Luciano Fratocchi

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• PhD
• Professor (Full) at University of L'Aquila

The growing demand for rare earth elements (REEs) and sustainable development issues have made the REEs recovery from permanent magnets (PMs) attract the attention of many researchers in the last decade. The NEW-RE and INSPIREE projects have been introduced to evaluate the recovery of REE elements from permanent magnets on a pilot and industrial sc...

Purpose Reshoring implies the reconfiguration of supply networks. Focusing on the specific case of a born-offshored firm that engaged in reshoring of outsourced activities, this study aims to analyse how initial key suppliers in the home country can help the reshoring firm to organize a new supply network. Design/methodology/approach The research...

Born sustainable firms aim to regenerate the environment and drive positive societal changes since their establishment. Therefore, they need to leverage dynamic capabilities and their micro-foundations to reach their strategic aims. This paper investigates how dynamic capabilities-and their micro-foundations-influence the transition of such firms t...

According to international entrepreneurship scholars, the success of Born Globals (BGs) depends on their capacity to develop an organizational ambidexterity perspective, i.e. a dual function of simultaneous knowledge exploration and exploitation. In this respect, it has been pointed out that ambidexterity can be associated with the ability to balan...

After decades of offshoring their manufacturing activities, an increasing number of companies are revising their location strategies and implementing reshoring decisions, including backshoring (relocation in the home country) and nearshoring (relocation in the home region) alternatives. It has been recognized that reshoring strategies are consisten...

Introduction Fast and accurate diagnosis of acute stroke is crucial to timely initiate reperfusion therapies. Conventional high-field (HF) MRI yields the highest accuracy in discriminating early ischaemia from haemorrhages and mimics. Rapid access to HF-MRI is often limited by contraindications or unavailability. Low-field (LF) MRI (<0.5T) can dete...

This article aims to present and discuss the results of a systematic literature review on workers buyout (WBO) cooperatives. More specifically the authors analyzed 44 documents, comprising 29 journal articles and 15 book chapters published up to December 2022 based on the ‘5Ws and 1H’ (who-what-where-when-why and how) questions. The findings show t...

Purpose The advantages of offshoring are increasingly under scrutiny, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has advanced the debate, calling for a redefinition of firms' production location strategies. While attention has primarily focused on the relocation of second-degree strategies, such as back-shoring, near-shoring and further offshoring, th...

This paper investigates whether entrepreneurial and marketing orientations (respectively EOs and Mos) impact – individually or collectively – international new ventures’ (INVs’) post-entry performance growth. Furthermore, we investigate whether such relations are moderated by the foreign social networks, both formal and informal, of international n...

After decades of huge production offshoring, companies are increasingly re-evaluating their production footprint, often implementing so-called reshoring strategies. Among them scarce attention has been devoted to the near-shoring option, i.e., relocation to the home region. At the same time, the impact of environmental and social sustainability on...

This special issue discusses the relevance of the region CEE for phenomena-based international business research and theory development. Regional insights based on empirical research reveal the drivers, effects and implications of GVC restructuring, post-pandemic adjustments in GVC governance and various strategies in innovation and internationalis...

Purpose Antibiotics shortages have become an increasingly common problem in Europe because of several reasons, including the offshoring of the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients for many of these products to low production cost countries, such as China and India. The problem has deteriorated because of the Covid-19 crisis that has put...

This paper investigates whether and how Industry 4.0 innovation intensity, which is developed through patenting and which provides a firm-specific ownership advantage, relates to “relocation of second degree” (RSD) of manufacturing activities, i.e. the movement of previously offshored activities to either the home country (RHC) or a third country (...

After decades of offshoring, in recent years, companies have sometimes revised their location decisions implementing one of the three alternatives of the so-called ?relocations of the second degree?. More specifically, they have relocated manufacturing activities either in their home country (back-shoring), in their home region (near-shoring), or i...

Reshoring has gained a lot of attention recently by academics and practitioners alike, and is promising to become even more relevant in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Building on earlier research on the effects of reshoring announcements on the short-term market value of the firm, this work employs an event-study methodology and aims to un...

The 5th generation of mobile networks has come to the market bringing the promise of disruptive performances as low latency, availability and reliability, imposing the development of the so-called “killer applications”. This contribution presents a 5G use case in the context of Structural Health Monitoring which guarantees an unprecedented level of...

The Covid-19 pandemic represents an unprecedented challenge for people, governments, and companies all over the world. This study focuses on the Italian context and analyses the reaction of women-led companies to the severe reduction of revenues they faced after the outspread of the pandemic. We adopted an exploratory qualitative approach and focus...

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has been recognized as a trigger for redefining supply chains at the global level, and has created an intense debate within the academic community and among policy-makers and practitioners. Among other industries, health care has been dramatically hit by the scarcity of “medical products,” specifically for personal...

The article concerns the revision of earlier decisions to offshore production activities (so called “relocation of second degree”); more specifically it is focused on the “reshoring” (also referred as “relocation to the home country”, “back-reshoring” or “back-shoring”). The research aims are to investigate what types of mistakes occur along the de...

Entrasti da professore ordinario alla Luiss alla fine degli anni ’80; una delle prime chiamate di punta dell’ambizioso programma di rafforzamento dell’università voluto dall’allora presidente Guido Carli. Ti venne dato l’obiettivo di sviluppare il filone degli studi sulla gestione e l’organizzazione d’impresa. Hai fondato quella Scuola, riempiendol...

The manufacturing sector in the UK is currently undergoing a significant supply chain transformation and managers are re-evaluating supply chain location decisions to minimise the disruptions caused by Brexit. This entails manufacturing offshoring and back-shoring once again being considered as strategic decisions and companies ought to make inform...

After decades of off-shoring strategies, companies are often critically re-evaluating their earlier location decisions; in doing so, sometimes they implement the so-called relocation of second degree. Among them, back-shoring (i.e., relocation to the home country) and near-shoring (relocation to the home region) are two of the alternatives attracti...

This study explores the relationship between the earliness of internationalisation (EOI) and international growth using a sample of 168 high-tech (computer, electronics, telecommunications, and other digital services) Italian SMEs surveyed at two points in time (2007 and 2018). We investigate the moderating role of firm age and size on the relation...

Over the last two decades, companies have increasingly been re-evaluating their off-shoring strategies and implementing decisions on relocations of second degree (RSD). In some cases, the RSD decision has been implemented through back-shoring. The topic has attracted the attention of several scholars, some of whom have specifically investigated the...

After decades of manufacturing offshoring strategies, generally addressed to low cost countries, in the last few years companies have been increasingly revising their location strategies. In so doing, they often implement either back-shoring (relocation to the home country) or near-shoring (relocation to the home region) alternatives. While the for...

The objective of this chapter is to analyze the impact (if any) of Industry 4.0 enabling technology on firms’ decision to relocate to the home country their offshored production activities. In particular, the chapter analyzes whether Industry 4.0 technologies may represent a driver/motivation or an enabling factor for companies which are evaluating...

Purpose Production activities affect environmental and social pillars of firm’s sustainability. Therefore, decisions regarding where products are manufactured have a tremendous impact on a firm’s sustainability. However, until now, interdependencies among back-shoring decisions and sustainability issues have been rarely addressed. This paper aims t...

We study the “Relocations of Second Degree” (RSDs), i.e., the location decisions that modify the country of destination of a previous offshoring investment. Specifically, we distinguish between two types of RSDs, i.e., “Relocation to the Home Country (RHC)”, also known as back-reshoring, and “Relocation to a Third Country (RTC)”, i.e., the choice t...

Purpose This paper theorizes on the internationalization process model to explain cases of manufacturing reshoring as decisions taken to manage risk when internationalizing. Design/methodology/approach The paper has a conceptual nature. Building on the logic of the internationalization process model, we extend previous work by focusing on firms’...

Manufacturing offshoring decisions have been implemented for a long time in the footwear industry. However, more recently some companies are revising their initial decision by implementing the backshoring alternative. This paper is focused on backshoring decisions implemented by contract manufacturers that decided to develop their own brand. Two ca...

In this paper, a method for determining the best choice of the 3D scanner for cultural heritage applications is presented. Generally speaking, this activity is not trivial since a 3D scanner that matches all the requirements of a typical preservation activity in cultural heritage does not exist. Thus, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the choi...

The paper aims to investigate the hypothesis that additive manufacturing technologies (AMTs) may enable manufacturing reshoring, i.e., the repatriation of manufacturing activities earlier off-shored to foreign countries. Since the paper has an explorative nature, a two-steps, desk research strategy was adopted. In the first, a comparison between th...

The paper concerns the relocation of manufacturing activities earlier off-shored. More specifically, it is focused on back-shoring (relocations at the home country) and near-shoring (relocations in the region near the home country) decisions implemented by 25 Italian and Spanish belonging to the footwear industries. 41 relocation decisions were ana...

Purpose The aim of this paper is to analyze and classify research that has been conducted on manufacturing reshoring, i.e. the decision to bring back to the home country production activities earlier offshored, independently of the governance mode (insourcing vs outsourcing). Consequently, the paper also aims at providing avenues for future resear...

While research on reshoring generally focuses on the host-country to explain why a company brings its previously offshored activities back home, this paper stresses the relevance also of the home-country context. Specifically, relying on the IMP (Industrial Marketing & Purchasing) perspective we show how offshoring and reshoring processes and decis...

Motivations underscoring offshoring and backshoring are typically investigated as separate entities in the academic literature. This separation undermines a deeper comprehension of the two phenomena, and implicitly denies the conceptualization of backshoring as a possible step of the firm internationalization process. Our paper seeks to fill this g...

The aim of this paper is to analyze and classify research that has been conducted on manufacturing reshoring, i.e., the decision to bring back to the home country production activities earlier offshored, independently of the governance mode (insourcing vs. outsourcing). Literature reviews proposed until now usually paid almost exclusive attention t...

Technologies embodied in the “Industry 4.0” concept are expected to heavily influence the competitiveness of countries, industries and companies. In this scenario, one of the most relevant technological transformations is represented by additive manufacturing technologies (AMTs). According to some scholars and practitioners, the adoption of such te...

This paper offers the first characterization of the manufacturing reshoring phenomenon for Italy, one of the countries that are more invested by this recent trend. As such, it fills a gap in the extant literature. The study is based on secondary data gathered through a number of different sources over more than 5 years’ time. Data are analysed in o...

Build–operate–transfer (BOT) is a well-established solution used in the engineering and construction industries for building different types of infrastructure (e.g. railways, highways, power plants). In recent years, BOT has increasingly been adopted by companies in the service industry as a mode for entering foreign markets. BOT in service offshor...

Taking a longitudinal approach, we analyze how the evolution of different dimensions of social capital between an SME (Small and Medium enterprise) and its key foreign customers directly influences the firm’s foreign performance growth. Moreover, we utilize a contingency approach by introducing two dyad-specific characteristics into the analysis: p...

The structure of conversations on social networks may affect the users’ perceptions regarding the informative value of the conversations. Consequently, to draw the maximum benefit from social networks, companies should understand which form these online conversations take. The paper argues that the conversations on social networks can have two form...

Purpose This study investigates Singaporean millennials’ attitudes toward luxury brands. The research focuses on the financial, functional, individual, and social dimensions of luxury value perception and whether ethnicity influences these dimensions. Design/methodology/approach The research measures luxury value perception among millennials of th...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a framework for the analysis of reshoring. The framework is then applied to analyze motivations for reshoring, as they emerge from extant literature and from new evidence collected. Design/methodology/approach – The authors start by formulating a literature-grounded definition of reshoring and revi...

This paper throws light on the determinants of the duration of manufacturing offshore experiences by US and European firms prior to reshoring. By applying survival analysis to a dataset of 249 offshoring experiences terminated with a relocation to the home country/region, we estimate the effects of different groups of survival determinants. Results...

After decades of offshoring, involving production activities and business functions, some service and manufacturing companies have started to bring back their activities to their home country. We refer to this phenomenon by the term reshoring. We illustrate empirical evidence relying on two different datasets (“Uni-CLUB MoRe reshoring”; “Offshoring...

PurposeThe first aim of the chapter is to offer a characterization of back-reshoring as a possible step of the firm’s nonlinear internationalization process. The second aim is to review the empirical literature on back-reshoring and to complement it with the findings of an extensive data collection. Methodology/approachIn this chapter we adopted an...

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide academicians and practitioners alike with a theory-based framework regarding horizontal collaboration in logistics. The proposed tool is based on an incremental perspective, according to two main dimensions: mutual trust among partners and the extent of the cooperation. Design/methodology/approac...

Il volume presenta per la prima volta in modo sistematico il settore agroalimentare abruzzese, affrontandone congiuntamente sia gli aspetti strutturali e congiunturali sia le criticità e potenzialità di sviluppo, nonché elaborando una riflessione sull'impatto della crisi economica sul settore. Il rapporto si propone come uno strumento di conoscenz...

This chapter focuses on "reshoring" strategies, conceptualized as the relocation of production earlier off-shored independently of its governance mode (out-sourcing vs. in-sourcing). More specifically, the authors investigate two different forms of this phenomenon: the repatriation of manufacturing activities in the firm's home market or in a count...

User-Generated Content characterizes the interactions between company and customers. Comments and contributions provided by customers in social media platforms represent a relevant input for companies' marketing decisions. A firm cannot avoid this interaction with its customers within social media. Any firm is already part of spontaneous on-line co...

Abstract Cooperation in logistics is widely recognised as one of the core challenges for the next future. In this context, horizontal collaboration is believed to be one of the innovative solutions to effectively tackle the growing logistic challenges from both, environmental and economic points of view. This innovative topic is quickly gaining mom...

Over the past years, use of the terms like “on-shoring”, “re-shoring” and “back-shoring” has multiplied dramatically, especially in economics journalism and in consulting firms’ white papers. More recently, the topic has also attracted academic attention. Notwithstanding this increasing attention, reliable and quantitative evidence on the extent of...

This paper aims at shedding new light on the variables that indicate the level of autonomy of subsidiaries of internationalizing companies. Specifically, we examine subsidiaries located in the transition economies of Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). We identified a sample of 72 subsidiaries of micro, small and medium-sized Italian co...

Over the past five years, use of the term "back-shoring" (and of its apparent synonyms) has multiplied dramatically, especially in economics journalism and in consulting firms' white papers. More recently, the topic has prompted academic investigation too, despite the lack of reliable data. This paper aims to establish the importance of manufacturi...

The paper is focused on a phenomenon – the so called “back-shoring” (often indicated also as “onshoring”, “in-shoring”, “re-shoring”, “reverse-shoring”, “international re-concentration”, “reverseglobalization”, even if they are not always considered synonymous) – which is becoming more and more diffused in the last years. Notwithstanding this incre...

This paper aims at shedding new light on the variables that indicate the level of autonomy of subsidiaries of internationalizing companies. Specifically, we examine subsidiaries located in the transition economies of Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). We identified a sample of 72 subsidiaries of micro, small and medium-sized Italian co...

In this paper, we use social capital theory to discuss the growth of "international new ventures", aiming to verify whether or not social capital may be considered as a critical source of knowledge acquisition abroad. We analyse social capital embedded in vertical relationships between global high-tech start-ups and their largest single foreign cus...

In this paper, we use social capital theory to discuss the growth of “international new ventures”, aiming to verify whether or not social capital may be considered as a critical source of knowledge acquisition abroad. We analyse social capital embedded in vertical relationships between global high-tech start-ups and their largest single foreign cus...

The foreign development of high-tech start-ups is an important issue, since international activity requires specific knowledge that new firms may find it difficult to locate and acquire. It has been found that the pattern of foreign development in high-tech start-ups differs from that of conventional companies, starting to act in foreign markets so...

This paper aims at analyzing the main features of Research and Development (R&D) activities carried out by the Italian biotech companies. It was decided to focus on the biotech industry, because of the specific features of its knowledge firms (Kamath, 2007), that deeply influence both the strategic behavior of firms and the economic environment of...

This article aims at providing further empirical evidence about the international activity of Italian small and medium enterprises (SMEs). In particular, the present contribution can be ascribable to the stream of research regarding the headquarters–subsidiary relationship. Focusing our attention on the subsidiary of Italian SMEs internationalized...

This paper examines the role of guanxi in the emergence of the Chinese institutional environment, institutional structure and business environment. In China, the institutional environment, institutional structure and resulting business environment are rapidly evolving and are not yet stable or predictable. Under these circumstances, guanxi is impor...

This paper aims at analysing the main features of the activities carried out by the Italian biotech industry. This topic is so wide and various that particularly we decided to focus on the value added activities of the so-called “pharma-biotech”, i.e. pharmaceutical firms that have diversified in the biotech business or pharmaceutical spin-offs. Fi...

This paper aims at analysing the main features of the activities carried out by the Italian biotech industry. This topic is so wide and various that particularly we decided to focus on the value added activities of the so-called “pharma-biotech”, i.e. pharmaceutical firms that have diversified in the biotech business or pharmaceutical spin-offs. Fi...

This paper is focused on relationships which involves the subsidiary both, at an internal (mainly with the headquarter) and at an external level (with economic actors at a local level, i.e. customers and suppliers). In so doing, corporate and external embeddedness (Andersson and Forsgren, 1996) are investigated under a network based approach. To re...

Purpose This purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for optimally planning long‐haul road transport activities through proper aggregation of customer orders in separate full‐truckload or less‐than‐truckload shipments in order to minimize total transportation costs. Design/methodology/approach The model is applied to a specific Italian m...

Purpose To present a decision support system (DSS) enabling the analysis of the cost‐effectiveness of direct‐shipping long‐haul road transport policies, including full truck load (FTL) and less than truck load (LTL) modes, and to select the optimal carrier. Design/methodology/approach Analytical estimation of transportation costs is provided in a...

Purpose The purpose of the present paper is to provide a comprehensive framework for analyzing relationships among economic actors interconnected through internet and constituting e‐supply networks (e‐SNs). Design/methodology/approach At first the main factors characterizing e‐SN pattern are identified (organizational structures, managerial criter...

This study proposes a model for the analysis and performance evaluation of e-supply chains (e-SCs), that are supply chains (SCs) in which actors are connected by Internet technologies. It is assumed that e-SC performances are influenced by the network ol structures, by the criteria adopted to manage relationships among involved actors, and by the c...

The paper deals with technological and managerial innovation transfer to small and medium sized enterprises. A comprehensive framework is presented, identifying a networked architecture in which different actors (universities, other R&D centers, consulting companies, the European Union, national government, local public administration) interact. In...

This paper aims to critically analyse the idea of global market space [1] and the generally accepted idea that internet and electronic transactions [2] can provide small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and bigger companies with the same access to global markets. This analysis is conducted in respect of wine and olive oil industries. Collected data cl...