Luca Giustiniano

Luca Giustiniano
LUISS Guido Carli, Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali | Luiss · Department of Business and Management

PhD in Management (Information Systems) (Luiss University)
Professor of Organization Studies

About

223
Publications
87,933
Reads
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1,625
Citations
Introduction
Full Professor (Organization Studies) - Luiss University Recent visiting positions: Interdisciplinary Center for Organizational Architecture - ICOA - Aarhus University - Denmark (2014); Nova SBE, Lisbon - Portugal (2015,2020); Waseda Institute for Advanced Studies - WIAS - Waseda University, Tokyo - Japan (2018); Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana - Slovenia (2018-2023); University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (2021).
Additional affiliations
May 2021 - July 2021
University of Innsbruck
Position
  • Professor
Description
  • Teaching activities: - PhD Seminars in HRM & Employment Relations (with Julia Brandl) - Master course in HRM & Organization (Master Organization Studies, with Katharina Pernkopf and Anna Schneider)
September 2020 - August 2021
Nova School of Business and Economics
Position
  • Professor (Full)
January 2016 - January 2020
Education
November 1997 - December 2000
LUISS Guido Carli, Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali
Field of study
  • PhD in Management (Information Systems)
September 1992 - July 1997
LUISS Guido Carli, Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali
Field of study
  • Laurea degree (BA+Msc): Economics & Business - Business Administration

Publications

Publications (223)
Article
Full-text available
We introduce the concept of zemblanity to organization studies to refer to the enactment of disaster when, in systems designed to impede risk, key actors nonetheless construct their own misfortune. The case of the Costa Concordia provides an opportunity to discuss organizational zemblanity. Active as well as passive behaviours by the Costa Concordi...
Article
Full-text available
Four studies (a vignette-based experiment conducted in Portugal and Brazil; a two-wave multi-source field study in Portugal; a three-wave field study in the US; a multi-source field study in Portugal, in which conscientiousness, a “rival” of grit, was controlled for) provide theoretical and empirical evidence for a model testing what (e.g., grit in...
Article
Crises and tragedies befalling individuals, teams, organizations or communities call for leadership that builds resilience in the face of danger. The COVID-19 pandemic, full of both known and unknown unknowns, is no exception and variable national responses to it epitomize the importance of resilient leadership. In such situations there is always t...
Article
Full-text available
The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy has had disastrous effects on the national economy. The hospitality sector has experienced a significant impact from the crisis: starting from March 2020 it has literally collapsed. Experts believe it will take three years for the sector to recover. Confronted with a dramatic uncertainty, which imposed r...
Article
Full-text available
Open organizations are structures in which members of the public engage in work for the organization. Examples include open-source software, Amnesty International, Wikipedia, and Lego communities. Much research focuses on structural design characteristics of open organizations, such as pre-specified task divisions and integration teams. These pract...
Article
Full-text available
Our longitudinal case study investigates the emergence of an embryonic business from a hobby. As the hobby evolved to become an entrepreneurial venture, the dimensions of play and work engaged in a paradoxical tension that dynamically persisted, spiraling, as the business unfolded. The process of turning a hobby into a business progressively imbric...
Article
Full-text available
Resumo Nosso estudo de caso longitudinal investiga o surgimento de uma empresa embrionária a partir de um hobby. À medida que o hobby evoluiu para se tornar um empreendimento empresarial, as dimensões de diversão e trabalho se envolveram em uma tensão paradoxal que persistiu dinamicamente, em espiral, à medida que o negócio se desenvolveu. O proces...
Article
This study explores how individuals cultivate their psychological resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic—an ongoing adversity worthy of exploration. Drawing on 55 semi-structured interviews, our qualitative research revealed an early pathway towards individual resilience, socioecological factors influencing the development of individual resilience...
Article
Full-text available
This paper adopts a processual perspective to understand how multiple crises evolve and interact in projects. After reviewing the literature on crises in projects and finding that it typically considers crises in isolation, we endeavored to study the case of an infrastructural megaproject that involved the construction of a high-speed railway in It...
Article
Seguendo la definizione di Duckworth et al. (2007), possono essere definiti come ‘grintosi’ (gritty) coloro che sono: proattivi nel perseguire obiettivi a lungo termine e, perseveranti a dispetto di eventuali - inevitabili - ostacoli o battute d'arresto. Potremmo semplicisticamente affermare “i grintosi sono gente testarda che va avanti per la prop...
Book
Full-text available
Presenting the emergence of new organizational designs in a novel way, this insightful book blends theory and practice to examine major trends and directions, the key ideas that underpin organizational design and how these ideas might be applied. The authors explore how, in a world characterized by relentless change and volatility, traditional bur...
Article
Bureaucracies, especially state bureaucracies, are typified as rational-legal organizations. We study how one such bureaucracy acted as neither rational nor legal but proved to be a space of exclusion. Ihor Homenuyk, a Ukrainian citizen, was ‘retained’ and then killed by the Portuguese foreigners and borders service. Police abuse has been much in t...
Article
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how a number of processes joined to create the microlevel strategies and procedures that resulted in the most lethal and tragic forest fire in Portugal's history, recalled as the EN236-1 road tragedy in the fire of Pedrógão Grande. Design/methodology/approach Using an inductive theory development app...
Chapter
Over the last 20 years the Italian education system has lived an intense and tormented epoch of reforms and radical changes culminated in the introduction of school autonomy and decentralisation. Such institutional pressures have created, in the Italian school system, contradictory effects at an individual and organisational levels leading to emplo...
Chapter
Ms. Wolf is the Director of a large agency, a branch of a national public administration dealing with formal compliance and respect of the law. Her “military branch” is made of civil servants working as inspectors. Ms. Wolf has recently noted a growing level of absenteeism, conflicts at work, and rising employee turnover. Not being an expert in the...
Article
We offer a set of conceptual distinctions between servant and paternalistic leadership, which we support with a new model that further extends the notion of paradoxical dynamic equilibrium. We used an in-depth case study of narratives on servant and paternalistic leadership from the Kingdom of Bhutan’s transition to democratic leadership. These nar...
Chapter
Festivals are increasingly important ways of organising. Often intended as field-configuring events (FCEs), they have the power to constitute, configure and maintain institutional fields. Despite this, their significance has been largely overlooked and associated research is in its infancy. Festivals often operate at the interface between permanent...
Chapter
This chapter explores how cultural workers positively adapt and reorganize their personal and professional lives in times of the COVID-19 pandemic – an ongoing adversity worth being explored. Based on 26 interviews and numerous informal conversations with cultural workers operating in different Cultural and Creative Industries (CCIs), our qualitati...
Article
Full-text available
Firms jointly conduct business model innovation (BMI) through business model innovation alliances (BMIAs). However, the understanding of how BMIA partnerships evolve and how different partners contribute to the inter-organisational BMI process remains vague. Building on process theory, our study addresses this gap by adopting a processual stance to...
Article
Full-text available
Using a sample of 114 leaders (described by 516 team members), we show empirically that leader relational transparency and leader receptiveness is indirectly related to the relational transparency of team members (through leader respect), and is conditional on leader humility. When a transparent leader expresses humility, they convey respect to tea...
Article
Entrasti da professore ordinario alla Luiss alla fine degli anni ’80; una delle prime chiamate di punta dell’ambizioso programma di rafforzamento dell’università voluto dall’allora presidente Guido Carli. Ti venne dato l’obiettivo di sviluppare il filone degli studi sulla gestione e l’organizzazione d’impresa. Hai fondato quella Scuola, riempiendol...
Chapter
Una rilettura delle evidenze che emergono dalle narrazioni dei protagonisti alla luce dei modelli interpretativi disponibili in letteratura in tema di governance dei processi di digital transformation e change management Dalla digital transformation all'innovazione organizzativa La trasformazione digitale delle organizzazioni è un processo compless...
Chapter
Decision-making has long been recognized as being at the core of organizational life. Yet, the cognitive mechanisms by which managers make decisions represent a critical field of exploration. In this context, business models (BMs) are cognitive representations of organizational architectures that managers use to orient their firms in the business e...
Chapter
Tra le scelte che le imprese devono affrontare quando si confrontano con i mercati internazionali, quelle inerenti alla progettazione dei meccanismi organizzativi che presidiano la gestione del capitale umano risultano particolarmente complesse. La ricerca della configurazione organizzativa più idonea, infatti, non si esaurisce nella mera scelta di...
Article
Nudging is a framework for directing individuals toward better behavior, both for personal and societal benefits, through heuristics that drive the decision-making process but without preventing any available choice. Considering the Grand Challenges that our society faces today, nudging represents an effective framework to tackle some of these pres...
Article
Given their extra-role nature, knowledge-sharing behaviors need to be motivated. However, current literature fails to acknowledge that, instead of being determined by one type of motivation, they are more likely to derive from the joint effect to both intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation (i.e., rewards). Based on this, we expect extrinsic...
Chapter
Lo confesso: ho riletto il libro di Peter Senge dopo anni, a causa dell'affettuosa perseveranza dell'amico Luigi Maria Sicca. Devo confessare di essermelo goduto questa volta, visto che l'ho studiato lontano da obblighi didattici o scadenze di sorta. Se qualcuno mi avesse citato Senge qualche mese fa e mi avesse chiesto di associarlo ad una sola pa...
Chapter
We adopt process thinking to develop novel theoretical insights on how to understand "positive change" on a global scale, focusing particularly on considerations about the recursive relations that link actors and environments. Our intent is to address a blind spot in the extant literature on responsible global leadership: even when considering mult...
Book
Nata alla fine degli anni ’70 sulla scia dell’attività di dottore commercialista del suo fondatore Domenico, “Mino”, la Zucchetti è passata dal realizzare software per la gestione delle dichiarazioni dei redditi ad essere leader in Italia nella produzione di software, dopo aver perseguito coraggiose strategie di diversificazione ed essersi impegnat...
Article
Significant research has been dedicated to the study of the dual constitutive core at the field and organizational levels but less attention has been paid to the micro-dimensions of the collision of competing logics, namely in terms of how individuals experience and navigate through them and how that influences organizational ethos and strategy. We...
Chapter
Full-text available
Interorganizational collaboration (IOC) is “a cooperative, interorganizational relationship that is negotiated in an ongoing communicative process, and which relies on neither market nor hierarchical mechanisms of control” (Hardy, Phillips, & Lawrence, 2003, p. 323). For at least three decades, IOC has attracted scholarly attention and many studies...
Conference Paper
Despite the relationship between brokerage and individual creativity has been extensively investigated in the literature, so far research has mostly focused on the diversity of information accessible from alters. In order to fill this gap, this work focuses on the relevance of ego's knowledge within diverse networks and suggests that brokers can be...
Conference Paper
Grit has been extolled as being crucial for individual’s success. However, empirical research regarding grit at work is scarce. This research (a vignette-based experiment conducted in Portugal and Brazil; a two-wave multi-source field study in Portugal) suggests that grit in employees may be developed by leaders who convey a high level of grit and...
Article
The call for paper clearly builds on the WOA 2019’s theme, acknowledging that organization theory and practice are progressively challenged and enriched by conflicting expectations expressed by a plethora of stakeholders whose answers have often to be found by the embracement of academic multidisciplinarity – i.e. the borrowing of constructs and mo...
Book
With organizational environments becoming increasingly unstable, uncertain and equivocal, the concept of resilience has become increasingly significant for management studies. Resilience connotes organizational, team and individual capacities to absorb external shocks and to learn from them, while simultaneously preparing for and responding to exte...
Conference Paper
February 2017: the top three contenders in the AESlot Club, a slot car association in Lisbon, Portugal, used chassis from National Racers 3D (NR3D). Eight other contenders in the Top 25 of the Club also used NR3D chassis. In the national competition, 7 of the Top 10 racers also used NR3D chassis. As these results suggest, NR3D is the top provider o...
Conference Paper
In practice managers confront paradoxical demands to do two opposite things simultaneously as part of their daily work life, sometimes not necessarily noticing . For example, they have to be realistic/pragmatic and inspirational/aspirational (March & Weil, 2005); they engage their organizations in both exploration and exploitation (March, 1991; Tus...
Conference Paper
Background In some business environments the pressure toward innovation can be very weak (e.g., Hughes, 1983). When competitive pressures are low, so are the ones toward managing workforces, and the organization of work at large. The paper reports an exploratory study conducted in an Italian multi-utility company (ARTIO-fictional name) that, regard...
Chapter
Full-text available
Nanotechnology, bioscience, renewable energies, Artificial Intelligence (AI), cyber-physical systems and others have all brought many disruptive innovations over the last few years creating the so-called “Industry 4.0”. Smart manufacturing, product development, logistics and even customers have all been involved in such new “industrial revolution”...
Conference Paper
The involvement of citizens in research projects led by professional scientists, a phenomenon known as citizen science, is rapidly increasing. While the advancements in information technology in the past few decades have fostered online participation, motivating participants is still a critical aspect that needs further attention. In fact, intense...
Article
Citizen science involves the general public in research activities that are conducted in collaboration with professional scientists. In these projects, citizens voluntarily contribute to the research aims set forward by the scientists through the collection and analysis of large datasets, without a preliminary technical background required. While a...
Article
Full-text available
Influenced by internal and external factors, organizations are increasingly operating in divergent fields that require them to develop ambidextrous competencies. While research relating ambidexterity to aspects such as strategy and innovation has reached a maturity stage, we still know little about the strategic processes that allow organizations t...
Conference Paper
Despite the relationship between brokerage and individual creativity has been extensively investigated in the literature, so far research has mostly focused on the diversity of information accessible from alters. In order to fill this gap, this work focuses on the relevance of ego’s knowledge within diverse networks and suggests that brokers can be...
Conference Paper
Resilience is a capacity developed and deployed over time rather than an effective reaction to a single event (Hamel & Välikangas, 2003; Reinmoeller & Baardwijk, 2005). Such a capacity can be expressed at different levels of aggregation, spanning from individuals to entire communities (e.g. Van Der Vegt et al., 2015). The brilliant examination of t...
Chapter
Full-text available
Ms. Wolf is the Director of a large Agency, a branch of a national public administration dealing with formal compliance and respect of the law. Her “military branch” is made of civil servants working as inspectors. Ms. Wolf has recently noted a growing level of absenteeism, conflicts at work and rising employee turnover. Not being an expert in the...
Chapter
Over the last 20 years the Italian education system has lived an intense and tormented epoch of reforms and radical changes culminated in the introduction of school autonomy and decentralisation. Such institutional pressures have created, in the Italian school system, contradictory effects at an individual and organizational levels leading to emplo...
Conference Paper
Resilience is a capacity developed and deployed over time rather than an effective reaction to a single event (Hamel & Välikangas, 2003; Reinmoeller & Baardwijk, 2005). Such a capacity can be expressed at different levels of aggregation, spanning from individuals to entire communities (e.g. Van Der Vegt et al., 2015). The brilliant examination of t...
Conference Paper
As recalled in the call for paper of the LAEMOS 2018 Sub-Theme 16, the centrality of resilience in contemporary managerial discourse is mostly related to the social, political, environmental and economic turmoil – organizational ‘jolts’ (Meyer, 1982) – to which organizations have been exposed during the past decades. In a world ‘becoming turbulent...
Chapter
Full-text available
Outsourcing is broadly identified as a relevant and multi-faceted strategic choice, but, to date, its actual outcomes are still debated. It is well recognized that the success of outsourcing passes through cultural change, organizational structure and the ability to adapt to an extremely complex coordination. Our aim in this work is to focus on the...
Chapter
Outsourcing is broadly identified as a relevant and multi-faceted strategic choice, but, to date, its actual outcomes are still debated. Its success passes through cultural change, organizational structure and its ability to adapt. We focus on the main organizational issues arising from outsourcing choices, highlighting how managers adopt proactive...
Chapter
This chapter deals with the subject of the organizational identity in organizations that went through M&A. In particular, the chapter aims to describe how the sensemaking process enables multinational companies (MNCs ) to maintain multiple identities, even after the integration process seems to be completely operationalised. Many studies have provi...
Chapter
Many contemporary organizations must deal with high levels of environmental uncertainty, complexity and equivocality, struggling with not only strong competitive pressures but also increasing uncertainty related to sociopolitical and economic trends within the frame of a risk society. The centrality of resilience in contemporary managerial discours...
Chapter
This chapter discusses agility as an improvised accomplishment conducted by improvisational leaders, i.e., leaders that approach and define rules that guide behavior in normal conditions and that stimulate impromptu adaptations in unpredicted conditions, when the existing rule set failed. We do that by showing how the triad of the leadership proces...
Chapter
New organization designs emerge continuously in highly dynamic innovation context to improve readiness to change. The adoption of self-managing teams operating cross-functionally on a bulk of products, together with the reduction of vertical layers in the organization, seems to be a common strategy for many organizations aiming to achieve higher le...
Chapter
This paper proposes a relational perspective for analyzing patient mobility flows among Italian regions and exploring how regional resource endowment and its utilization explain mobility patterns. The data used refer to patient mobility for private medical services in the Italian NHS in the year 2014. We compute network centrality indicators to des...
Conference Paper
The imperatives of technology and organization, not the images of ideology, are what determine the shape of economic society' John K. Galbraith, The New Industrial State, 1967 In some business environments the pressure toward innovation can be very weak. When that happens, players (organizations) might be affected by the illusion that their service...
Chapter
"Officina Creativa" (Creative Workshop) is a social enterprise giving female convicts a second change: to produce fashion accessories branded as “Made in Carcere” (Made in Jail). The case deals with the struggles and the challenges that the founder of the company had to deal with as the business started to flourish and gaining social legitimation....
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Sharing as concept is an alternative to the private ownership that is emphasized in both marketplace exchange and gift giving (Martin, 2016). In his work Russell Belk (2014) states that “For there to be sharing, there must first be feelings of possession, if not ownership. Otherwise, we have nothing to share. In communes, kibbutzim, cooperatives, a...
Chapter
Full-text available
We aim at observing the impact of institutional frameworks on firm performance paying specific attention to mechanisms through which institutions and legal frameworks shape the behaviors, actions and relations in R&D networks. We observed international networks and their R&D location choices. In doing that we tried to understand how institutional f...
Article
Cooperation and knowledge sharing among employees often lead to increased innovation. In this study, we explore the influence of a flatter organizational structure implementing lateral integrative mechanisms and the individuals’ intrinsic motivation on employees’ participation in exchanging their ideas and know-how with others in the organization....
Chapter
Since some decades, researchers have started devoting attention to the topic of organizational creativity. Consistently with the literature, studying organizational creativity should take into account different aspects: the process, the product, the person, and the situation, as all of them interact with each other in affecting creativity [Giustini...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The involvement of citizens in research projects led by professional scientists, a phenomenon known as citizen science, is increasingly rising. While advancements in information technology in the past few decades have fostered online participation, motivating participants is still a crucial aspect. With this respect, the phenomenon of nudging, i.e....
Conference Paper
Cooperation and knowledge sharing among employees often lead to increased innovation. In this study, we explore the influence of a flatter organizational structure implementing lateral integrative mechanisms and the individuals’ intrinsic motivation on employees’ participation in exchanging their ideas and know-how with others in the organization....
Book
Full-text available
Con oltre cento anni di storia, ACEA rappresenta una delle aziende più longeve nel panorama energetico italiano. Il recente passato è stato scandito da trasformazioni radicali, che hanno visto l’azienda municipalizzata diventare multi-utility, quotarsi in borsa, e intraprendere a fine 2014 ACEA 2.0, il coraggioso progetto di innovazione, organizzat...
Conference Paper
This conceptual paper intends to bridge the macro (organization design) and micro (organizational behavior) literatures in order to obtain an overall comprehensive and granular approach to design of organizational artifacts. We review literatures on organizational design at different levels (job design, unit/group design and structural design), all...
Article
Full-text available
L’articolo sintetizza un lavoro di Hari Tsoukas (2016) che riflette in maniera critica sul modo in cui teorie organizzative, e conseguenti modelli d’azione, abbiano ecceduto nella semplificazione della realtà al punto da risultare inefficaci. Con l’obiettivo di ispirare la pratica manageriale, il contributo propone - senza semplificare, ma facilita...
Article
Stretch goal setting is a process involving multiple and nested paradoxes. The paradoxical side of stretch is attractive because it holds great promise yet dangerous because it triggers processes that are hard to control. Paradoxes are not readily managed by assuming a linear relation between the here and now and the intended future perfect. Before...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reveal the mediating role of leadership style on the relationship between strategy and company performance. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses empirical data gathered from top managers in a stratified sample of 476 Danish private businesses. Findings – The results show the mediating effects of l...
Chapter
Full-text available
Questo capitolo illustra come l’attuazione delle strategie d’impresa ai vari livelli (Corporate, business, funzioni aziendali) richieda l’adozione di un sistema organizzativo aziendale in grado di fornire risposte competitive alle azioni dei concorrenti e alle trasformazioni delle strutture settoriali. I sistemi organizzativi possono essere letti a...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
After the passing of the Corporate Social Responsibility Act, 2104 in India, the question organizations face is not whether they should engage in CSR, but how? Most of the CSR strategy follows a top down approach. This causes alienation of the employees of the organization as they may not necessarily relate with the CSR initiative which was chosen...
Article
Full-text available
La diversità generazionale può affliggere le organizzazioni a vari livelli di aggregazione, dai sistemi-Paese fino alle organizzazioni minori. Tra gli aspetti salienti legati a tale fenomeno, lo studio internazionale qui sintetizzato e commentato affronta il tema del rapporto tra manager più giovani e lavoratori più anziani.
Article
Full-text available
The use of crowds in research activities by public and private organizations is growing under different forms. Citizen science is a popular means of engaging the general public in research activities led by professional scientists. By involving a large number of amateur scientists, citizen science enables distributed data collection and analysis on...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose – Considering the ongoing international debate on the role of public administrations in economic systems, the interest around public service motivation (PSM) has significantly grown among practitioners and scholars in the past two decades. Following the research streams that have investigated topics of organizational behavior within the pub...
Conference Paper
New organizational structures and forms are established in highly dynamic innovation context, to improve organizations’ readiness to change. The adoption of self-managing teams operating cross-functionally on a bulk of products and the reduction of vertical layers in the organization seem to be the general and common strategy that many organization...
Conference Paper
Organizational improvisation entails the deliberate fusion of design and execution (Moorman & Miner, 1998). Adherence to formal organization design (rules and structures) and improvisation are often addressed as two conflicting schemes. Being “contradictory, even mutually exclusive,” their simultaneous presence may represent a paradox (Cameron & Qu...
Chapter
The chapter investigates the impact of some network characteristics – cluster density and bridging ties between clusters – on clusters’ innovative performance and applies a contingency approach. In particular, it explores how contingencies, such as nodes' heterogeneity and geographical distance, moderate the main relation between network characteri...
Conference Paper
Improvisation is considered an increasingly relevant topic for organizations, especially for those that act in volatile and unstable environments (Crossan and Sorrenti, 1997; Weick, 1998; King and Ranft, 2001). We considered to study improvisation in medical practice since it is believed to be “an art and a science” (Haidet, 2007; Saunders, 2000),...
Conference Paper
4AD is an iconic name of alternative independent (indie) music. Co-founded by music visionary Ivo Watts-Russell in 1980, it produced some of the most representative records of indie rock. Its catalogue covers names such as Bauhaus, the Cocteau Twins, This Mortal Coil, Deerhunter, Sun O))), Scott Walker, Pixies, to name just a few. Over the years th...
Conference Paper
To survive in global markets, answering to actual customers’ requests, high quality and low cost have become the main objectives in new product development environment. To achieve these objectives more and more firms embraced the conversion to a post-bureaucratic structure, transforming them from a hierarchically based organization to a flatter org...
Article
Structured Abstract: Purpose Based on the interactionist perspective proposed by Woodman, Sawyer, and Griffin (1993), this paper conceives organizational creativity as a complex concept whose investigation requires the understanding of the process, the product, the person, and the situation. Accordingly, this work attempts to enrich the understan...
Article
Full-text available
Global medical practice is increasingly standardizing through evidence-based approaches and quality certification procedures. Despite this increasing standardization, medical work in emergency units necessarily involves sensitivity to the individual, the particular, and the unexpected. While much medical practice is routine, important improvisation...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Although outsourcing is broadly recognized as a relevant and multi-faceted strategic choice, its actual outcomes are still debated. Often the valuation of such choices is limited to the old-fashioned make or by scheme. The frequency and the scope of outsourcing and offshoring have increased constantly during the last 20 years, along with their popu...
Article
Full-text available
High-reliability organizations operate in highly regulated sectors in which the main concern is ensuring the safety of people and goods. Despite high levels of formalization, organizations have to be sensitive to contingent situations and ready to face the unexpected, so the role of the people in command remains crucial. When unanticipated events a...