Lionel Peter Robert

University of Michigan | U-M · University of Michigan School of Information

Service robots in restaurants offer benefits; however, employee concerns about job displacement and resistance to new technology pose significant challenges. This research investigates the anticipated impact of robot integration on job characteristics in 220 restaurant employees, using the Job Characteristics Model to explore how these changes affe...

Search engine algorithms are increasingly subjects of critique, with evidence indicating their role in driving polarization, exclusion, and algorithmic social harms. Many proposed solutions take a top-down approach, with experts proposing bias-corrections. A more participatory approach may be possible, with those made vulnerable by algorithmic unfa...

title>ABSTRACT Although autonomy has the potential to help military drivers travel safely while performing other tasks, many drivers refuse to rely on the technology. Military drivers sometimes fail to leverage a vehicle’s autonomy because of a lack of trust. To address this issue, the current study examines whether augmenting the driver’s situati...

title>ABSTRACT Autonomous driving systems (ADS) in autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles have the potential to improve driving safety and enable drivers to perform non-driving tasks concurrently. Drivers sometimes fail to fully leverage a vehicle’s autonomy because of a lack of trust. To address this issue, the present study examined the influen...

As machines' autonomy increases, their capacity to learn and adapt to humans in collaborative scenarios increases too. In particular, machines can use artificial trust (AT) to make decisions, such as task and role allocation/selection. However, the outcome of such decisions and the way these are communicated can affect the human's trust, which in t...

This study investigates the impact of a supportive system on takeover transitions in conditionally automated driving (SAE Level 3). The supportive system is designed to direct drivers’ attention toward potential hazards in the environment when a takeover request occurs. The study comprises two components: (a) identifying various types of potential...

As advances in robotics continue, security robots are increasingly integrated into public and private security, enhancing protection in locations such as streets, parks, and shopping malls. To be effective, security robots must interact with civilians and security personnel, underscoring the need to enhance our knowledge of their interactions with...

Search engine algorithms are increasingly subjects of critique, with evidence indicating their role in driving polarization, exclusion, and algorithmic social harms. Many proposed solutions take a top-down approach, with experts proposing bias-corrections. A more participatory approach may be possible, with those made vulnerable by algorithmic unfa...

As machines' autonomy increases, their capacity to learn and adapt to humans in collaborative scenarios increases too. In particular, machines can use artificial trust (AT) to make decisions, such as task and role allocation/selection. However, the outcome of such decisions and the way these are communicated can affect the human's trust, which in t...

In-car interfaces are the primary medium for communication between the occupants and the increasingly agentic vehicle systems. Although many universities teach automotive user experience and design courses, there is no consensus on what topics to cover. Some schools may choose to focus on the interior design of the cabin, including, but not limited...

This study introduces and validates a new metric for assessing takeover performance in conditionally automated driving, using Fréchet Distance. Fréchet Distance is a measurement that measures the similarity between two separate curves. Thirty-two participants took part in a simulated driving experiment. Employing a 2 × 2 within-subjects design, the...

Presentation of "Working with Robots in Restaurants: Job Responsibility and Work Motivation Changes" at the 33rd IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN 2024), Aug 26 - Aug 30, 2024, Pasadena, CA.

One of the challenges facing AI governance is the need for multiple scales. Universal human rights require a global scale. If someone asks AI if education is harmful to women, the answer should be “no” regardless of their location. But economic democratization requires local control: if AI’s power over an economy is dictated by corporate giants or...

Background: Hypertension is one of the most important cardiovascular disease risk factors and affects >100 million American adults. Hypertension-related health inequities are abundant in Black communities as Black individuals are more likely to use the emergency department (ED) for chronic disease-related ambulatory care, which is strongly linked t...

Most studies of trusted digital repositories have focused on the internal factors delineated in the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) Reference Model-organizational structure, technical infrastructure, and policies, procedures , and processes. Typically, these factors are used during an audit and certification process to demonstrate a reposit...

Human-robot work collaboration can be complementary, where the robot and employee use their strengths to complete the task. But who is ultimately responsible for the task? Employees may assume more or less responsibility when working with robots, which can directly impact job outcomes. In this paper, the authors use the job characteristics model to...

Service robots are increasingly integrated into workplaces such as restaurants, offering numerous benefits but also posing challenges. Employees often express skepticism and apprehension about the potential changes in their work resulting from the presence of robots. Consequently, both industry practitioners and researchers have emphasized the impo...

The University of Michigan Robotics program focuses on the study of embodied intelligence that must sense, reason, act, and work with people to improve quality of life and productivity equitably across society. ROB 204, part of the core curriculum towards the undergraduate degree in Robotics, introduces students to topics that enable conceptually d...

As robots are rapidly integrated into our daily lives, enhancing trust between humans and robots is crucial to accepting robots and the effectiveness of human-robot interaction (HRI). This workshop aims to provide a platform for HRI researchers, practitioners, and students from diverse disciplines to engage in a discussion to define/refine the cons...

BACKGROUND Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most important cardiovascular disease risk factors and affects over 100 million American adults. HTN-related health inequities are abundant in Black communities as Blacks are more likely to utilize the emergency department (ED) for chronic disease-related ambulatory care, which is strongly linked to lower...

Background Hypertension is one of the most important cardiovascular disease risk factors and affects >100 million American adults. Hypertension-related health inequities are abundant in Black communities as Black individuals are more likely to use the emergency department (ED) for chronic disease–related ambulatory care, which is strongly linked to...

Advances in language modeling have paved the way for novel human-AI co-writing experiences. This paper explores how varying levels of scaffolding from large language models (LLMs) shape the co-writing process. Employing a within-subjects field experiment with a Latin square design, we asked participants (N=131) to respond to argumentative writing p...

The human-robot interaction (HRI) community is interested in a range of research questions, many of which are investigated through user experiments. Robots that occasionally require human input allow for humans to engage in secondary tasks. However, few secondary tasks transmit data in real-time and are openly available, which hinders interaction w...

Automated Vehicles (AVs), acting as social robots, hold potential benefits for society. Prior research highlights how AV explanations can enhance passenger trust by clarifying the vehicle's reasoning and actions. However, an underexplored area is the impact of voice gender in AV explanations on this trust dynamic. To bridge this gap, our study, ins...

In the evolving landscape of human-robot interactions, tour-guide robots are increasingly being integrated into various settings. However, the existing paradigm of these robots relies heavily on pre-recorded content, which limits effective engagement with visitors. We propose to address this issue of visitor engagement by transforming tour-guide ro...

Healthcare robots at home are increasingly essential for promoting the independence of older adults, yet their widespread acceptance is hindered by a lack of clarity regarding optimal design features. To address this, this study employs the Kano model to systematically identify and prioritize the features of healthcare robots that most significantl...

The Latin roots of the word reparations are "re" (again) plus "parere" which means "to give birth to, bring into being, pro-duce". Together they mean "to make generative once again". In this sense, the extraction processes that cause labor injustice, ecological devastation, and social degradation cannot be repaired by simply transferring money. Rep...

The rapid deployment of security robots across our society calls for further examination of their acceptance. This study explored human acceptance of security robots by theoretically extending the technology acceptance model to include the impact of autonomy and risk. To accomplish this, an online experiment involving 236 participants was conducted...

A variety of takeover scenarios will happen in conditionally automated driving. Previous studies presented mixed results regarding the effects of scenarios on takeover performance. According to drivers' strategies for takeover requests, this study selected eight representative takeover scenarios and categorized them into lane-keeping and lane-chang...

Although security robots are being deployed to enforce laws in both private and public spaces, there is a growing concern that the public may be not willing to accept them. Recently, several papers have suggested that both the human gender and the robot's perceived gender can help determine whether security robots will be accepted. To better unders...

Unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) are autonomous robots capable of performing tasks through self navigation and decision-making. They have the potential to replace humans in dangerous driving scenarios. However, UGVs must be viewed as trustworthy to be accepted, and like any automation, they can make mistakes that decrease human trust in them. Trust...

Robots are increasingly being deployed as security agents helping law enforcement in spaces such as streets, parks, or shopping malls. Unfortunately, the deployment of security robots is not without problems and controversies. For example, the New York Police Department canceled its contract with Boston Dynamics in response to backlash from their u...

Explanations-reasons or justifications for action-are being used to promote the acceptance of automated vehicles (AVs). Yet, it is unclear whether and how the modality of explanation affects its effectiveness. Despite its importance in the technology acceptance literature, the impact of technology suspicion on the adoption of AVs is yet to be fully...

Our society is moving towards a world with social robots, where humanoid and anthropomorphic machines can use their artificial intelligence capabilities to engage in complex social interactions and provide valuable services to humans. Unlike traditional robots, social robots are robotic technologies designed to focus on assisting humans through soc...

Nothing is perfect and robots can make as many mistakes as any human, which can lead to a decrease in trust in them. However, it is possible, for robots to repair a human’s trust in them after they have made mistakes through various trust repair strategies such as apologies, denials, and promises. Presently, the efficacy of these trust repairs in t...

The rapid growth in the use of security robots makes it critical to better understand their interactions with humans. The impacts of anthropomorphism and interaction scenarios were examined via a 3 x 2 between-subjects experiment. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to interact with one of three security robots (Knightscope, RAMSEE, or Pepper...

Nothing is perfect and robots can make as many mistakes as any human, which can lead to a decrease in trust in them. However, it is possible, for robots to repair a human's trust in them after they have made mistakes through various trust repair strategies such as apologies, denials, and promises. Presently, the efficacy of these trust repairs in t...

Organizations are facing the new challenge of integrating humans and robots into one cohesive workforce. Relational demography theory (RDT) explains the impact of dissimilarities on when and why humans trust and prefer to work with others. This paper proposes that RDT would be a useful lens to help organizations understand how to integrate humans a...

While robots appear to be more and more human-like in form and function, they are still machines. People can hence perceive them as humans or machines. With varying human-like designs and user perceptions, there is much confusion about how to measure trust in human-robot relationships. While some researchers use human-like trusting beliefs to conce...

Transformative improvements require systemic change in an economy marked by extreme wealth inequality, stratified by geography, identity, and other social markers. In this chapter, we seek to raise awareness in the technology, design, and scientific communities of the long history of artisans—skilled, independent labor striving to keep a relatively...

The use of physical robots in real-world laboratories for the study of human-robot interaction is not without limitations and logis-tical challenges. In response, a wide range of studies have begun using virtual representations of robots. However, very few of these platforms are openly available to the HRI community. This limits reproducibility and...

Robots like human co-workers can make mistakes violating a human’s trust in them. When mistakes happen, humans can see robots as less trustworthy which ultimately decreases their trust in them. Trust repair strategies can be employed to mitigate the negative impacts of these trust violations. Yet, it is not clear whether such strategies can fully r...

Robots like human co-workers can make mistakes violating a human's trust in them. When mistakes happen, humans can see robots as less trustworthy which ultimately decreases their trust in them. Trust repair strategies can be employed to mitigate the negative impacts of these trust violations. Yet, it is not clear whether such strategies can fully r...

Robots like human co-workers can make mistakes violating a human’s trust in them. When mistakes happen, humans can see robots as less trustworthy which ultimately decreases their trust in them. Trust repair strategies can be employed to mitigate the negative impacts of these trust violations. Yet, it is not clear whether such strategies can fully r...

Anthropomorphism is a well-used but vague concept that demands further understanding and clarification to be effectively used in HRI research. Although most HRI research defines and uses anthropomorphism as a human-like attribution process, there is a lack of distinction between its deployment in design versus its manifestation in user response. Fu...

The current technology epoch—sometimes called the fourth industrial revolution (4IR)—involves the innovative application of rapidly advancing digital technologies such as artificial intelligence. Societal implications of the 4IR are significant and wide‐ranging, from life‐saving drug development to privacy loss and app addiction. A review of the in...

The current technology epoch-sometimes called the fourth industrial revolution (4IR)-involves the innovative application of rapidly advancing digital technologies such as artificial intelligence. Societal implications of the 4IR are significant and wide ranging, from life-saving drug development to privacy loss and app addiction. A review of the in...

In human-robot teams where agents collaborate together, there needs to be a clear allocation of tasks to agents. Task allocation can aid in achieving the presumed benefits of human-robot teams, such as improved team performance. Many task allocation methods have been proposed that include factors such as agent capability, availability, workload, fa...

In human-robot teams where agents collaborate together, there needs to be a clear allocation of tasks to agents. Task allocation can aid in achieving the presumed benefits of human-robot teams, such as improved team performance. Many task allocation methods have been proposed that include factors such as agent capability, availability, workload, fa...

Effective human-robot collaboration requires the appropriate allocation of indivisible tasks between humans and robots. A task allocation method that appropriately makes use of the unique capabilities of each agent (either a human or a robot) can improve team performance. This paper presents a novel task allocation method for heterogeneous human-ro...

The current technology epoch—sometimes called the fourth industrial revolution (4IR)—involves the innovative application of rapidly advancing digital technologies such as artificial intelligence. Societal implications of the 4IR are significant and wide ranging, from life-saving drug development to privacy loss and app addiction. A review of the sc...

The availability of parallel and distributed processing at a reasonable cost and the diversity of data sources have contributed to advanced developments in artificial intelligence (AI). These developments in the AI computing environment are not concomitant with changes in the social, legal, and political environment. While considering deploying AI,...

Trust is vital for effective human-robot teams. Trust is unstable, however, and it changes over time, with decreases in trust occurring when robots make mistakes. In such cases, certain strategies identified in the human-human literature can be deployed to repair trust, including apologies, denials, explanations, and promises. Whether these strateg...

Prior literature suggests that shared identity and social attraction between team members and their robots can be vital for the human–robot interaction. However, more attention is needed to understand the potential performance benefits associated with team identification (TI) and robot attractiveness in human–robot teams. We proposed a theoretical...

Prior literature suggests that shared identity and social attraction between team members and their robots can be vital for the human-robot interaction. However, more attention is needed to understand the potential performance benefits associated with team identification (TI) and robot attractiveness in human-robot teams. We proposed a theoretical...

Extractive economies alienate value from those who generate it. But the development of a generative economy-one that maintains value in unalienated forms, and circulates rather than extracts-requires more than simply establishing "openness". This paper examines the spectrum between fully open and accessible technologies, and those that are strictly...

For robots to be of use to humans, they first must be accepted. One important variable that might impact this acceptance is a robot's personality. To date, results of studies examining robot personality have produced mixed results. One method of making sense of these results is meta-analysis. Therefore, to examine the potential relationship between...

This study explored, in consideration of cultural differences, how explanation timing and permission of the automated vehicle’s (AV’s) actions affected drivers’ trust in, preference for, and anxiety about the AV. We conducted a video-based online survey study with 118 participants in different cultural contexts. Each participant experienced four co...

Recently, chatbots have been deployed in health care in various ways such as providing educational information, and monitoring and triaging symptoms. However, they can be ineffective when they are designed without a careful consideration of the cultural context of the users, especially for marginalized groups. Chatbots designed without cultural und...

Human–robot teams represent a challenging work application of artificial intelligence (AI). Building strong emotional bonds with robots is one solution to promoting teamwork in such teams, but does this come at a cost in the form of subgroups? Subgroups—smaller divisions within teams—in all human teams can undermine teamwork. Despite the importance...

Human-robot teams represent a challenging work application of artificial intelligence (AI). Building strong emotional bonds with robots is one solution to promoting teamwork in such teams, but does this come at a cost in the form of subgroups? Subgroups-smaller divisions within teams-in all human teams can undermine teamwork. Despite the importance...

Human–robot teams represent a challenging work application of artificial intelligence (AI). Building strong emotional bonds with robots is one solution to promoting teamwork in such teams, but does this come at a cost in the form of subgroups? Subgroups — smaller divisions within teams — in all human teams can undermine teamwork. Despite the import...

Recently, chatbots have been deployed in health care in various ways such as providing educational information, and monitoring and triaging symptoms. However, they can be ineffective when they are designed without a careful consideration of the cultural context of the users, especially for marginalized groups. Chatbots designed without cultural und...

Robot co-workers, like human co-workers, make mistakes that undermine trust. Yet, trust is just as important in promoting human-robot collaboration as it is in promoting human-human collaboration. In addition, individuals can significantly differ in their attitudes toward robots, which can also impact or hinder their trust in robots. To better unde...

Human-robot teams represent a challenging work application of artificial intelligence (AI). Building strong emotional bonds with robots is one solution to promoting teamwork in such teams, but does this come at a cost in the form of subgroups? Subgroups—smaller divisions within teams—in all human teams can undermine teamwork. Despite the importance...

This study explored, in consideration of cultural differences, how explanation timing and permission of the automated vehicle's (AV's) actions affected drivers' trust in, preference for, and anxiety about the AV. We conducted a video-based online survey study with 118 participants in different cultural contexts. Each participant experienced four co...

Paid crowdsourcing connects task requesters to a globalized, skilled workforce that is available 24/7. In doing so, this new labor model promises not only to complete work faster and more efficiently than any previous approach but also to harness the best of our collective capacities. Nevertheless, for almost a decade now, crowdsourcing has been li...

Trust miscalibration issues, represented by undertrust and overtrust, hinder the interaction between drivers and self-driving vehicles. A modern challenge for automotive engineers is to avoid these trust miscalibration issues through the development of techniques for measuring drivers' trust in the automated driving system during real-time applicat...

Automated vehicles (AV) have the potential to decrease driving-related accidents and traffic congestion and to reduce fuel consumption and carbon emissions. However, because of a lack of trust and acceptance, their widespread adoption is far from certain. One approach researchers have taken to promote trust and acceptance of AVs is to decrease the...

Human-robot teams have the ability to perform better across various tasks than human-only and robot-only teams. However , such improvements cannot be realized without proper task allocation. Trust is an important factor in teaming relationships , and can be used in the task allocation strategy. Despite the importance, most existing task allocation...

Automated vehicles (AVs) are social robots that can potentially benefit our society. According to the existing literature, AV explanations can promote passengers' trust by reducing the uncertainty associated with the AV's reasoning and actions. However, the literature on AV explanations and trust has failed to consider how the type of trust-cogniti...

Human-robot teams have the ability to perform better across various tasks than human-only and robot-only teams. However, such improvements cannot be realized without proper task allocation. Trust is an important factor in teaming relationships, and can be used in the task allocation strategy. Despite the importance, most existing task allocation st...

Automated vehicles (AVs) are social robots that can potentially benefit our society. According to the existing literature, AV explanations can promote passengers' trust by reducing the uncertainty associated with the AV's reasoning and actions. However, the literature on AV explanations and trust has failed to consider how the type of trust - cogni...

Robots have become vital to the delivery of health care and their personalities are often important to understanding their effectiveness as health care providers. Despite this, there is a lack of a systematic overarching understanding of personality in health care human-robot interaction. This makes it difficult to understand what we know and do no...

Designing Alert Systems in Takeover Transitions: �The Effects of Display Information and Modality

In conditionally automated driving, in-vehicle alert systems can provide drivers with information to assist their takeovers from automated driving. This study investigated how display modality and information influenced drivers’ acceptance of the in-vehicle alert systems under different event criticality situations. We conducted an online video stu...

A particular concern with SAE Level 3 automated vehicles is the takeover transition from the automated vehicle to the driver. Prior research has employed a wide range of metrics for measuring takeover performance. However, the lack of a set of standard metrics for measuring takeover performance makes it difficult to consolidate findings and summari...

Despite the benefits of automated vehicles (AVs), there are still barriers to their widespread adoption. Expectations about AVs have been identified as one of the most important factors in understanding AV adoption. Therefore, by understanding the public's expectations of AVs, we can better understand whether or when AVs are likely to be adopted on...

Despite the benefits of automated vehicles (AVs), there are still barriers to their widespread adoption. Expectations about AVs have been identified as one of the most important factors in understanding AV adoption. Therefore, by understanding the public's expectations of AVs, we can better understand whether or when AVs are likely to be adopted on...

Collaborative work between humans and robots holds great potential, but such potential is diminished should humans fail to accept robots as collaborators. One solution is to design robots to have a similar personality to their human collaborators. Typically, this is done by matching the human’s and robot’s personality using one or more of the Big F...

Extrapolation from low-fidelity design iterations to higher fidelity extrapolation is developed using insights from cognitive multimedia learning theory for accounting for the effect especially critical in HRI. An initial proposal for low-fidelityto higher fidelity extrapolation is developed using insights fromcognitive multimedia learning theory t...

Trust is vital to promoting human and robot collaboration, but like human teammates, robots make mistakes that undermine trust. As a result, a human’s perception of his or her robot teammate’s trustworthiness can dramatically decrease [1], [2], [3], [4]. Trustworthiness consists of three distinct dimensions: ability (i.e., competency), benevolence...

Automated vehicles (AVs) have given rise to a new field of study: human-automated vehicle interaction (H-AVI). Unfortunately, the H-AVI field has largely ignored the importance of context. To address this, this paper describes a socio-ecological view of H-AVI. Drawing on this view, the author briefly discusses and identifies unexplored areas. In do...

Extrapolation from low-fidelity design iterations is especially critical in HRI. An initial proposal for low-fidelity to higher fidelity extrapolation is developed using insights from cognitive multimedia learning theory to account for the effects of prototype medium and three types of cognitive demands. Inspired by Donald Norman and others, our pr...