Lee Jussim

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey | Rutgers · Department of Psychology

Open Science initiatives such as preregistration, publicly available procedures and data, and power analyses have rightly been lauded for increasing the reliability of findings. However, a potentially equally important initiative—aimed at increasing the validity of science—has largely been ignored. Adversarial collaborations (ACs) refer to team sci...

Because the term “diversity” has two related but different meanings, what authors mean when they use the term is inherently unclear. In its broad form, it refers to vast variety. In its narrow form, it refers to human demographic categories deemed deserving of special attention by social justice–oriented activists. In this article, I review Hommel’...

Although the effects of counterstereotypic individuating information (i.e., information specific to individual members of stereotyped groups that disconfirms the group stereotype) on biases in explicit person perception are well-established, research shows mixed effects of such information on implicit person perception. The present research tested...

This paper examines relations between billions of dollars donated from foreign entities to U.S. colleges and universities over the past decade and political developments on those campuses. We conducted seven studies investigating the associations between this foreign funding and aspects of the campus liberal democratic climate. Specifically, we exp...

This paper reviews research on bias. We start by reviewing the New Look of the 1940s and heuristics and biases in judgment and decision making. We show how the waves of enthusiasm for some then-new forms of bias proved overwrought. We then present a “Goodness of Judgement Index” and show how it can extract information about unbiased responding from...

Science is among humanity’s greatest achievements, yet scientific censorship is rarely studied empirically. We explore the social, psychological, and institutional causes and consequences of scientific censorship (defined as actions aimed at obstructing particular scientific ideas from reaching an audience for reasons other than low scientific qual...

This chapter reviews evidence regarding the radicalization of academia. It is organized into the following major sections: A review of the evidence on the psychology of left-wing extremism and left-wing authoritarianism; a review of selected real-world events emblematic of left-wing extremism and authoritarianism in the American academy; we then re...

This chapter is a critical, theoretical, and empirical review of political bias. Herein it roundly criticizes the manner in which the social sciences have allowed political biases to undercut the validity and credibility of their scholarship. It is a theoretical review because the chapter presents two complementary and synergistic models of academi...

The target article highlights research known to have promoted unjustified politicized claims. It also points out that, although researcher political biases might account for this, there are often alternative explanations. It then discusses areas of research in which those alternative explanations are unlikely, so that the best explanation is politi...

In this chapter, we review evidence and examples reflecting an embrace of modern manifestations of book burning among academics. We use the term “book burning” as did Bradbury: both descriptively and metaphorically to include burning of actual books, but, especially within academia, to calls to retract, remove, and memory-hole published papers. In...

Previous research has investigated characteristics of individuating information, stereotypes, and evaluative circumstances that moderate reliance on social category information and individuating information in implicit person perception. However, possibly no research has examined characteristics of perceivers that may be involved in these processes...

Although the effects of counterstereotypic individuating information (i.e., information specific to individual members of stereotyped groups that disconfirms the group stereotype) on biases in explicit person perception are well-established, research shows mixed effects of such information on implicit person perception. The proposed research will t...

We propose a theory of (a) reliance on stereotypes and individuating information in implicit person perception and (b) the relationship between individuation in implicit person perception and shifts in implicit group stereotypes. The present research preliminarily tested this theory by assessing whether individuating information or stereotypes take...

The primary goal of science is to “get it right,” meaning that scientists seek to accurately document the world as it is. While erroneous conclusions and flawed theories can and do occur, they can only be tolerated as long as reliable mechanisms of self-correction exist. Unfortunately, in recent years, an array of evidence has emerged suggesting th...

This chapter presents a perspective on the role of uncertainty and distress in the radicalization of thesocial sciences, including social psychology, and it discusses some of the consequences of thatradicalization. Political extremism often emerges as a response to uncertainty. Ironically, extremism oftenconstitutes an embrace of simplistic dogmas...

This chapter is a critical, theoretical, and empirical review of political bias. It is “critical” in that it roundly criticizes the manner in which the social sciences have allowed political biases to undercut the validity and credibility of their scholarship. It is a theoretical review because the chapter presents two complementary and synergistic...

This paper explores the connection between bias and academic censorship. After defining terms, we review recent scholarship on varieties of censorship, and varieties of bias. These are then applied to academic processes of peer review, drawing heavily on recent work identifying the ways in which such biases often manifest in academia. We then propo...

There has been low confidence in the replicability and reproducibility of published psychological findings. Previous work has demonstrated that a population of psychologists exists that have used questionable research practices (QRPs), or behaviors during data collection, analysis, and publication that can increase the number of false-positive find...

Academic publishing has changed substantially in the past 30 years due to the advent of the internet. Unlike print publications, digital publications have the ability to provide additional information to visitors about the publication and previous readers via metadata like download counts. This study investigated the effect of this metadata on the...

The present research proposed a theoretical distinction among various stereotypes that we predicted would moderate their malleability in implicit person perception: the extent to which the stereotypes can be learned and validated with minimal or no indirect inference (i.e., their observability). We hypothesized that observable stereotypes would be...

“They all pose as though their real opinions had been discovered and attained through the self-evolving of a cold, pure, divinely indifferent dialectic… whereas, in fact, a prejudiced proposition, idea, or ‘suggestion,’ which is generally their heart's desire abstracted and refined, is defended by them with arguments sought out after the event. The...

This paper explores the suppression of ideas within an academic scholarship by academics, either by self-suppression or because of the efforts of other academics. Legal, moral, and social issues distinguishing freedom of speech, freedom of inquiry, and academic freedom are reviewed. How these freedoms and protections can come into tension is then e...

This paper explores the suppression of ideas within academic scholarship by academics, either by self-suppression or because of the efforts of other academics. Legal, moral, and social issues distinguishing freedom of speech, freedom of inquiry, and academic freedom are reviewed. How these freedoms and protections can come into tension is then expl...

This paper explores the suppression of ideas within academic scholarship by academics, either by self-suppression or because of the efforts of other academics. Legal, moral, and social issues distinguishing freedom of speech, freedom of inquiry, and academic freedom are reviewed. How these freedoms and protections can come into tension is then expl...

This handbook reviews theory and research on the accuracy of personality judgments. The various chapters explain the major theoretical models that guide research in this area, describe various methodological approaches to evaluating accuracy, and review recent empirical findings. Topics considered include moderators of accuracy including judge, tar...

In a seminal study investigating gender bias in academic science, Moss-Racusin et al. (2012) found bias against female lab manager applicants with respect to competence, hireability, mentoring, and salary conferral. This topic will be revisited through four studies--two direct replications, one extension, and a meta-analysis. The present set of stu...

Members of the field of philosophy have, just as other people, political convictions or, as psychologists call them, ideologies. How are different ideologies distributed and perceived in the field? Using the familiar distinction between the political left and right, we surveyed an international sample of 794 subjects in philosophy. We found that su...

In this chapter we critically evaluate the ability of IAT scores to explain real world racial inequality. This is especially difficult to do because there are so many conceptual, psychometric, and validity issues related to the IAT, which we review before tracking the main question of accounting for gaps. That review indicates that the IAT is not a...

In 2019 at the SPSP Political Psychology Pre-Conference, key stakeholders and researchers were invited to debate the question “does ideological diversity impact the quality of our research?” If Clark and Winegard's (in press) review of ideological epistemology and its significance to social science is mostly on target, it would predict that many at...

A crescendo of incidents have raised concerns about whether scientific practices in psychology may be suboptimal, sometimes leading to the publication, dissemination, and application of unreliable or misinterpreted findings. Psychology has been a leader in identifying possibly suboptimal practices and proposing reforms that might enhance the effici...

The present research tested a series of theoretically derived competing hypotheses regarding the extent to which different ways of learning about others influence stereotype-relevant impression formation and reliance on stereotypes in stereotype-relevant target evaluations. First, we examined the extent to which stimulus pairing or statement inform...

The present research tested a series of theoretically derived competing hypotheses regarding the extent to which different ways of learning about others influence stereotype-relevant impression formation and reliance on stereotypes in stereotype-relevant target evaluations. First, we examined the extent to which stimulus pairing or statement inform...

This is a poster that will be presented at the Metascience 2019 conference at Stanford University in September, 2019.

The present research tested a series of theoretically derived competing hypotheses regarding the extent to which different ways of learning about others influence stereotype-relevant impression formation and reliance on stereotypes in stereotype-relevant target evaluations. First, we examined the extent to which stimulus pairing or statement inform...

SCIENTIFIC In this article, we argue that there are many unanswered questions crucial to scientific understanding about stereotypes and stereotype accuracy. We present a review and analysis suggesting that a set of cognitive, motivational, and social factors conspired to prevent psychologists from asking serious questions about stereotype accuracy...

In this paper, we argue that there are many unanswered questions crucial to scientific understanding about stereotypes and stereotype accuracy. Scientists do not always engage in purely impartial search for objective truths, because, like other people, they are subject to biases in thinking, motivations to find certain particular results, and socia...

Psychology has been in crisis. Over the past 15 years many high-impact research findings have failed to replicate, calling into question their validity. Increased methodological and statistical scrutiny has led to field-wide introspection on how best to produce robust, reproducible, research. One focus has been on the use of questionable research p...

Increased diversity within a society inevitably increases interactions between people of different cultural backgrounds. In this chapter, we contend that arguments calling for increased cultural competence are synonymous with calls for increased accuracy in social perception. Evidence that individuals are more accurate in their beliefs about other...

This research investigated whether stereotypes or individuating information take primacy in implicit and explicit person perception. Study 1 investigated whether variation in the diagnosticity of individuating information moderated stereotype bias in implicit and explicit person perception. Increases in diagnosticity produced a linear reduction in...

In this paper, we argue that there are many unanswered questions crucial to scientific understanding about stereotypes and stereotype accuracy because they are forbidden. To ask these questions risks incurring a ire and backlash of moral outrage one’s colleagues in the social psychological community. In presenting these questions, we explain why ea...

This research investigated whether stereotypes or individuating information take primacy in implicit and explicit person perception. Study 1 investigated whether variation in the diagnosticity of individuating information moderated stereotype bias in implicit and explicit person perception. Increases in diagnosticity produced a linear reduction in...

Three studies investigated how ethical people believe it is to suppress politicized research findings and how strongly they support research on politicized topics. In general, participants reported that it is unethical to suppress research findings and that they support the conduct of politicized research, regardless of whether the findings or topi...

We consider how valid conclusions often lay hidden within research reports, masked by plausible but unjustified conclusions reached in those reports. We employ several well-known and cross-cutting examples from the psychological literature to illustrate how, independent (or in the absence) of replicability difficulties or questionable research prac...

In Antisemitism in North America, leading scholars offer a wide variety of perspectives on why the Jews in North America have sometimes faced considerable bigotry but have, in general, found a home far more hospitable than the ones they left behind in Europe.

Are stereotypes accurate or inaccurate? We summarize evidence that stereotype accuracy is one of the largest and most replicable findings in social psychology. We address controversies in this literature, including the long-standing and continuing but unjustified emphasis on stereotype inaccuracy, how to define and assess stereotype accuracy, and w...

In our target article, we made four claims: (1) Social psychology is now politically homogeneous; (2) this homogeneity sometimes harms the science; (3) increasing political diversity would reduce this damage; and (4) some portion of the homogeneity is due to a hostile climate and outright discrimination against non-liberals. In this response, we re...

Social Perception and Social Reality reviews the evidence in social psychology and related fields and reaches three conclusions: 1. Although errors, biases, and self-fulfilling prophecies in person perception, are real, reliable, and occasionally quite powerful, on average, they tend to be weak, fragile and fleeting; 2. Perceptions of individuals a...

Although large international studies have found consistent patterns of sex differences in personality traits among adults (i.e., women scoring higher on most facets), less is known about cross-cultural sex differences in adolescent personality and the role of culture and age in shaping them. The present study examines the NEO Personality Inventory-...

Although large international studies have found consistent patterns of sex differences in personality traits among adults (i.e., women scoring higher on most facets), less is known about cross-cultural sex differences in adolescent personality and the role of culture and age in shaping them. The present study examines the NEO Personality Inventory-...

Psychologists have demonstrated the value of diversity—particularly diversity of viewpoints—for enhancing creativity, discovery, and problem solving. But one key type of viewpoint diversity is lacking in academic psychology in general and social psychology in particular: political diversity. This article reviews the available evidence and finds sup...

Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor trait...

Abstract Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show welldefined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-fact...

Consensual stereotypes of some groups are relatively accurate, whereas others are not. Previous work suggesting that national character stereotypes are inaccurate has been criticized on several grounds. In this article we (a) provide arguments for the validity of assessed national mean trait levels as criteria for evaluating stereotype accuracy; an...

Stereotypes – beliefs about group differences – are more complex than is generally assumed. First, we address the multidimensionality of stereotypes under the framework of the Cubic EPA model which suggests that stereotypes are characterized by three dimensions: evaluation, potency, and accuracy. Specific attention is given to the relationship betw...

In their commentary on our study of ideology and political intolerance (Crawford & Pilanski, 2013, hereafter CP), Nosek and Lindner (2013) claim that we replicated the findings of Lindner and Nosek (2009, hereafter LN). Specifically, they claim that a) we replicated their main effect of ideology on political intolerance, such that conservatives are...

This study tested the dual-process motivational (DPM) model, which posits that right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) dif-ferentially predict attitudes toward socially threatening or subordinate groups, respectively. Participants read articles on same-sex relationships and affirmative action and evaluated the artic...

Stereotypes are categorical beliefs, which are more or less accurate representations of group differences. Stereotypes are more complex than is generally assumed. First, we address the multidimensionality of stereotypes under the framework of the cubic EPA model, which suggests that stereotypes are characterized by three dimensions: evaluation, pot...

Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar bel...

This comment is in two parts. The first presents some implications of Inbar and Lammers' (2012, this issue) findings by making salient many of the advantages and privileges enjoyed by scientists when they extol the moral and intellectual superiority of liberals, liberal beliefs, liberal attitudes, and liberal policy preferences over conservatives,...

Kurzfassung: Der vorliegende Aufsatz berichtet über unser Forschungsprogramm, das einige der Ursachen und Konsequenzen des Anti-semitismus unter der Perspektive eines neuen theoretischen Modells untersucht, das in Form von sechs Experimenten getestet wurde. Das Modell nimmt an, dass Antisemitismus durch Mortalitäts-Salienz verstärkt wird und dass s...

This article introduces the political person perception model, which identifies conditions under which perceivers rely on stereotypes (party membership), individuating information (issue position), or both in political person perception. Three studies supported the model's predictions. Study 1 showed that perceivers gave primacy to target informati...