
Letizia PaoliKU Leuven | ku leuven · Faculty of Law
Letizia Paoli
Ph.D. in Social and Political Sciences, European University Institute, Florence (1997)
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Introduction
Skills and Expertise
Publications
Publications (208)
Through surveys in Flanders (Belgium), the article investigates the criminal policy preferences of the public and the police, a topic of considerable policy relevance that has so far received limited academic attention. It describes and compares such preferences both for specific crimes, within the realm of the criminal justice (CJ) process, and in...
The seriousness of crime is a key concept in criminal policy. Given the scarcity of empirical assessments, public perceptions of crime seriousness are often presented as the evidence base for policy decisions. However, public perceptions of crime seriousness have hardly been measured in recent years and have not been compared to those of criminal j...
Background
The health and fitness industry has witnessed a rise of influencers on social media promoting a myriad of brands and products, including some promoting anabolic steroids and other performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs). It is currently unclear, however, what type of information and advice social media influencers distribute.
Aim...
Aiming to reduce the conceptual ambiguity surrounding the topic of organized crime, this study assesses the extent to which the Sinaloa Cartel, the most prominent Mexican drug syndicate, has the characteristics of a mafia. The study uses Paoli’s 2020 mafia framework, which identifies seven typifying characteristics of mafias, such as the Sicilian C...
The central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal hist...
The central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal hist...
The central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal hist...
The central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal hist...
The central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal hist...
The central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal hist...
The central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal hist...
The central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal hist...
The central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal hist...
The central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal hist...
The central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal hist...
The central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal hist...
The central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal hist...
The central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal hist...
This article investigates the relationship between exposure to overall television content and television news on the one hand, and public crime seriousness perceptions, including the two main components of perceived crime seriousness, i.e., perceived wrongfulness and harm severity, on the other hand. Drawing on cultivation theory and additional lit...
Match-fixing is increasingly perceived by both national and European policy makers and independent observers as a major threat to the integrity of sports, and in particular football. A series of recent scandals in different European countries seems to corroborate the perception of football’s growing vulnerability to manipulations, suggesting that s...
Public perceptions of the seriousness of crime have long been presented as an indicator of actual crime seriousness, which features prominently in contemporary criminal policy. However, doubts persist on the policy relevance of such perceptions, among others, because their predictors and the extent of consensus about them in our pluralistic societi...
The Impact of Cybercrime on Belgian Businesses - by Letizia Paoli November 2018
The Impact of Cybercrime on Belgian Businesses - by Letizia Paoli November 2018
The Impact of Cybercrime on Belgian Businesses - by Letizia Paoli November 2018
The Impact of Cybercrime on Belgian Businesses - by Letizia Paoli November 2018
The Impact of Cybercrime on Belgian Businesses - by Letizia Paoli November 2018
The Impact of Cybercrime on Belgian Businesses - by Letizia Paoli November 2018
The Impact of Cybercrime on Belgian Businesses - by Letizia Paoli November 2018
The Impact of Cybercrime on Belgian Businesses - by Letizia Paoli November 2018
The Impact of Cybercrime on Belgian Businesses - by Letizia Paoli November 2018
The Impact of Cybercrime on Belgian Businesses - by Letizia Paoli November 2018
The Impact of Cybercrime on Belgian Businesses - by Letizia Paoli November 2018
Cambridge Core - Law: General Interest - The Impact of Cybercrime on Belgian Businesses - by Letizia Paoli
Despite growing indications and fears about the impact of cybercrime, only few academic studies have so far been published on the topic to complement those published by consultancy firms, cybersecurity companies and private institutes. The review of all these studies shows that there is no consensus on how to define and measure cybercrime, or its i...
The seriousness of crime or 'crime seriousness' bears on at least four areas of criminal policy (i.e., criminalization, sentencing, crime control and prevention) but is poorly defined. After providing a novel conceptualization of crime seriousness, this article explores the logic-or normative philosophical principles-behind the public's assessment...
Despite growing indications and fears about the impact of cybercrime, only few academic studies have so far been published on the topic to complement those published by consultancy firms, cybersecurity companies and private institutes. The review of all these studies shows that there is no consensus on how to define and measure cybercrime, or its i...
DISMARK raises the question of how recent developments in the Dutch and Belgian drug markets can be explained and what measures can be taken, both autonomously and in close cooperation between the two countries. Can we speak of a shift or an expansion of (parts of) illegal drug markets between the Netherlands and Belgium? If so, what is causing thi...
The seriousness of crime or ‘crime seriousness’ bears on at least four areas of criminal policy (sentencing, criminalization, crime control and prevention) but is poorly defined. After providing a novel conceptualization of crime seriousness, this article explores the logic – or normative philosophical principles – behind the public’s assessment of...
The seriousness of crime or 'crime seriousness' bears on at least four areas of criminal policy (i.e., criminalization, sentencing, crime control and prevention) but is poorly defined. After providing a novel conceptualization of crime seriousness, this article explores the logic-or normative philosophical principles-behind the public's assessment...
The article draws from the realization that the link between organized crime and drug trafficking is often stated but poorly understood and aims to clarify such link. To achieve that aim, the article first defines the two concepts of organized crime and drug trafficking. In particular, it distinguishes between two understandings of organized crime,...
This chapter argues that harm is central to crime, as reflected in early legal doctrine, ongoing scholarly debate, and contemporary criminal policy, but not a substitute for crime. It describes a systematic, evidence-based approach to operationalising ‘harm’ in criminal policy and criminology, namely, a harm assessment framework; shows how harm ass...
The article draws from the realization that the link between organized crime and drug trafficking is often stated but poorly understood and aims to clarify such link. To achieve that aim, the article first defines the two concepts of organized crime and drug trafficking. In particular, it distinguishes between two understandings of organized crime,...
This chapter is concerned with the nature of the supply of doping products and the relevance of market-based concepts, with specific reference to conditions in Italy. Notwithstanding concerns about doping and the role of the criminal underworld in sport, relatively little is known about the supply of doping products. Against this backdrop, we analy...
As the web rapidly expands and gets integrated into all kinds of business, cyber security has become increasingly important for companies. In order to defend against the rising web attacks, several advanced security mechanism have been proposed, with varying degree of adoption. The presence of these mechanisms on a website can be used as an indicat...
In recent years the term “serious crime” has gained prominence in EU policy on internal security. This article analyzes how the EU policy and scientific communities have conceptualized and operationalized the term. Through a content analysis, it evaluates the articulation and use of “serious crime” in EU policy documents published from 1995–2013 an...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite advances in our knowledge of effective services for people who use drugs over the last decades globally, coverage remains poor in most countries, while quality is often unknown. This paper aims to discuss the historical development of successful epidemiological indicators and to present a framework for extending them wi...
Supply-side interventions, which we define as laws, regulations, enforcement activities, and other measures that extend from drug production to dealing, feature prominently in drug policy and related expenditures internationally, but have undergone relatively little rigorous, empirical evaluation. We argue for filling the knowledge gap and highligh...
Since Sellin and Wolfgang’s 1964 landmark study and their and others idea of public opinion as a significant force in the field of criminal policy, a considerable body of literature has grown on perceived crime seriousness in the ‘70s and ‘80s. However, in the last decades only a handful of studies were published on the topic, with only a few studi...
Given the public concern about organized crime and the vast array of legal and institutional reforms adopted to control it, it is important to reflect upon the determinants of organized crime. Without a better understanding of these determinants and the causal models linking them to the different forms of organized crime policy, interventions risk...
This article uses human trafficking in Belgium to test a newly developed framework for assessing the harms of crime that has been applied previously to cocaine trafficking in the same country. We chose this criminal activity because of its policy relevance and to address apparent needs for systematic, evidence-based analysis. The framework uses qua...
Background:
Since the 1990s, a shift from the importation of foreign cannabis to domestic cultivation has taken place in Belgium, as it has in many other countries. This shift has prompted Belgian policy-making bodies to prioritize the repression of cannabis cultivation. Against this background, the article aims to systematically map and assess fo...
While the success of national and international law enforcement cooperation to suppress organized crime means that stable, large-scale criminal organizations like the Cosa Nostra or the Japanese Yakuza have seen their power reduced, organized crime remains a concern for many governments. Economic globalization and the easing of restrictions on exch...
In the fourth chapter, we first analyze the distribution chains composed by legal and illegal suppliers of doping products in Italy, noting that the length of the chain and the legal status of the transactions vary depending on the products exchanged. Given the embeddedness of many supply-side activities in legitimate professions and exchanges, we...
In the third chapter, we first consider the main characteristics of the illegal suppliers of doping products in Italy, develop a typology of them based on their profession or occupation, and single out their motives. As we draw our information almost exclusively from law enforcement sources, we speak of illegal suppliers—that is, people who import,...
In the sixth chapter of the book, we analyze the data available to estimate the financial dimensions of the Italian market for doping products, including the revenues and profits of different types of suppliers of doping products. As expected, this objective has been the most challenging of the whole project. As is well known in the literature on i...
In this second chapter we provide context for the analysis of the supply of doping products, by considering the products available in Italy and by assessing, at least roughly, the demand. Despite the lack of specific historical or cross-country studies, we draw from the assumption that the use of doping substances and methods in Italy has followed...
To fully understand the market relationships among the suppliers of doping products, we focus in the fifth chapter on two very different sets of actors. The first ones are officials of national sports bodies, including in this expression both the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) and sports federations. As seen in the third chapter, during...
The previous chapters have documented the numerous and high-level criminal investigations carried out in Italy on the production and trafficking of doping products. As mentioned in the introduction, these investigations have been made possible by three elements. The first consists of the Anti-Doping Act 376 of 2000 and specifically the wide-ranging...
Communitarian policies in relation to doping markets. The evolution of the distribution of doping products in cycling
Up until the end of the 1990s, thanks to a process of secondary socialization, doping practices in professional cycling were widespread and largely legitimated by the riders. In this article, based on numerous interviews, we aim to...
Up until the end of the 1990s, thanks to a process of secondary socialization, doping practices in professional cycling were widespread and largely legitimated by the riders. In this article, based on numerous interviews, we aim to demonstrate that from 1998, the regulation of doping has progressively created the conditions for the development of a...
In the eighth and final chapter of this book, we synthesize the main findings of our seminal study on the market for doping products in Italy and draw policy lessons for the future development of international anti-doping policy. The general aim of the study has been to analyze the production and distribution of doping products and to understand ho...
In this chapter we briefly review the literature on doping and anti-doping to illustrate the value added of the present study beyond Italy’s borders. We conclude that, while the demand for doping products has been addressed in numerous studies, the supply side of the market has hardly been examined yet. The lack of research of the supply side of th...
Over the last 30 years, major changes on the supply side of cannabis have occurred. The shift to (inter)regional production, trade and domestic production of cannabis has become an irreversible international trend. Belgium has been catching up with this trend: the number of plantations that have been dismantled by the authorities has increased shar...
In dit boek worden verschillende benaderingen om georganiseerde criminaliteit in beeld te brengen (schadelijkheid, kwetsbaarheid, dreiging) geanalyseerd, vergeleken en op hun compatibiliteit en complementariteit getoetst. Het boek doet verslag van empirisch onderzoek dat deze benaderingen toepast en van een methodologische zoektocht naar een model...
Seeking to fill a substantial gap in analytical infrastructure, this article lays out a summary of a newly developed framework for systematically assessing the harms of criminal activities and presents findings from an initial application to cocaine trafficking in Belgium. The application is based on a substantial data collection, which included an...
Despite the centrality of harm to crime and criminalization and increasing interest in harm as a basis for crime-control policy,
the criminological community has yet done little to systematically reflect on criminal harms or their identification, evaluation
and comparison. This paper presents a newly developed framework with which to systematize th...
This book examines sports doping from production and distribution, detection and punishment. Detailing the daily operations of the trade and its gray area as a semi-legal market, the authors cover important issues ranging from athletes most at risk to the role of organized crime in sports doping, and whether sports governing bodies are enabling the...
Despite the centrality of harm to crime and criminalization and increasing interest in harm as a basis for crime-control policy, there has been little systematic reflection within criminology on criminal harms or their identification, evaluation, and comparison. In this paper, we review the literature on the harms of crime and related concepts, i.e...
The article, based upon an extensive literature review, reconstructs and analyzes the parallel evolution of the international drug control regime and the world opiate market, assessing the impact of the former on the latter until the rise of present-day mass markets. It shows that, since its inception, the regime has focused almost entirely on matt...