be little effect of...

The proposed Beagle 2 lander for ESA's 2003 Mars Express mission will be described. The aim of Beagle 2 will be to search for organic material on and below the surface of Mars in addition to a study of the inorganic chemistry and mineralogy of the landing site. The lander will utilize a small rover equipped with a mechanical and grinder to obtained...

The recent retrieval of the EURECA satellite and one solar array from the Hubble Space Telescope initiated meteoroid and debris impact investigations on these surfaces. This paper gives an overview of observations of impact sites found on retrieved spacecraft surfaces, hypervelocity test programs performed as part of the European Space Agency (ESA)...

This report presents results of the analysis of impact features on the retrieved Hubble Space Telescope (HST) solar array and compares them to similar data from EURECA. The post-flight meteoroid/debris investigation programmes included optical surveys of all outer surfaces, impact residue analyses and hypervelocity calibration tests on MLI and sola...

The recent recovery of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Solar-Array-1 and the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA) spacecraft offers an opportunity to widen our database on the low Earth particle environment. This paper describes investigations into impacts observed on the array surfaces after retrieval, and into calibration impact tests carried o...

A large variety of materials have now been recovered from long term exposure to the space environment. The authors have investigated samples which have spent several years in space on various satellites, including: the NASA satellite ‘Long Duration Exposure Facility’, the Franco–Russian ‘Aragatz’ mision experiment on MIR and the Hubble Space Telesc...

Two series of experiments were performed to investigate the distinguishing features between craters caused by oblique incidence and those caused by non-spherical particles. The first series of experiments used the MPI Heidelberg electrostatic accelerator to accelerate micronsized iron spheres on to aluminum targets at a constant velocity and increa...

The aim of this work is to improve current knowledge of micrometeoroids and orbital debris in low Earth orbit using space detection experiments. In 1990 and 1993, a series of samples exposed to the space environment for several gears aboard the NASA Long Duration Exposure Facility and the Mir Orbital Station were retrieved. The samples were scanned...

The present study of impact ejecta raises questions concerning the fragmentation mechanism, ejection angles, and velocity of the ejecta in solar system solid bodies. The results obtained confirm findings that the more vertical trajectories contain material ejected at early stages in the cratering at higher velocities, and the near-horizontal trajec...

The returned solar cells from the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA) satellite and one Hubble Space Telescope Solar Array (HST-SA) acted as collector surfaces for microparticles in the vicinity of the Earth. Because only limited information on cratering formulae for solar cells was available from the literature, hypervelocity impact experiments...

The recent recovery of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Solar-Array-1 offers a unique opportunity to improve our knowledge of the low Earth orbit (LEO) particle environment. The data from HST surfaces is particularly interesting for the meteoroid and debris community, as the Telescope was in orbit at an altitude of approximately 614 km and there ha...

Materials choice for space applications is not only defined by the primary application requirements, such as structural integrity or electrical characteristics but also by the need to survive the sometimes extreme or unusual environmental conditions that can be encountered during the lifetime of a material. Some of these environments are natural su...

Many human operations have created a large population of small orbital debris in near Earth environment. The threat they represent for satellites is a major factor for the preparation of future space missions. Several experiments devoted to the study of this environment, as well as various materials exposed to space, have been retrieved in the past...

One of the Hubble Space Telescope roll-out flexible solar arrays was brought back to Earth in December 1993 and provides much material for investigation of space environment effects. The solar cells and thermal blankets provide interesting surfaces to examine for smaller meteoroid and debris particle impacts. The data from HST surfaces is particula...

As part of the Eureca and Hubble Space Telescope Solar Array (HST-SA) post flight investigation programs, hypervelocity impact test campaigns were performed using the plasma drag accelerator facility of the Technische Universitat Milnchen. These calibra-ti on shots, together with other data from experiments on glass surfaces, are used to create a s...

Part of the LDEF tray allocated to French experiments (FRECOPA) has been devoted to the study of dust particles. The tray was located on the face of LDEF directly opposed to the velocity vector. Crater size distributions have made possible the evaluation of the incident microparticle flux in the near-Earth environment. Comparisons are made with mea...

This study is a further investigation of space-exposed samples recovered from the LDEF satellite and the Franco-Russian 'Aragatz' dust collection experiment on the Mir Space Station. Impact craters with diameters ranging from 1 to 900 micron were found on the retrieved samples. Elemental analysis of residues found in the impact craters was carried...

This study is the further investigation of space‐exposed samples recently recovered from the NASA satellite LDEF and the Franco‐Russian ‘Aragatz’ mission on Mir. Some interesting impact features have been selected as examples to demonstrate various findings. Part of the objective of the experiments was to determine the nature and origin of particle...

This study is the further investigation of space-exposed samples recently recovered from the American satellite LDEF and the Franco-Soviet Mir 'Aragatz' experiment. Some interesting impact features have been selected as examples to demonstrate various findings. Part of the objective of the experiments was to determine the nature and origin of parti...

Near-earth space contains natural and man-made particles, ranging from submicron particles to cm sized objects. Experiments devoted to the study of this environment have been recently retrieved from space. Evaluation of hypervelocity impact features on selected targets gives information on size distribution of small dust particles present in low ea...