Line Kessel

• MD, PhD
• Glostrup Hospital

To determine the effectiveness of various interventions in reducing myopia progression in children. Literature databases were searched on December 2, 2023: Index. PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook recommendations were followed. All unique interventions were analyzed individually in order to generate clinically applicable results. The main...

Aim To examine the safety and efficacy of low-dose atropine (0.01% and 0.1% loading dose) after 2-year treatment and 1-year washout in 6-year-old to 12-year-old Danish children with myopia. Methods Investigator-initiated, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial. Of 124 screened children, 97 were randomised to receive 0.01% low-...

To investigate levels of specific plasma-biomarkers related to neurodegeneration and inflammation in patients with different chronic degenerative retinal diseases, using an ultrasensitive technology called ‘single molecule array’ (SiMoA). Also, to investigate if biomarkers were measurable in the patient’s blood, dependent on age and medical comorbi...

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is genetically and clinically heterogeneous recessive disorders with at least 23 associated genes. Isolated OCA is characterized by hypopigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes combined with ocular abnormalities. Hermansky Pudlak syndrome (HPS) and Chediak-Higaski syndrome are syndromic forms of OCA, distinguished by i...

Introduction Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited retinal dystrophies characterized by progressive photoreceptor degeneration. In a recent study, we reported co-existing optic disc drusen (ODD) at 30%, a prevalence 15 times higher than in the general population. The aims of this study were to a) assess if macular retinal nerve fiber la...

Gain-of-function variants in GFAP leads to protein aggregation and is the cause of the severe neurodegenerative disorder Alexander Disease (AxD), while loss of GFAP function has been considered benign. Here, we investigated a six-generation family, where multiple individuals presented with gliosis of the optic nerve head and visual impairment. Whol...

Our aim in this work was to investigate the macular choroidal thickness (ChT) changes in 6–12-year-old Danish children with myopia during 2 years of low-dose atropine treatment and 1-year wash-out vs. placebo in an investigator-initiated, placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized clinical trial. Ninety-seven participants were randomized to either...

Objectives: This study investigates the feasibility of implementing telescreening for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) using the ICON GO® widefield camera operated by a non-physician healthcare professional (NPHP). We hypothesized that images captured by an NPHP are adequate to evaluate ROP changes without further examinations. Secondly, the level...

Purpose Treatment with glucocorticoids following paediatric cataract surgery is crucial to prevent inflammation, but may lead to secondary glaucoma, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis suppression. We wish to compare glaucoma outcomes following high‐dose and low‐dose glucocorticoid treatment after paediatric cataract surgery. Methods This coho...

SIGNIFICANCE We report on photoaversion and patient-reported quality of life in Danish patients with achromatopsia and evaluate the best optical rehabilitation. Our results contribute to the evaluation of outcome measures in therapy trials and aid in providing the best optical rehabilitation for patients with this and clinically similar conditions....

Purpose To investigate visual development and long‐term complications after cataract surgery in childhood. Methods This cross‐sectional study included patients from a family with Marner's hereditary cataracts who had cataract surgery before 18 years of age. The study was conducted from 1 January 2022 until 31 December 2022. The patients contribute...

Purpose The aim of the study was to describe the temporal changes in causes and prevalence of childhood visual impairment in Denmark based on the National Danish Registry of Children with Visual Impairment (NDRCVI). Methods Annual reports on the NDRCVI since its establishment in 1979 were reviewed and data on the number of registered children and...

Purpose To determine vision‐related quality of life (VR‐QoL) and functional and structural parameters associated with VR‐QoL in patients with glaucoma before and 12 months after trabeculectomy. Methods Fifty‐eight patients undergoing trabeculectomy were included. Participants completed the 25‐item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnai...

Purpose To describe the phenotype of Danish patients with genetically verified achromatopsia (ACHM) with special focus on signs of progression on structural or functional parameters, and possible genotype–phenotype correlations. Methods Forty‐eight patients were identified, with disease‐causing variants in five different genes: CNGA3 , CNGB3 , GNA...

This prospective randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of topical preservative-free diclofenac (DICLO) to dexamethasone (DEX) eyedrops, and their combination (DEX+DICLO) after trabeculectomy. Sixty-nine patients with medically uncontrolled glaucoma were randomized to receive topical postoperative treatment with DICLO...

We investigated the two-year safety and efficacy of 0.1% loading dose and 0.01% low-dose atropine eye drops in Danish children for reduction in myopia progression in an investigator-initiated, placebo-controlled, double-masked, randomized clinical trial. Ninety-seven six- to twelve-year old myopic participants were randomized to 0.1% loading dose f...

Background: Stickler syndrome (STL) is a collagenopathy caused by pathogenic variants in collagen-coding genes, mainly COL2A1 or COL11A1 associated with Stickler syndrome type 1 (STL1) or type 2 (STL2), respectively. Affected individuals manifest ocular, auditory, articular, and craniofacial findings in varying degrees. Previous literature and cas...

Purpose To examine the long‐term risk of glaucoma after cataract surgery in childhood. Methods This study took place from January 2022 until December 2022 and included patients from a large family with hereditary childhood cataract who had cataract surgery before 18 years of age. Patients underwent an ophthalmologic examination to determine the pr...

Purpose Children born preterm are believed to be at increased risk of visual impairment (VI). The increased survival rate of extremely preterm children may have changed the spectrum of diseases occurring postnatally. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence and causes of VI in an ex‐preterm Danish population during the last 4 decades. M...

Background Visually impaired and blind adolescents fare poorly in educational attainment compared to adolescents without vision impairment. Rehabilitation holds the potential to compensate for the hindrances that the impairment causes. Many rehabilitation initiatives exist. However, the efficacy of these initiatives remains uncertain. This systemat...

Purpose To examine the potential of different head-mounted displays in the rehabilitation of individuals with visual impairment. Methods This prospective explorative study conducted between September 2019 and August 2020 included participants with Stargardt disease with moderate to severe visual impairment and a relatively preserved peripheral vis...

Background Studies of patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) have reported an increased prevalence of optic disc drusen (ODD) compared with the ODD prevalence in the general population. The diagnostic gold standard method for identifying ODD is enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), but this modality has not previously been...

Background To investigate the efficacy and safety of 0.1% and 0.01% low-dose atropine eye drops in reducing myopia progression in Danish children. Methods Investigator-initiated, placebo-controlled, double-masked, randomized clinical trial. Ninety-seven six- to twelve-year old myopic participants were randomized to 0.1% loading dose for six months...

Purpose Evaluation of long‐term functional and structural outcomes in patients with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) based on visual acuity (VA), visual field (VF) using standard automated perimetry, and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (pRNFL). Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all patients diagnosed with PC...

(1) Background: Albinism is characterized by a lack of pigment in eyes, hair, and skin and developmental changes in the eye such as foveal hypoplasia. Patients require optical rehabilitation due to low vision, refractive errors, and photosensitivity. We aimed to assess vision-related quality of life in patients with albinism and to evaluate how thi...

Purpose: To evaluate a new automated retinal oximetry image quality indicator with cataract as a clinical model. Methods: Sixty-one eyes in 61 patients were imaged by the Oxymap T1 Retinal Oximeter at baseline and 25 eyes were also examined 3 weeks after cataract surgery. Image quality (0-10 on a continuous scale) was compared with standardized...

Objectives Childhood cataract is a chronic condition that may interfere with the child’s learning capacities. We aimed to investigate whether childhood cataract influences academic development by comparing school performance in reading and mathematics in children with cataract to a matched control group. Design Nationwide registry-based cohort stu...

Background/aim: To describe the clinical phenotype of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) caused by PRPF31-variants and clinical characterization of asymptomatic PRPF31 carriers. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional deep phenotyping study. We included subjects with PRPF31 variants predicted to be disease-causing, both individu...

Achromatopsia is a rare congenital condition with cone photoreceptor dysfunction causing color blindness, reduced vision, nystagmus and photophobia. New treatments are being developed, but the current evidence is still conflicting regarding possible progression over time, and there is no clear genotype-phenotype correlation. This natural history st...

Objective The whole family is affected when an infant is diagnosed with visual impairment or blindness. We aimed to describe the support needs of parents around the time of diagnosis. Design We used a descriptive qualitative method based on the theory of critical psychology and conducted five semistructured interviews with a total of eight parents...

This study aimed to investigate changes in non-cycloplegic ocular biometrics during the initial six months of treatment with a 0.1% atropine loading dose and 0.01% atropine compared with a placebo and analyze their contribution to the treatment effect on cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) progression. The study was based on a randomized, double-...

(1) Background/aims: To examine potential genetic modifiers of disease penetrance in PRPF31-associated retinitis pigmentosa 11 (RP11). (2) Methods: Blood samples from individuals (n = 37) with PRPF31 variants believed to be disease-causing were used for molecular genetic testing and, in some cases (n = 23), also for mRNA expression analyses. Medica...

This study aimed to investigate the reproducibility of pupil size measurements over time and between reading methods when comparing human-assisted reading to automated reading. Pupillary data were analyzed on a subset of myopic children enrolled in a multicenter randomized clinical trial on myopia control with low-dose atropine. Pupil size measurem...

IntroductionTo compare the effect of three different anti-inflammatory regimens consisting of preservative-free dexamethasone (DEX), diclofenac (DICLO) eye drops, and their combination (DEX + DICLO) following trabeculectomy on early postoperative inflammation.MethodsA prospective randomized controlled trial. Sixty-nine patients undergoing trabecule...

Background We evaluated health care costs in patients with childhood onset visual impairment caused by inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD). Methods The IRD cohort, identified from the Danish Registry of Blind and Partially Sighted Children, was compared to age- and sex-matched controls from the national, Danish population registry. Information on...

Inherited retinal disorders (IRD) are a common cause of severe visual impairment among children and young adults in Denmark. Gene therapy with voretigene neparvovec for a specific, and in Denmark common, cause of IRD (RPE65-related retinal dystrophy) was implemented as standard clinical practice in 2020 as the first of its kind. Twelve Danish patie...

Purpose: Retinol binding protein (RBP4) is important for transport of vitamin A from liver to end organs. Variants in the RBP4 gene have been associated with a broad range of ocular phenotypes but only in a small number of patients. Methods: We describe the phenotypes in a multi-generation family with RPB4 variants. Results: A sibling pair was...

Background/aims: To investigate the natural history of PRPF31-related retinitis pigmentosa (RP11). Materials and methods: We identified individuals with RP11 and collected retrospective data from disease onset to present date including genetics, demographic data, Goldmann visual field areas, and visual acuity measurements. Visual fields were eva...

To determine the prevalence of allergic sensitization in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and to provide an overview of published studies on this topic. We systematically searched 11 literature databases on 24 May 2021, for studies with cross-sectional data on the prevalence of positive allergy tests in patients with VKC. Our main ou...

Purpose: To describe the causes of ectopia lentis (EL) and the outcomes after surgery in a Danish population. Setting: The Eye Clinic Rigshospitalet and Kennedy Center in Copenhagen. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Medical records of patients with nontraumatic EL born after 1980 and seen at the Eye Clinic Rigshospitalet and Kenn...

Principles and opportunities of network meta-analysis in clinical ophthalmology

Purpose To characterize the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of foveal hypoplasia (FH). Design Multicenter, observational study. Participants A total of 907 patients with a confirmed molecular diagnosis of albinism, PAX6, SLC38A8, FRMD7, AHR, or achromatopsia from 12 centers in 9 countries (n = 523) or extracted from publicly available datasets fr...

The blue-green autofluorescence of the ocular lens increases with age, glycemia and smoking, as the irreplaceable structural proteins of the lens slowly accumulate damage from the encounter with reactive molecular species. We have conducted a prospective study of lens autofluorescence over two decades in a twin cohort. The study included 131 phakic...

Background: To report long-term biometric and refractive outcomes in a group of Danish children after surgery for childhood cataract. Methods: Children between 7 and 18 years who had undergone uni- or bilateral cataract surgery at the Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark, were examined in this cross-sectional study. Swept source...

Purpose To investigate the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of infants presenting with conjunctival, palpebral, or orbital congenital choristomas (dermolipomas, epidermoids, and dermoid cysts) and children undergoing surgery for congenital choristomas in the ocular adnexa. Methods We reviewed the medical files of congenital choristomas in...

Purpose To characterise the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of foveal hypoplasia (FH) Design Multi-centre, observational study Subjects 907 patients with a confirmed molecular diagnosis of albinism, PAX6, SLC38A8, FRMD7, AHR or achromatopsia (ACHM) from twelve centres in nine countries (n=523), or, extracted from publicly available datasets fro...

Background Establishing eye contact between infants and parents is important for early parent-child bonding and lack of eye contact may be a sign of severe underlying disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the causes of poor or lacking eye contact in infants. Methods Cross-sectional study reviewing all referrals of infants ≤1 year of age fr...

Purpose: To examine the incidence of mental disorders in children with cataract compared to children without cataract. Design: Nationwide cohort study based on entries in comprehensive national databases. Methods: The incidence of mental disorders in children born between 2000-2017 diagnosed with cataract before 10 years of age (N= 485) was co...

Importance The choice of anti-inflammatory prophylaxis parallel to cataract surgery is important for patient safety and successful outcome of surgery, but which regimen to choose is contested. Objectives To determine whether a combination of prednisolone and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) eye drops was superior in preventing increased...

Purpose To investigate the relationship between early post-operative anterior chamber inflammation (aqueous flare) and central corneal thickness (CCT) after cataract surgery and to evaluate the effect of anti-inflammatory prophylaxis on CCT. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark. Des...

Purpose: Bilateral childhood cataracts can be caused by a metabolic disease, constitute a part of a syndrome, run in families, be sporadic or iatrogenic. The amount of work-up needed to establish a cause is discussed and the aim of the present study was to evaluate causes of bilateral childhood cataract. Methods: Chart review of 211 Danish children...

Purpose: To systematically review the results of comparative studies of modern cataract surgery in pediatric uveitis with or without intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and to perform comparative meta-analyses to compare visual acuity outcomes and complication rates. Methods: On 12 November 2020, we systematically searched the Cochrane Central,...

Purpose To systematically review the literature on the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in children and young adults and conduct comparative efficacy analysis on clinical signs and symptoms using network meta‐analyses. Methods We systematically searched the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central and Web of Science on 21 O...

Background The study aimed to describe genotype-phenotype associations in patients with oculocutaneous and ocular-only albinism and to evaluate a set of diagnostic criteria proposed recently by Kruijt et al. Materials and methods Genotype-phenotype associations in patients with a clinical diagnosis of albinism were studied based on imaging of hair...

Purpose To evaluate potential changes in myopia prevalence in Denmark by revising more than 100 years of myopia research. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases. Only studies reporting a myopia prevalence in Denmark were included. Myopia was defined using the definition in individu...

Background: Stickler syndrome is a collagenopathy caused by mutations in the genes COL2A1 (STL1) or COL11A1 (STL2). Affected patients manifest ocular, auditory, articular, and craniofacial manifestations in varying degrees. Ocular symptoms include myopia, retinal detachment, cataract, and glaucoma. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate...

Background: Myopic eyes are longer than nonmyopic eyes and have thinner choroids. The purpose of present study was to investigate whether a thinner subfoveal choroid at 11 years of age predicted axial eye elongation and myopia during adolescence. Methods: Longitudinal, population-based observational study. Axial length was measured using an inte...

Purpose: The Danish Excellence Centre in Ophthalmic Epidemiology (DECODE-EYE) is a national research collaboration formed in order to study the real-life interaction between ocular and systemic disease based on the entire Danish population. Here, we aim to describe the study design and the methodology, which will be used. Methods: We will extrac...

Purpose: We describe changes in choroidal thickness from age 11 to 16 years and its association with ocular biometrics and body development. Method: In this longitudinal, population-based observational study, choroidal thickness was measured subfoveally and 1- and 3-mm temporal thereof using enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coheren...

Purpose: To determine the myopia prevalence in a Danish cohort aged 16-17 years and its relation to physical activity and use of screen-based electronic devices. Methods: The Copenhagen Child Cohort 2000 Eye Study is a prospective, population-based, observational study. Information about use of screen devices and physical activity was obtained u...

To evaluate the efficacy of topical steroids ± nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), depot steroids, and antivascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGFs) in preventing pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) after cataract surgery in patients with diabetes, a systematic literature search for randomized controlled trials published afte...

Chellappa et al¹ have studied sleep and sleep-associated physiology and the association of cataract surgery with implant lenses that produce not only better imaging, but also better transmission of the visible spectrum. The authors recorded paraclinical photoentrainment parameters, electroencephalography during sleep, and sensorimotor reaction time...

Purpose To evaluate the prevalence of amblyopia and associated biometric factors in Danish children. Methods Determination of best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using ETDRS charts, non‐cycloplegic subjective refractioning guided by automated refractometry, axial length and corneal curvature, fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OC...

Purpose To examine the effect of caffeine on retinal vessel diameters in the Inter99 Study. Methods The Inter99 Study comprised a population‐based age‐and sex‐stratified sample of 13,016 residents of a suburban section of Greater Copenhagen, Denmark. From 6784 participants aged 30‐60 years who volunteered to participate in the main study, a subgro...

Development of non-invasive treatments for cataract calls for a sensitive diagnostic assay. We conducted a study to test whether the ratio of folded tryptophan to non-tryptophan fluorescence emission (F-factor) may be used for grading cataracts in human lenses. The F-factor was measured on aspirated lens material from eyes undergoing femtosecond la...

Purpose: To determine the genetic contribution to the pattern of retinal vascular branching expressed by its fractal dimension. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 50 monozygotic and 49 dizygotic, same-sex twin pairs aged 20 to 46 years. In 50°, disc-centered fundus photographs, the retinal vascular fractal dimension was measured using...

Purpose: To examine the association between retinal vessel diameters and retinopathy in participants with and without type 2 diabetes in a Danish population-based cohort. Methods: The study included 878 persons aged 30 to 60 years from the Inter99 Eye Study. Retinopathy was defined as a presence of one or more retinal hemorrhages or one or more mic...

Purpose: To compare the long-term effect on circadian photoentrainment and sleep in patients implanted with neutral and blue-blocking intraocular lenses 1 year after cataract surgery. Methods: Randomized, controlled trial involving 67 patients with age-related cataract. Intervention was cataract surgery with implantation of either a neutral or a...

In 2013, the Danish Health and Medicines Authorities published a National Clinical Guideline on the treatment of age-related cataracts. The guideline provided evidence-based recommendations on the indication for cataract surgery, cataract surgery in patients with age-related macular degeneration, on the use of toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) to cor...

Globally, cataract is the second leading cause of blindness. Current treatment consists of surgical removal of the lens of the eye. Although sight-threatening complications are rare they do occur. Opting for a non-surgical treatment would abolish the risks associated with a surgical procedure (e.g. infection, bleeding, retinal detachments). Catarac...

Purpose: To examine the outcome after cataract surgery in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) treated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections in routine clinical practice. Methods: We extracted information about patients recorded in electronic databases managing anti-VEGF injection...

Table S1. Characteristics of excluded studies.

Purpose . To describe associations between retinal vessel diameters and cardiovascular risk markers and mortality. Methods . The present study included 908 persons aged 30 to 60 years. Vessel diameters were expressed as central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) and central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE). Multiple linear regression analyses an...

Unlabelled: We conducted a systematic review and metaanalysis to provide evidence-based recommendations on the value of early postoperative review. We identified 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared patients seen on the first postoperative day with those reviewed at 2 weeks; the 3 studies comprised 886 patients. The risk for postope...

This review looked at the effect of cataract surgery on the regulation of circadian rhythms and compared the effect of blue light filtering and clear intraocular lenses (IOLs) on circadian rhythms. A systematic review and metaanalysis were performed, and the level of evidence was evaluated based on the principles described in the Grading of Recomme...

Cataract decreases blue light transmission. Because of the selective blue light sensitivity of the retinal ganglion cells governing circadian photoentrainment, cataract may interfere with normal sleep-wake regulation and cause sleep disturbances. The purpose was to investigate the effect of cataract surgery on circadian photoentrainment and to dete...

The study investigated the effect of bright blue-enriched versus blue-suppressed indoor light on sleep and wellbeing of healthy participants over 65 years. Twenty-nine participants in 20 private houses in a uniform settlement in Copenhagen were exposed to two light epochs of 3 weeks with blue-enriched (280 lux) and 3 weeks blue-suppressed (240 lux)...

Purpose: Cataract is the world-leading cause of blindness. In search for a new treatment of cataract we have found that the yellow discolouration of aged human lenses can be photobleached using a non-invasive, infra-red, femtosecond laser treatment. These results were presented in an earlier PlosOne publication. The objective of the study was to c...

Background Cataract is the leading cause of blindness, especially in the developing world. To ease access to treatment, we have proposed that cataract could be treated non-invasively by photobleaching of the chemically modified proteins responsible for cataract formation. The present study was aimed at examining the optical and biochemical effects...

Glutathione concentration in the lens decreases in aging and cataractous lenses, providing a marker for tissue condition. Experimental procedures requiring unfrozen lenses from donor banks rely on transportation in storage medium, affecting lens homeostasis and alterations in glutathione levels. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of Op...

Purpose: Stimulation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) by blue light is essential for the photoentrainment of circadian rhythm. Natural lens ageing is characterized by yellowing. Lens yellowing works as an efficient color filter, blocking the very parts of the visible spectrum that is required for photoentrainment resul...

Background: The activity of melanopsin containing intrinsically photosensitive ganglion retinal cells (ipRGC) can be assessed by a means of pupil responses to bright blue (appr.480 nm) light. Due to age related factors in the eye, particularly, structural changes of the lens, less light reaches retina. The aim of this study was to examine how age...

The human lens is continuously exposed to high levels of light. Ultraviolet radiation is believed to play a causative role in the development of cataract. In vivo, however, the lens is mainly exposed to visible light and the ageing lens absorbs a great part of the short wavelength region of incoming visible light. The aim of the present study was t...

Purpose: Photoentrainment of circadian rhythm begins with the stimulation of melanopsin containing retinal ganglion cells that respond directly to blue light. With age, the human lens becomes a strong colour filter attenuating transmission of short wavelengths. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect the ageing human lens may have for t...

Premature aging has been suggested a risk factor for early death in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Therefore, the risk of age-related diseases, such as cataracts, should be increased in this population. In a nationwide, population-based cohort study we assessed the risk of cataract surgery in HIV-infected individuals com...

Sleep pattern and circadian rhythms are regulated via the retinohypothalamic tract in response to stimulation of a subset of retinal ganglion cells, predominantly by blue light (450-490 nm). With age, the transmission of blue light to the retina is reduced because of the aging process of the human lens, and this may impair the photoentrainment of c...

Purpose: Retinal vascular lesions such as microaneurysms and haemorrhages, while typical of diabetic retinopathy, are also seen in subjects without diabetes where they are associated with elevated cardiovascular mortality. In theory, these lesions could be a consequence of past hyperglycaemia. We examined the prevalence and risk factors for retinop...

To assess the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors on optic disc size and cup/disc ratio in healthy eyes. A sample of 55 monozygotic and 50 dizygotic healthy twin pairs aged 20-46, all having the same sex within pairs (47 pairs were male) had optic discs measured from colour fundus photographs according to the Wisconsin Protocol....