Leonidas C Leonidou

• University of Cyprus

Link to the article May be accessed until May01 https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1klL03STRzojIz

As a result of growing concerns by stakeholder groups in different parts of the world for the economic, social, and environmental value created by multinational enterprises (MNEs), research has explored MNEs’ corporate social responsibility (CSR). This article extends existing knowledge by steering through extant research on MNE’s CSR activities em...

The selection of our article “The Export Development Process: An Integrative Review of Empirical Models” (Leonidou and Katsikeas 1996) for inclusion in this volume is an honor for both of us. This mark of distinction underpins our duty and motivation to undertake a retrospective examination of our work, consider how it has influenced knowledge deve...

Despite widespread research on the export behavior of firms, no integrative review of the empirical work in relation to export development models exists in the extant literature. This article reviews the main models on the subject, identifies their structural characteristics, evaluates the methodologies used for their validation, and analyzes the k...

Despite the volume of research and significant advancements in the country-of-origin (CO) area, the topic remains contentious in two key areas. One area is the presence of tensions and contradictions associated with origin-related research. The second relates to an over-reliance on relatively narrow theories that can neither address disparities nor...

Despite voluminous research on barriers to exporting, knowledge on the inhibiting role of specific obstacles confronted by firms when exporting via cross-border e-commerce (CBEC) is virtually absent. Using data from a cross-industry sample of 1256 firms located in 25 different European countries, we shed light on this issue by examining the organiz...

We propose a conceptual model of the key antecedents and outcomes of consumer perceptions of the two components of foreign country image (CI), namely, general country image (GCI) and product country image (PCI), which we meta-analytically tested with input derived from 253 studies included in 176 empirical articles published in the last five decade...

With the concept of circular economy gaining increasing momentum, its connection to consumer behavior, particularly focusing on fair trade, has been relatively unexplored. Building on cognitive-affective personality system theory, we examine the role of consumer personality traits as drivers of fair trade engagement and its subsequent impact on eth...

We propose a conceptual model of the drivers, moderators, and outcomes of a firm’s effective import strategy, anchored on the Dynamic Capabilities and Industrial Organization theories. While the former theory explains the mechanism through which dynamic capabilities facilitate import strategy effectiveness that boosts competitive advantage and ulti...

Infidelity has been a common dark‐side phenomenon in manufacturer–distributor (M–D) relationships, which, despite its harmful effects on operating performance and long‐term viability, has received scant theoretical and empirical attention in marketing research. Using data collected from 103 manufacturers and 101 distributors located in the USA, we...

Building on Emotion Regulation Theory, we examine the role of an exporter’s emotional intelligence (EI) in enhancing the quality and boosting the long-term orientation of the working relationship with its import buyers. Using data gathered from 262 Greek exporters, we confirm that the proper use of EI helps to improve trust, commitment, cooperation...

Although the literature on eco-friendly strategies followed by firms is abundant, the focus on the reduce, reuse, and recycle (3Rs) policies as the cornerstone of environmental sustainability is scarce. This study examines the 3Rs environmental strategy among 143 large organizations in the hospitality industry. We use the resource-based view (RBV)...

We develop an integrated conceptual model of the drivers and outcomes of consumers’ intentions to buy organic goods, anchored on the Theory of Planned Behavior. This is meta-analytically tested using data collected from 70 empirical studies conducted on the subject during the period 2000-2019. The results indicate that, as opposed to consumers who...

Despite the critical importance of emotional intelligence in effectively interacting with other people, its role has been overlooked in scholarly research on cross-border interorganizational relationships. Drawing on emotion regulation theory, the authors propose a model that conceptualizes links among exporters’ emotional intelligence, key behavio...

We develop a conceptual model of the antecedents and outcomes of consumer intentions to buy organic goods, anchored on the Theory of Planned Behavior. This is tested using a meta-analysis of data collected from 79 empirical studies. Our results confirm that, as opposed to consumers who are price conscious, individuals who are environmentally and he...

We propose a conceptual model of the power roots and drivers of infidelity in exporter-importer (E-I) working relationships. Based on data collected from 262 Greek export manufacturers, we confirm that the exercise of coercive power in the E-I working relationship by the exporter has positive effects on distance, opportunism, and uncertainty, as op...

The drive among business partners to secure resources is one of the very reasons for establishing relationships between buyers and sellers. Inevitably, the web of interdependencies in which they are caught gives rise to power, whereby one party tries to control the behavior of the other. This pivotal role of power in buyer-seller relationships has...

Building on literature in social psychology that discussed betrayal in interpersonal relationships, this article explored betrayal in buyer–seller relationships using data collected from a survey conducted among 109 buyers and 115 sellers in the United States. The results indicated that betrayal was a complex, multifarious, and dynamic phenomenon,...

We present a systematic and comprehensive review of the extant empirical literature on exporter-importer business relationships during the period 1975–2017. The review covers 196 articles published in academic journals, which were content-analyzed with their theoretical background, research design, scope of research, sampling/data collection method...

Betrayal is a very common, but relatively under-researched, dark side phenomenon in inter-firm relationships that warrants investigation. We propose a conceptual model of the factors reducing betrayal intention in exporter-importer (E-I) working relationships and its resulting effect on actual betrayal. Using a random sample of 262 indigenous expor...

The chapter provides a systematic review of 1722 international marketing articles published in the top six international business journals during the period 1995–2015. The analysis focuses on five major areas: profiles of authors involved in international marketing research; major contributors of international marketing articles based on their prod...

This book of expert contributions provides a comprehensive analysis of contemporary global marketing issues under different international business settings. It covers a wide array of key areas of international marketing research such as cross-cultural consumer behavior, foreign market entry modes, international entrepreneurship, international marke...

Betrayal is a very common, but relatively under-researched, dark side phenomenon in interfirm relationships that warrants investigation. We propose a conceptual model of the factors reducing betrayal intention in exporter-importer (E-I) working relationships and its resulting effect on actual betrayal. Using a random sample of 262 indigenous export...

The volatile, complex, and distant nature of the international business environment inevitably gives rise to incidences of infidelity among interacting exporters and importers. The authors propose and test a theoretically anchored model of the antecedents and consequences of infidelity in exporter-importer (E-I) working relationships. The findings...

Although betrayal is a common phenomenon in inter-organizational cross-border relationships, the pertinent literature has remained relatively silent as regards its examination. However, the effects of betrayal are both long-lasting and destructive, and therefore an in-depth investigation of the factors that are driving it, as well as its performanc...

This chapter focuses on the instrumental role of national export promotion programs in helping smaller firms to enhance their international entrepreneurial initiatives. Drawing a parallel between innovative behavior, entrepreneurship, and the exporting process, we identify the critical roles of risk-taking, innovativeness, and a proactive posture i...

Purpose – Although corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been an issue of major concern for marketers for more than half a century, only recently has it attracted the attention of international marketing researchers. During the last two decades, this body of research has experienced an increasing trend, which, however, is very fragmented and di...

Research in marketing has increasingly focused on building knowledge about how firms' marketing contributes to performance outcomes. A key precursor to accurately diagnosing the value firms' marketing creates is conceptualizing and operationalizing appropriate ways to assess performance outcomes. Yet, to date, there has been little conceptual devel...

Although Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been an issue of major concern for marketers for more than half a century, less attention has been paid to its international marketing dimensions. However, there is a sufficient critical mass of articles on the link between CSR and international marketing to warrant attention. Thus, the aim of our...

Country-of-origin (COO) effects, defined as the influence of foreignness of products/services on consumer choice behavior (Samiee 2011), has been one of the most frequently investigated topics in the field of international marketing. Although a significant amount of scholarly work has been published on the subject over the last five decades, there...

Increasing pressures on preserving the bio-physical environment have motivated many firms to use advertising as a means to communicate an eco-friendly image and/or address specific ecological problems. However, a growing skepticism about green advertisements calls for a thorough investigation of the environmental claims made. This is particularly c...

This article reports the findings of a study, conducted among 234 foreign tourists who visited Cyprus, that aimed to identify the drivers and outcomes of eco-friendly attitudes and behavior. Using structural equation modeling, the authors confirmed that deontological status, law obedience, and political action of tourists positively influence the a...

Growing detrimental effects on the bio-physical environment have been responsible for a large number of small firms to adopt a more strategic stance toward exploiting green-related opportunities. This article aims to shed light on how internal company factors help to formulate a green business strategy among small manufacturing firms, and how this,...

Building on the dynamic capabilities theory, a model of organizational capabilities driving an eco-based competitive advantage and performance in the global hotel industry is tested. Data obtained from 102 hotel chains reveal that organizational learning, shared vision, and cross-functional integration are conducive to creating a green competitive...

With the exponential growth of problems related to the natural environment, exporters are increasingly confronted with ecological challenges in their international operations. We present a study of exporting manufacturers that examines the external and internal determinants of green export business strategy and its effects on export competitive adv...

The authors report the findings of a study conducted among a sample of 202 Hong Kong based Chinese importing companies regarding their working relationships with Western export manufacturers. In particular, the study emphasizes the effect of interpersonal factors on financial performance through the intervening roles of intercompany trust and relat...

With the significant growth of problems relating to the natural environment, an increasing number of firms are engaged in environmentally friendly activities. This paper reports the results of a study conducted among 153 small-sized manufacturing units located in Cyprus, focusing on the external drivers and financial outcomes of their eco-friendly...

The authors identify, synthesize, and evaluate antecedents, components, and outcome factors of exporter importer relationship quality following a meta-analysis of the extant empirical studies on the subject. Using information extracted from a content analysis of 76 empirical studies, they propose and test an integrative conceptual model comprising...

Growing skepticism about green advertisements calls for a thorough investigation of the environmental claims made by firms. This is particularly important in the context of industrial and international markets, where research on the subject is virtually non-existent. By employing legitimacy theory, this article develops several research hypotheses...

This paper presents an integrative review and critical assessment of theoretical, methodological, and empirical dimensions of 109 environmental business-related articles on small and medium-sized service firms published during the 1992–2012 period in mainstream and specialized journals. Theoretically, more than half the studies lacked a theoretical...

Despite growing concerns about environmental issues worldwide, research on the subject in the context of international marketing is virtually absent. The current study sheds light on the green aspects of exporting, using data collected from 216 exporting manufacturers. Drawing on the resource-based view and industrial organization theories, the aut...

The article presents the findings of a comprehensive review of 321 import-related articles published in business journals and books during the period 1960—2010. Using a content analysis, the articles were assessed on four dimensions referring to the research design, scope of research, research methodology, and key thematic areas addressed. The asse...

Building on the resource-based view, we develop a model of drivers and outcomes of environmentally friendly marketing strategies in the Greek hotel sector. Data collected from 152 hotels reveal that possessing sufficient physical and financial resources is instrumental in achieving effective green marketing strategies. In addition, shared vision an...

The article reports the findings of a study conducted among 387 consumers regarding their perceptions of the unethicality of business practices of firms and how these affect their response behavior, in terms of trust, satisfaction, and loyalty. The study confirmed that high levels of perceived corporate unethicality decrease consumer trust. This in...

This article reports the findings of a study, conducted among 234 tourists who visited Cyprus, aiming to identify the drivers and outcomes of an eco-friendly attitude. Using structural equation modelling, it was confirmed that deontology, law obedience, and political action of tourists positively influence the adoption of an environmentally-friendl...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a model that focuses on the cultural drivers and trust outcomes of consumer perceptions on issues pertaining to the unethical marketing behavior of firms. It specifically investigates: the role of cultural orientation in forming consumer ethical ideology; the link between the consumer's eth...

Although prior efforts have been made to review research on importing, an updated, integrated, and chronological assessment of its theoretical evolution is lacking. This study critically investigates the theoretical foundations of importing research using a comprehensive review of 321 importing-related articles published during the 1960—2010 period...

The article presents the findings of a comprehensive review of 321 import-related articles published in business journals and books during the period 1960–2010. Using a content analysis, the articles were assessed on four dimensions referring to the research design, scope of research, research methodology, and key thematic areas addressed. The asse...

Notwithstanding the growing literature on international buyer-seller relationships, limited attention has been given to the crucial role of adaptation in enhancing relationship performance, especially from the standpoint of the importer. This article reports the findings of a study, conducted among 167 British importers, focusing on the factors tha...

The authors present the results of a study that empirically tests a model connecting national export-promotion programs with export performance through the intervening role of export-related organizational resources and capabilities, export marketing strategy, and export competitive advantage. The study reveals that the adoption of specific nationa...

Purpose Consumer scepticism about the credibility of green advertising around the world is growing. The article aims to provide a comprehensive assessment and trend analysis of green advertising practices of international firms over a 20‐year period. Design/methodology/approach The study identifies 473 international green advertisements during the...

Purpose – This study seeks to identify, synthesize, and evaluate extant research on environmental marketing and management, with the ultimate aim of unveiling trends in this field. Specifically, it aims to focus on: the characteristics of authors and manuscripts written on the subject; the methodological aspects of empirical studies, in terms of de...

With the intensification of problems relating to the environment, a growing number of consumers are becoming more ecologically conscious in their preferences and purchases of goods. This paper presents the results of a study conducted among 500 Cypriot consumers, focusing on the factors that shape consumer environmental attitudes and behaviour, as...

Purpose Growing globalization in recent decades has been responsible for the emergence of a new stream of research focusing on international marketing. However, compared to domestic marketing knowledge, this field has received relatively less attention from mainstream marketing journals. The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of a stud...

The manuscript reports on an integrative assessment of exporting research published in 821 academic articles during the period 1960–2007. Such an undertaking is deemed necessary due to the voluminous, multifarious, and fragmented nature of knowledge in this crucial field of international business. The study includes an analysis of each article on f...

Notwithstanding the extensive literature on opportunism in buyer—seller relationships, scant empirical attention has been given to this issue in both international and Chinese contexts. Using a sample of 202 Hong Kong Chinese importers, this article highlights the harmful effect of Western exporters' opportunism on importers' long-term orientation...

Although exporting has established itself as an important field of research within the overall international business discipline, no attempt has yet been made to provide a bibliographic analysis showing how the subject has evolved over time. This article reports the findings of a study which provides a systematic analysis of the content of 821expor...

This article presents a content analysis of Management International Review for the fifteen-year period 1993–2007. A total of 360 papers appearing in the journal during that period were analyzed to identify the key trends in the evolution of Management International Review. The five major themes addressed included an examination of the nature of a...

The article compares and contrasts rational versus emotional appeals in newspaper advertising, based on over 100 items comprising copy, art, and layout characteristics. Using a sample of 1,335 advertisements that appeared in Cypriot national newspapers, a number of significant differences were observed. To a large extent these differences reflect t...

The article reports the findings of a study conducted among 151 U.S. export manufacturers of industrial goods regarding their working relationships with foreign customers. Specifically, the emphasis is on the sources of power exercised and how these affect trust and commitment in the relationship through the mediating role of conflict and satisfact...

Purpose Although exporting can offer many benefits to smaller manufacturers, a large number of these firms refrain from export operations as a result of insufficient stimulation. This paper seeks to critically analyse and creatively synthesise the reasons that may stimulate a smaller firm to export, based on a review of 32 empirical studies conduct...

Purpose The article aims to identify differences in consumers' evaluations of goods made in either the USA or China at different levels of analysis; to trace variations in consumers' evaluations with regard to various cues characterizing US or Chinese goods; and to provide a comparison of consumers' evaluations between US and Chinese goods at diffe...

The article analyzes the content of 18 international marketing academic textbooks with regard to factors comprising the global marketing environment. Three broad categories of factors are identified, the macro (i.e., physical, demographic, and socio-cultural), meso (i.e., economic, political-legal, and technological), andmicro (i.e., intermediaries...

The article develops an integrated framework for analysing newspaper advertising, based on extant theoretical and practical knowledge on the subject. The framework is subsequently used to examine changes in 100 elements of newspaper advertisements over time. For this purpose, 2,250 illustrated advertisements were systematically extracted from natio...

The article examines the impact of uncertainty, distance, and conflict on key elements comprising the quality of the relationship between U.S. industrial exporters and their overseas customers. Information received from 151 manufacturers revealed that these three parameters play a significant negative role in building sound relationship quality, in...

This article explores the stimulation behavior of importing firms based on a random sample of 100 Cypriot distributors purchasing from abroad. The findings revealed that the primary factors relating to import motivation were internal-proactive, with sales, profits, and growth stimuli ranked in top positions. Principal components analysis of the ini...

Purpose Research on the behavioural aspects of buyer‐seller relationships, although sizeable, is too heterogeneous and fragmented to yield complete and conclusive insights as to the inter‐relationships of the basic parameters involved. This article attempts to put together extant knowledge on the subject under an integrated conceptual model compris...

Purpose Despite the critical role of the industrial buying situation in shaping buyer behavior and seller response, little research has been conducted to augment extant knowledge on the subject. To fill this gap, this article focuses on influence strategies that industrial buyers exert on their suppliers in different buying situations. Design/meth...

An attempt is made to establish a link between the alternative buying situations that an industrial seller may encounter and the atmosphere governing working relationships with customers in each situation. Based on a study conducted among 122 Greek industrial producers, it was revealed that indeed the atmosphere governing their relationships with o...

Notwithstanding the dominant role of the United States in world trade, little is known about the relationships between smaller indigenous manufacturers and their foreign customers and how these differ from domestic market relationships. Using data from a recent study among 201 U.S. small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the article reveals that...

Notwithstanding the benefits derived from exporting in an increasingly globalized marketplace, for many smaller-sized manufacturers the internationalization path is beset by numerous obstacles. This article offers a comprehensive analysis of 39 export barriers extracted from a systematic review of 32 empirical studies conducted on the subject. Thes...

This article provides an integrative review of extant knowledge on the export marketing information system, based on input received from 27 studies conducted on the subject. A detailed analysis of research into the constituent parts of the system revealed that this is too atheoretic, fragmented, repetitive, non-programmatic, and inconsistent. Despi...

Despite the growing importance of relationship management in both academic and practitioner circles, little attention has been focused on the dynamics of international business relationships. This article examines the effect of foreign customer influence strategies on building business relationships with exporting manufacturers, based on informatio...