Lorraine B Robbins

• Michigan State University

Background Psychosocial factors significantly influence lifestyle changes in adults with hypertension. However, research focusing specifically on these factors in young- and middle-aged adults—especially those newly diagnosed within the first 5 years—is limited. Purpose This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationship between psychosoc...

Background: Public health attempts to prevent obesity in children and young people should aim to minimize health inequalities. Two Cochrane reviews examining interventions aiming to prevent childhood obesity found that interventions promoting (only) physical activity have a small beneficial effect on BMI for people aged 5–18 years, as do interventi...

Aim To examine relationships between hypothesized potential predictors of vaccination and adolescent's Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination intention and whether these predictors differed by sex. We also investigated adolescents' experiences and preferences regarding learning about HPV through social media and other technology, to inform future t...

Objectives This study aimed to examine the preliminary efficacy of the FirstStep2Health versus usual care control on improving parents’ lifestyle behaviours (moderate to vigorous physical activity, screen time, fruit/vegetable and fibre intake, skin carotenoids), nutrition and physical activity knowledge, self-efficacy, support, parenting style, fe...

After-school physical activity interventions can assist high school students in meeting physical activity recommendations; however, little is known about what kinds of programs work best for students in rural settings. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore rural high school students’ perceptions of a multi-component, after-school phy...

Background Saudi Arabia has one of the highest childhood obesity rates worldwide. The primary factor associated with the high prevalence of obesity among adolescents is a lack of physical activity (PA). Compared to male adolescents, very few Saudi female adolescents meet the World Health Organization recommendation of achieving 60 min of moderate t...

Postoperative delirium (POD) after cancer surgeries can be a result of chemo brain, anesthesia, surgery duration, and preoperative cognitive impairment. Although older age and preoperative cognitive dysfunction were reported to increase the risk of POD in noncardiac surgery, the role of preoperative cognitive function and age in the development of...

Objective To evaluate the preliminary effects of a theory‐based, multi‐component intervention on improving healthy lifestyle behaviours and preventing obesity amongst low‐income preschoolers. Methods A cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted at 10 daycare centres. The 16‐week FirstStep2Health intervention, grounded in the Actor‐Partner I...

Introduction: Young adults living in poverty typically experience more stressors with greater severity and chronicity and are at an increased risk for developing high blood pressure at an earlier age than other populations. However, the mechanisms linking chronic stress to elevated blood pressure are not fully understood. Certain coping strategies...

Problem Families living in poverty may be particularly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). The current study focuses on caregivers of preschoolers aged 3–5 years old who lived in poverty to explore how COVID‐19 affected mental health and lifestyle behaviors and what coping strategies were helpful for dealing...

Introduction: To reduce obesity-related disparities, reaching economically disadvantaged and/or minority status adolescents to assist them in meeting physical activity (PA) and nutrition recommendations is important. To address the problem, a 16-week intervention called Guys/Girls Opt for Activities for Life (GOAL) was designed. The purpose of thi...

Aim This review aimed to evaluate factors associated with anaesthesia‐related postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) among adults younger than 65 years who underwent cardiothoracic surgeries. Study Design A systematic keyword search, following the scoping review framework, was performed in the PubMed and CINAHL databases. Original English‐lang...

To explore whether elevated baseline hair cortisol moderated effects of a mindful eating intervention on anthropometrics, blood pressure (BP), household food insecurity, eating behaviour, and various psychosocial outcomes. The 14‐week intervention included a parent Facebook‐based programme, 3 parent meetings, preschooler letters connecting school l...

Aims To examine the contributions of psychosocial factors (attitude towards drinking, perceived drinking norms [PDNs], perceived behavioural control [PBC]), and biological sex on drinking intention and behaviours among rural Thai adolescents. Design A cross‐sectional study design. Methods In 2022, stratified by sex and grade, we randomly selected...

Background Substantial effort has been invested to combat childhood obesity, but overall effects are disappointing, especially in low-income racial minority children. One possible reason is a lack of focus on the important stress-eating connection. Stress can negatively influence eating behaviors, leading to an increased appetite for high-fat and e...

Purpose: Although family involvement is critical to successful augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device utilization, little is known about how families adapt to technology. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore parent-reported factors contributing to family adaptation among families with adolescents diagnosed with autism...

Objective: Stress is widely considered to be a risk factor for high blood pressure (BP), but evidence on the associations between biomarkers of chronic stress and BP is inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the current state of the science on relationships between measures of cortisol concentration reflecting chronic stre...

Background: Adolescent ineffective stress management has been associated with negative health outcomes, such as anxiety and depression. Comprehensively evaluating the effects of stress management interventions is needed. Aims: The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the effects of stress management interventions on mental health out...

Healthy lifestyle levels are low among adults with hypertension (HTN). Unfortunately, psychosocial factors contributing to patients’ inability to meet healthy lifestyle recommendations are not well-understood. This integrative review examined the relationships of three psychosocial factors (self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and social support) wit...

Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A). Background: Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for becoming overweight or obese and developing chronic conditions that lead to an increase in mortality globally. Inadequate physical activity (PA) has been a prob...

Although enjoyment has been linked to participation in physical activity (PA), a thorough analysis of the concept is lacking. Health-related behavior research emphasizes the necessity of focusing on individual psychological requirements, such as enjoyment in PA, to boost children and adolescents’ motivation for PA. The current paper is a report on...

Problem: COVID-19 has profoundly impacted children's behavioral and psychosocial development, especially young children from low-income families. This study examined how caregivers' and preschoolers' lifestyle behaviors (sleep, screen time, physical activity, eating behavior) were related to preschoolers' emotional well-being (sadness, fear, anger...

Purpose To examine the interaction effects of adult and child food insecurity on parents’ and children’s mental well-being. Design An online survey study was conducted. Setting Two Head Start organizations and the Qualtrics Panel. Subjects Four hundred and eight parents under poverty level and having a child aged 3–5 years participated. Measure...

Background: Parents play an influential role in their children's health behaviors. Research has shown that individuals' efficacy beliefs (personal and collective efficacy) are closely related to their behaviors and can be modified to improve health outcomes. Existing evidence confirms the effect of self-efficacy on various health outcomes. However,...

Background Limited systematic reviews exist to evaluate the effects of motivational interviewing (MI) on children's anthropometric factors. Objective This review examined the effects of MI interventions for children and/or parents on children's anthropometric factors and included moderation analyses and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Devel...

Background: The Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has negatively altered many families' lifestyles and the mental well-being of parents, especially those who have a low income and young children. To improve low-income parents' mental well-being, especially during a pandemic, understanding parents' and children's lifestyle behaviors and the rela...

Background: Depressive symptoms are particularly prevalent among low-income overweight or obese mothers with young children, indicating the importance of understanding and addressing this serious health condition. Although lifestyle behavior interventions are promising for alleviating depressive symptoms in low-income overweight or obese mothers w...

Background and Aims: Inadequate physical activity (PA) among Arabic-speaking female adolescents is a major health concern, yet psychometrically sound instruments are lacking to assess their physical activity and perceptions related to the behavior. The aim of this cross-section study was to translate; culturally adapt; and evaluate face and content...

The study purpose was to examine whether adolescents who participated in organized physical activity (PA) programs differed from nonparticipants in motivation, social support, and self-efficacy related to PA; PA (min/hr); and sedentary screen time behavior. Thirty-nine 5th–7th grade adolescents participated in organized PA programs; 41 did not. App...

Background: Critical care nurses experience higher rates of mental distress and poor health than other nurses, adversely affecting health care quality and safety. It is not known, however, how critical care nurses' overall health affects the occurrence of medical errors. Objective: To examine the associations among critical care nurses' physical...

The purpose of this integrative review is to synthesize prior research on the relationship between adolescents’ perceived subjective and descriptive drinking norms and their drinking intention and behaviors. Four databases (CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane, and Sociological Abstracts) were searched to identify relevant articles. Thirty-one peer-reviewed ar...

Objectives To determine if subpopulations of students benefit equally from school-based physical activity interventions in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity. To examine if physical activity intensity mediates improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness. Design Pooled analysis of individual participant data from controlled tria...

Hopelessness is associated with decreased physical activity (PA) and increased adverse events and death in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Rates of PA in patients with IHD continue to be low in both hospital‐based cardiac rehabilitation and home settings. While researchers have investigated strategies to increase PA among patients with...

Purpose: Literature on the relationship between hair cortisol concentration (HCC) and body mass index (BMI) is scarce and inconsistent in both preschoolers and parents. Thus, the study aimed to examine the relationships among HCC, perceived distress, coping, and BMI among low-income Head Start preschoolers and mothers. Methods: A cross-sectional...

Background Psychological factors mediating the effect of lifestyle behavior interventions on mothers’ depressive symptoms are unclear. Using data from a community-based lifestyle behavior intervention, this secondary analysis examined whether autonomous motivation, coping self-efficacy, and emotional coping mediated the association between the inte...

Aim This analysis seeks to clarify the concept of relatedness in physical activity (PA) among adolescents. Background Health-related behavior research highlights the importance of focusing on individual psychological needs such as relatedness in PA to improve adolescents' motivation toward PA. Although relatedness in PA has been associated with PA...

Purpose To evaluate the effect of a 17-week intervention, including an after-school physical activity (PA) club 3 d/wk, on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), body mass index (BMI) z score, percentage body fat (%BF), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among fifth to eighth grade girls having a BMI z score ≥0, and explore whether interve...

The current body of research lacks a meta‐analysis of the relationship between hair cortisol concentration (HCC) and anthropometry in children. Therefore, this systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted to examine this relationship and explore possible moderators between HCC and body mass index (BMI/BMI z‐score). Eleven databases were search...

Families with children who have developmental disabilities and complex communication needs (CCNs) face challenging demands affecting family adaptation. Many children with CCNs use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices to support communication, yet little is known about family adaptation to such technology. To fill this gap, an in...

Purpose The purpose of this concept analysis is to develop a clear definition of adolescent autonomous motivation for physical activity (PA) based on all existing theoretical and operational definitions of autonomous motivation noted in the literature. For providers, understanding this is essential to elucidate why some adolescents choose to partic...

Purpose We investigated whether autonomous motivation and self-efficacy might mediate the association between a lifestyle behavior intervention and dietary fat intake in low-income overweight or obese women with young children. Methods Participants were randomized to an intervention or comparison group. Intervention participants received a 16-week...

The purpose was to explore whether baseline sociodemographic and physical characteristics moderated effects of an intervention on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), percent body fat, body mass index z-score, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) at post intervention, relative to the control condition. A secondary analysis of data from a g...

Using data from a community-based lifestyle behavioral intervention study, this secondary data analysis investigated whether emotional coping, coping self-efficacy, and autonomous motivation mediated the association between the intervention and perceived stress in low-income overweight or obese mothers of young children. Results showed that coping...

Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) has emerged as an objective biological measure of stress in humans, but findings on the relationships between perceived stress and HCC and between mothers' HCC and children's HCC are inconsistent. To advance the understanding of HCC and its relationship with perceived stress, this study aimed to examine the relatio...

This cross-sectional study among low-income mother-child dyads examined the relationship between food security status and hair cortisol concentration (HCC), and how mother and child food security status was interactively related to mothers’ perceived distress and coping. Data from 32 dyads were analyzed. Approximately 46.9% had household food insec...

Background Limited, mixed evidence exists regarding the effectiveness of physical activity interventions on adiposity and aerobic performance in adolescent underrepresented populations. Objective To examine effects of Girls on the Move on body mass index z‐scores (BMI‐z), percent (%) body fat, and aerobic performance in fifth‐ to eighth‐grade unde...

The purpose of this study was to test hypothesized relationships of the health promotion model (HPM) as a means of predicting moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among urban, adolescent girls. A secondary analysis of baseline data from a group randomized controlled trial was conducted. The study involved eight urban schools in the Midwest...

Background: Overweight and obesity (OW/OB) continue to be prominent health issues among adolescent girls. However, little is known about the interrelationships between physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and OW/OB in this population. The objective of this study was to examine whether CRF mediates the relationship between PA and...

Background: The minimal effect of interventions to date on increasing young adolescent girls' physical activity (PA) may be due to inadequate understanding of the mechanisms underlying behavior change, yet sparse research testing a PA intervention has examined the capacity of theories to explain PA, particularly when using objective measures. Obj...

Background: Understanding the dose-response relationship in behavioral interventions is critical to guide future research efforts. However, only few studies have fully examined the dose-response relationship especially among children. Objective: To examine the relationships between level of participation and intervention effects. Methods: The...

Objective Hopelessness is present in 27% of patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD), can persist for 12 months and is associated with lack of physical activity (PA). No interventions have been tested to increase PA in IHD patients who report hopelessness. This study evaluated the feasibility of conducting a randomised controlled trial to invest...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Head Start preschooler-caregiver dyad's dietary intake and factors influencing dietary intake. Design and methods: A cross-sectional, correlational design was used. Height and weight were measured. Caregivers completed an online survey assessing demographics, dietary inta...

This study evaluated feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a 12-week Guys/Girls Opt for Activities for Life (GOAL) intervention on 10- to 13-year-old adolescents’ body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, physical activity (PA), diet quality, and psychosocial perceptions related to PA and healthy eating. Parent–adolescent dyads fro...

Background Limited intervention success in increasing and sustaining girls’ moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) underscores a need for continued research. Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 17-week Girls on the Move (GOTM) intervention on increasing MVPA among fifth- to eighth-grade girls. Methods This study i...

The purpose of this pilot quasi-experimental study was to examine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of using Facebook in a 10-week lifestyle intervention with Head Start caregiver–preschooler dyads to improve healthy behaviors and reduce body mass index. Sixty-nine dyads participated with 39 in the intervention group. Average preschooler att...

Background: Information is lacking on forms and sources of social support for physical activity (PA) received by adolescent girls during various pubertal stages. Two study purposes were to (a) identify the sources and forms of social support for PA perceived by adolescent girls, and (b) examine associations of pubertal stage and social support wit...

Abstract Background Understanding factors related to girls’ body image discrepancy, which is the difference between self-perceived current or actual and ideal body size, is important for addressing body-related issues and preventing adverse sequelae. Two aims were to: 1) examine demographic differences in body image discrepancy; and 2) determine th...

Background: In Saudi Arabia, about 14.8% of female children and adolescents of less than 20 years old are obese, compared with only 9.4% of male children and adolescents. One major factor linked to the high prevalence of obesity and related chronic illnesses involves inadequate physical activity (PA). Only 25% of female adolescents in Saudi Arabia...

Aims: This study compared the psychometric properties of two self-efficacy instruments related to physical activity. Factorial validity, cross-group and longitudinal invariance, and composite reliability were examined. Methods: Secondary analysis was conducted on data from a group randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of a 17-week in...

Purpose To examine psychometric properties of a Commitment to Physical Activity Scale for Adolescents (CPASA). Design Two test-retest studies and a prospective study, approved by a university institutional review board, were conducted in midwestern U.S. urban areas. Setting The first test-retest study occurred in four community centers, the secon...

Context: With healthy behaviors becoming established in the preschool years, intervening with preschool children to assist them in establishing a healthy lifestyle and maintaining a long-term healthy weight is critical. To optimize future intervention designs, this meta-analysis aimed to estimate the effects of lifestyle interventions on BMI among...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Perceived Benefits Scale, a Perceived Barriers Scale, and a Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale with data from a group randomized controlled trial (RCT) and a test-retest study with 1-week interval. In the group RCT at baseline and Week 17, 1,012 fifth- to eighth-grade girls c...

Background: Ways to optimize boosters to assist girls to attain adequate moderate-to-vigorous physical activity following an intervention are unknown. Objective: This study's purpose was to (a) determine whether girls receiving mailed motivational, individually tailored postcard boosters following a 17-week physical activity intervention would h...

Background: After-school programs represent a promising opportunity to assist adolescent girls' in attaining adequate physical activity. Although evaluating the process of intervention implementation is important for determining if an intervention was delivered and received as intended, comprehensive information about process evaluation methods an...

Despite the need for parents to support their children’s healthy behaviors, knowledge of factors preventing parents from doing so is still rudimentary. This study primarily aimed to explore perceived parental barriers to and strategies for supporting physical activity and healthy eating among Head Start children. A semi-structured interview format...

Cardiorespiratory fitness affords health benefits to youth. Among females, weight-relative fitness declines during puberty and is lower among African American (AA) than Caucasian girls. Data indicate racial differences in pubertal timing and tempo, yet the interactive influence of puberty and race on fitness, and the role of physical activity (PA)...

Introduction: Most girls are not meeting physical activity (PA) guidelines, and 30% are overweight or obese. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence for PA intervention effects on accelerometer-measured PA, body mass index (BMI), and percent body fat (% BF) among girls. Methods: The Cumulative Index of Nursing and Alli...

Objectives: The preschool period is a pivotal time for lifestyle interventions to begin the establishment of long-term physical activity and healthy eating habits. This systematic review sought to (a) examine the effects of prevention and management interventions on overweight/obesity among children aged 2-5 years, and (b) explore factors that may...

Inadequate physical activity (PA) contributes to the high prevalence of overweight and obesity among U.S. adolescent girls. Barriers preventing adolescent girls from meeting PA guidelines have not been thoroughly examined. The threefold purpose of this study was to (a) determine pubertal stage, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic status (SES) differen...

Physical activity (PA) is important for controlling childhood obesity, but a comprehensive PA model for school-aged children is lacking. Guided by the youth PA promotion (YPAP) model, this study estimated the direct and indirect effects of self-efficacy, enjoyment, parental influence, and environment on self-reported PA and pedometer steps. A secon...

Comprehensive evaluation of prior interventions designed to increase preschoolers' physical activity is lacking. This systematic review aimed to examine the effect of interventions on objectively measured physical activity in children aged 2-5 years. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. In Ma...

To report an analysis of the concept of youth physical activity self-efficacy. Physical activity self-efficacy is a concept that has been frequently examined as a key variable in research aimed at increasing physical activity among youth. Different conceptual definitions and empirical measures indicate the need for concept analysis to advance knowl...

This study examined personal, cognitive, affective, and behavioral variables related to body mass index (BMI) among 73 6th and 7th grade girls, and differences between categories of healthy weight, overweight, and obese in the variables. BMI was correlated with barriers to physical activity, enjoyment of physical activity, light physical activity,...

Objectives : To evaluate psychometric properties of a Social Support and Peer Norms Scale in 5th-7th grade urban girls. Methods : Baseline data from 509 girls and test-retest data from another 94 girls in the Midwestern US were used. Results : Cronbach's alpha was .83 for the Social Support Scale and .72 for the Peer Norms Scale, whereas test-re-te...

This comparative and correlational study examined personal and social-cognitive factors related to physical activity in middle-aged women with (n = 37) and without (n = 67) type 2 diabetes (T2D). Compared with those without the condition, women with T2D attained less accelerometer-measured moderate, t = -3.35(89.40), p = .001, and vigorous physical...

Girls in the United States are at high risk for inactivity and resultant overweight or obesity. Perceived barriers to physical activity are critical factors for health care professionals to consider when intervening with this population to increase physical activity. This descriptive study identified barriers to physical activity reported by girls...

Background Increasing moderate to vigorous physical activity among urban girls of low socioeconomic status is both a challenge and a public health priority. Physical activity interventions targeting exclusively girls remain limited, and maintenance of moderate to vigorous physical activity during the post-intervention period has been difficult to m...

Aims To: (1) determine the effect of computer‐ and web‐based interventions on improving eating behavior (e.g. increasing fruit and vegetable consumption; decreasing fat consumption) and/or diet‐related physical outcomes (e.g. body mass index) among children and adolescents; and (2) examine what elements enhance success. Background Children and ado...

The primary purpose of the study was to determine whether girls in one school receiving nurse counseling plus an after-school physical activity club showed greater improvement in physical activity, cardiovascular fitness, and body composition than girls assigned to an attention control condition in another school (N = 69). Linear regressions contro...

Motivational interviewing, which involves the use of person-centered, directive counseling techniques, shows promise for changing adolescent behaviors. The purpose of this article was to describe the methodology and findings related to the treatment fidelity of three face-to-face motivational interviewing sessions involving middle school girls and...

Thorough evaluation and systematic instrumentation about self-efficacy related to physical activity (PA) in adolescents is necessary to determine efficacy and effectiveness of intervention on PA behavior. The purpose of this report was to investigate the psychometric properties of a perceived self-efficacy scale for PA. In the observational cross-s...

This review examined evidence regarding computer- or web-based interventions to increase preadolescent and adolescent physical activity. Today's youth are less active and more overweight than their counterparts from 25 years ago. Overweight youth tend to become overweight adults with weight-related maladies, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovasc...

Unlabelled: Thorough evaluation and systematic instrumentation about self-efficacy related to physical activity (PA) in adolescents is necessary to determine efficacy and effectiveness of intervention on PA behavior. The purpose of this report was to investigate the psychometric properties of a perceived self-efficacy scale for PA. In the observat...

Background: A high prevalence of overweight and obesity is noted among young adolescent girls in the U.S., yet causes of the problem remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine if certain demographic, cognitive, behavioral, and biologic factors are correlated with body mass index (BMI) among 10- to 13-year-old sedentary girls enrolled...

Aims: The counseling component of a 6-month physical activity (PA) intervention for middle school girls (NHLBI R21 HL090705) will be used as an exemplar of intervention fidelity . The aim was to apply three elements of fidelity recommended by the Treatment Fidelity Workgroup of the National Institutes of Health, including study dose, interventioni...

Role transition from registered nurse to advanced practice nurse is a difficult process. A qualitative thematic analysis guided the integration of various experiences of 24 students in a two-credit, web-based role development course in a Master's of Science in Nursing program at a large Midwestern university. Findings supported that students had de...

Interventions are needed to reduce the high overweight prevalence noted among boys in early high school. Because decreased physical activity (PA) is a factor for weight gain and a decline in boys' PA occurs across the middle school years, a need exists to intervene, as soon as boys reach middle school, to help them get adequate PA. The purpose of t...

Perceived benefits of and barriers to physical activity (PA) reported by 206 middle school boys and girls in a survey were compared. Only "take care of myself, stay in shape, and be healthier" emerged as a greater benefit for girls than boys. Among students not on a sports team, boys reported fewer barriers than girls. Among those selecting an acti...

To explore gender and age differences in social support and their relationship with physical activity. This cross-sectional study with enhanced reliability due to repeated measures involved 105 boys and 101 girls. Information on sources and forms of social support, as well as physical activity, was obtained from students, who completed the same que...

The purpose of this study was to psychometrically test the Adolescent Physical Activity Perceived Benefits and Barriers Scales developed for middle-school-age youth. A total of 206 racially diverse 6th, 7th, and 8th graders completed questionnaires at two time points (2 weeks apart). For the 10-item Perceived Benefits Scale and the 9-item Perceived...

Because physical inactivity poses serious health risks, interventions are urgently needed to reverse the increasingly sedentary lifestyles of adolescent girls. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of "Girls on the Move," an individually tailored computerized physical activity (PA) program plus nurse counseling intervention, in inc...

Since research involving adults indicates that physical activity (PA) self-definition influences PA participation, understanding PA self-definition and related factors, such as PA frequency and enjoyment, in youth is essential for designing interventions to reverse the decline in PA that occurs from childhood through adolescence. The objective of t...

The relationship of self-efficacy, a sense of confidence in personal physical activity (PA) skills, to perceived exertion during activity was explored among 168 African American and European American boys and girls between 9 and 17 years of age. Participants walked/ran on a treadmill at a speed equivalent to 60% of their peak VO2 for 20 minutes and...