Lesley Farmer

California State University System | CSU · Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling

Technology, particularly as it supports interactive learning communities, now plays a central role in community education. While technology affords access to information more efficiently than ever before, it also requires additional skills. For technology to play out its role effectively, community educators need to design instruction, curriculum,...

Societies increasingly use visual arts to communicate and teach about their cultures. Therefore, both visual and digital literacies are needed in order to better understand and appreciate cultural arts. With advances in reproduction and other technologies, visual messages cross traditionally defined cultures in different contexts, thus opening them...

United States education has experienced a big push for students to learn coding as part of computer science and more explicitly address computational thinking (CT). However, CT remains a challenging subject for many students, including pre-service teachers. CT, which overlaps mathematics and computer science, tends to be offered as an elective cour...

Increasingly, globalization has become a significant factor in digital citizenship, yet students often lack systematic education in global awareness and civic education and have few venues to voice their perspectives. One solution to this problem is citizen journalism. Student engagement through citizen journalism provides a rich experience that ca...

Teacher librarians often have to show their value in order to continue to provide their services, so being able to demonstrate how they help prepare students to be college-ready would reinforce the importance of professionally-led school libraries. This situation led to the research question: what relationship exists between the presence of a high...

People need to consciously and critically analyze and evaluate mass media messages, especially in the light of increasing fake news; they need to be news literate. The logical time to start teaching such literacy is in K-12 educational settings so that all individuals have the opportunity to learn and practice news literacy. To concretely ascertain...

In an effort to study assessment as an element in the scholarship of teaching, the investigator incorporated narrative inquiry into two courses. A content-analysis matrix of student reflections was developed to capture choice of topic, source of conflict/programme, interaction with information/situation, and demographic information. Electronic jour...

The purpose of this research was to investigate the degree of correlation of information literacy competency and social-emotional behavior of high school students. Specifically, three assessment instruments were administered to a sample of ninth and eleventh grade students in Orange County. Respondents indicated the relative degree of their informa...

At least 1 in 166 children are born with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), but few school libraries provide resources and services explicitly targeting this population. This paper explains the characteristics and educational challenges of children with ASD; and provides ways to create an inclusive library environment that offers a rich variety of r...

U.S. K12 education increasingly emphasizes the need for students to be college and career ready; nevertheless, too many student come unprepared to learn effectively. This paper discusses the roles that teacher librarians can play in facilitating such readiness, especially in light of information and digital literacy. First, the American Association...

The UNESCO Manifesto on the School Library states that the mission of the school library is to offer learning services and resources that enable all members of the school community to become critical thinkers and effective users of information in all formats and media. Throughout the world school librarians have explored ways to help their colleagu...

Schools and libraries are considering the incorporation of egaming because of its attraction to youth and its potential benefit for instruction, developing information literacy skills, and facilitating academic success. Although egames are played by most youth, egaming has gender-linked properties, particularly in novice gaming practice. School lib...

Teens need and want information about health issues. Even though teens tend to prefer asking people for help, increasingly they access digital resources because of the Internet’s availability, affordability, and anonymity. Teen health information interests vary by age, gender, social situation, and motivation. This paper discusses several issues ab...

This chapter describes the role of digital citizenship, particularly as it relates to school librarianship in online learning environments. It discusses the need for digital citizenship, its curriculum and standards, its place in school librarianship program preparation, distance education issues, learning resources, and implementation for the scho...

As technology advances, so do the techniques for abusing it. While traditional crime has not increased in some countries, cyber crime is becoming increasingly common and steadily growing. One of the duties of teacher librarians is to teach the learning community about digital citizenship so everyone can understand, address, and prevent technology a...

California developed standards for library program factors that provide the conditions for students to meet library standard outcomes. To base those program standards empirically, the researchers analyzed three 2008-9 reputable data sets: California’s school library data set, AASL’s School Libraries Count data set, and a national School Library Jou...

Library catalogs remain challenging for children to use, especially because children have difficulty with multi-step processes, have less semantic and technical knowledge, and often search differently from adults. Child-friendly catalogs should have clear, simple protocols and visual guides that are standardized yet include flexible options for dif...

In today’s global world, to provide meaningful education, teacher-librarians and their students need to become culturally competent: open to learning about other cultures and sharing one’s own culture, able to change personal perspectives, and able to communicate effectively across cultures. Hofstede’s model of cultural dimensions provides a framew...

Increasingly, schools and libraries are incorporating egaming because of its attraction to youth and its potential benefit for instruction, developing information literacy skills, and facilitating academic success. Although egames are played by most youth, egaming has gender-linked properties: extent of play, choice of games, social interaction in...

This paper provides an introduction to a presentation that will explore the standards and academic preparation of teacher-librarians in North America and selected countries (e.g., Brazil, Denmark, Portugal, India) to ascertain both the core competencies required for 21st century work in school libraries and the factors that predict high-quality tea...

The current research examined the experiences of beginning teacher librarians (TL) and expert TLs to ascertain the factors that predict practitioner success. In the process, the study compares southern California TLs (and their academic preparation) with theexperiences of TLs in other representative countries (e.g., Australia, Brazil, Canada, Europ...

Online education has a foundation so that beneficial practices can leverage online environments effectively. Besides generic instructional design principles, models of good online instructional design are emerging. These practices and models are codified into online instructional design standards that provide research-based criteria that can be use...

High schools try to help their students become college-career ready. Information literacy is part of that picture, although the role of teacher librarians is less clear. While the value of librarians within the education environment has been demonstrated, less research about the transferability between high school and higher education was evident....

Online education has a foundation so that beneficial practices can leverage online environments effectively. Besides generic instructional design principles, models of good online instructional design are emerging. These practices and models are codified into online instructional design standards that provide research-based criteria that can be use...

People need to consciously and critically analyze and evaluate mass media messages, especially in the light of increasing fake news; they need to be news literate. The logical time to start teaching such literacy is in K-12 educational settings so that all individuals have the opportunity to learn and practice news literacy. California middle and h...

This study used the AASL School Libraries Count! data sets to examine school library program trends within the 2009–2012 time frame, and identify possible relationships between contributing factors across the four years and across the four geographic regions. Several statistical tests were applied to the coded AASL survey data sets longitudinally a...

This study reveals the complexities and dynamics of law, governance, and practice that have impacted school libraries in Sweden. The Education Act of 2010 and the Swedish Library Act of 2013, which mandated school libraries, did not address staffing, and that loophole has been given recent attention, especially in light of national curriculum chang...

In designing online instruction, increasingly educators need to consider cultural aspects of the educational philosophy, concepts, language, resources, teaching strategies, ICT literacy, learning activities, and student interaction. These elements largely depend on the learning outcomes and the learners' situation. While some factors are universal,...

The wisdom society is the latest iteration of the idea of collective intelligence, which has accelerated due to social media and other online collaborative tools. This chapter offers a background on information, collective intelligence and its elements, virtual environments, and theories that relate to collective intelligence. Benefits and issues r...

Today's knowledge society depends on intellectual capital, that is, collective knowledge and informational assets. Increasingly, the global scene reflects a more interactive mode relative to information, particularly because of social media. As heterogeneous groups bring different expertise and perspectives, their gathered and organized knowledge c...

Collective intelligence may be loosely defined as the capacity of a group to think, learn, and create collectively. Online education reflects an interactive mode relative to information, particularly because of social media, that can involve expertise and resources that generate collective intelligence to address issues. Several theories reflect a...

Today's wisdom society depends on intellectual capital, that is, collective knowledge and informational assets. Increasingly, the global scene reflects a more interactive mode relative to information, particularly because of social media. As heterogeneous groups bring different expertise and perspectives, their gathered and organized knowledge can...

In designing online instruction, increasingly educators need to consider cultural aspects of the educational philosophy, concepts, language, resources, teaching strategies, ICT literacy, learning activities, and student interaction. These elements largely depend on the learning outcomes and the learners' situation. While some factors are universal,...

Intellectual pursuit and the recognition of ideas is a central concept. Copyright attempts to protect the rights of intellectual creators while balancing those rights with the needs for access. As technologies have expanded, and their production has become more sophisticated, the legal regulations surrounding their use have become more complex. Wit...

Textbooks can serve as a good starting point for learning concepts or serve as a reinforcing reference tool for students. However, to address the various academic needs of students, as well as to affirm the richness and depth of the knowledge, skills, and dispositions in online courses, online instructors should complement and supplement textbooks...

This study evaluated a California State University Course Redesign Professional Development program, focusing on the user experience of STEM faculty as they learned about technology and applied their learning to develop technology-enriched instructional strategies that enhanced students ' own educational experiences. Data were collected from the fi...

Collective intelligence may be loosely defined as the capacity of a group to think, learn, and create collectively. Online education reflects an interactive mode relative to information, particularly because of social media, that can involve expertise and resources that generate collective intelligence to address issues. Several theories reflect a...

School libraries constitute a unique niche in librarianship relative to electronic resource collection development for several reasons:•loco parentis status•need for free access and services•adherence to institutional demands and priorities•educational mission.This article focuses on the unique factors that online electronic resources posein school...

This study evaluated a California State University Course Redesign Professional Development program, focusing on the user experience of STEM faculty as they learned about technology and applied their learning to develop technology-enriched instructional strategies that enhanced students' own educational experiences. Data were collected from the fir...

To improve programs, school librarians can analyze and apply data. Standards can help with the process, such as California’s model school library standards. To meet those standards, it is important to recognize and focus on variables to improve library programs. Data analytics can help librarians identify which data to collect, how to organize and...

New adults, between 18 and 25 years old, need and want information about health issues. Even though new adults tend to prefer asking people for help, increasingly they access digital resources because of the Internet's availability, affordability, and anonymity. Health information interests vary by age, gender, social situation, and motivation. Sev...

The wisdom society is the latest iteration of the idea of collective intelligence, which has accelerated due to social media and other online collaborative tools. This chapter offers a background on information, collective intelligence and its elements, virtual environments, and theories that relate to collective intelligence. Benefits and issues r...

As librarians reflect upon their role in supporting research, they should seriously consider the issue of library space allocation. Because they serve the entire educational community through planned programs of services and resources within a structured learning space, libraries constitute a pivotal site for self-directed intentional learning and...

As information and technology increase, the need for help in accessing, evaluating, and using information efficiently rises. Preservice teachers need information literacy for their own study, instructional practice, and as a set of skills to teach PK-12 students. Librarians are uniquely trained and experienced in this arena, so their instructional...

Information architecture is the structural design of shared information environments, optimizing users' interaction with that content and their context. Comic arts may be considered in light of information architecture in that it uses sequential frames, text, and their “containers,” and design conventions as information architectural “tools” to rep...

As the world changes, so does information and its use. This chapter explains functions of library science as impacted by technology within the context of change. Library science provides the basis for mediation between the community and the information it needs to carry out its functions, tempered by the impact of technologies. Librarians apply lib...

Information lies at the core of freedom of expression since it empowers citizens to understand the functions of media and other information providers, to access and critically evaluate their content, and to make informed decisions as users and producer of information and media content. Information and related technologies have become increasingly e...

Objective — California school libraries have new state standards, which can serve to guide their programs. Based on pre-standard and post-standard library survey data, this research compares California school library programs to determine the variables that can potentially help a school library reach the state standards, and to develop a predictive...

Information lies at the core of freedom of expression since it empowers citizens to understand the functions of media and other information providers, to access and critically evaluate their content, and to make informed decisions as users and producer of information and media content. Information and related technologies have become increasingly e...

International guidelines for school libraries and school librarians exist. However, the role of professional library associations in school librarian education has been largely overlooked. This exploratory study examines the role of professional library associations in Brazil, Honduras, Nepal, and the United States (specifically California) relativ...

This article explains information architecture, focusing on comic arts’ features for representing and structuring knowledge. Then it details information design theory and information behaviors relative to this format, also noting visual literacy. Next , applications of comic arts in education are listed. With this background, several research metho...

This chapter explains how case studies can be used successfully in distance education to provide an authentic, interactive way to teach ethical behavior through critical analysis and decision-making while addressing ethical standards and theories. The creation and choice of case studies are key for optimum learning, and can reflect both the instruc...

Information constitutes a central element of education as K-20 teachers design and implement curriculum for students to gain knowledge and skills. Librarians are information professionals and can play a significant role in K-12 education. This chapter discusses library science, professionals in that field, and their relationship to education, both...

Information and Digital Literacies: A Curricular Guide for Middle and High School Librarians is a practical guide to help school librarians design and deliver effective instruction that addresses the knowledge, skills and dispositions of information and digital literacies. This curricular guide from one of America’s foremost experts in this area wi...

Information and Digital Literacies: A Curricular Guide for Middle and High School Librarians is a practical guide to help school librarians design and deliver effective instruction that addresses the knowledge, skills and dispositions of information and digital literacies. This curricular guide from one of America’s foremost experts in this area wi...

Information and Digital Literacies: A Curricular Guide for Middle and High School Librarians is a practical guide to help school librarians design and deliver effective instruction that addresses the knowledge, skills and dispositions of information and digital literacies. This curricular guide from one of America’s foremost experts in this area wi...

Information and Digital Literacies: A Curricular Guide for Middle and High School Librarians is a practical guide to help school librarians design and deliver effective instruction that addresses the knowledge, skills and dispositions of information and digital literacies. This curricular guide from one of America’s foremost experts in this area wi...

Information and Digital Literacies: A Curricular Guide for Middle and High School Librarians is a practical guide to help school librarians design and deliver effective instruction that addresses the knowledge, skills and dispositions of information and digital literacies. This curricular guide from one of America’s foremost experts in this area wi...

Information and Digital Literacies: A Curricular Guide for Middle and High School Librarians is a practical guide to help school librarians design and deliver effective instruction that addresses the knowledge, skills and dispositions of information and digital literacies. This curricular guide from one of America’s foremost experts in this area wi...

Information and Digital Literacies: A Curricular Guide for Middle and High School Librarians is a practical guide to help school librarians design and deliver effective instruction that addresses the knowledge, skills and dispositions of information and digital literacies. This curricular guide from one of America’s foremost experts in this area wi...

Information and Digital Literacies: A Curricular Guide for Middle and High School Librarians is a practical guide to help school librarians design and deliver effective instruction that addresses the knowledge, skills and dispositions of information and digital literacies. This curricular guide from one of America’s foremost experts in this area wi...

Information and Digital Literacies: A Curricular Guide for Middle and High School Librarians is a practical guide to help school librarians design and deliver effective instruction that addresses the knowledge, skills and dispositions of information and digital literacies. This curricular guide from one of America’s foremost experts in this area wi...

Information and Digital Literacies: A Curricular Guide for Middle and High School Librarians is a practical guide to help school librarians design and deliver effective instruction that addresses the knowledge, skills and dispositions of information and digital literacies. This curricular guide from one of America’s foremost experts in this area wi...

Information and Digital Literacies: A Curricular Guide for Middle and High School Librarians is a practical guide to help school librarians design and deliver effective instruction that addresses the knowledge, skills and dispositions of information and digital literacies. This curricular guide from one of America’s foremost experts in this area wi...

This chapter explains how case studies can be used successfully in distance education to provide an authentic, interactive way to teach ethical behavior through critical analysis and decision-making while addressing ethical standards and theories. The creation and choice of case studies are key for optimum learning, and can reflect both the instruc...

New adults, between 18 and 25 years old, need and want information about health issues. Even though new adults tend to prefer asking people for help, increasingly they access digital resources because of the Internet's availability, affordability, and anonymity. Health information interests vary by age, gender, social situation, and motivation. Sev...

Adolescents live in a technology-enhanced world. However, significant subpopulations lack physical and intellectual access to digital technologies. Content and communications providers format and disseminate information in a variety of ways. In response, teens who use technology tend to employ a variety of platforms, choosing the tool to match the...

Technology plays a central role in current citizen education. Technology also impacts the underlying concept of citizenship since it now has to consider the digital society. This chapter examines the elements of citizen education and the factors needed to be in place for technology to facilitate citizen education. While technology affords access to...